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ASTM D3499-94(2005)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Toughness of Wood-Based Structural Panels

Standard Test Method for Toughness of Wood-Based Structural Panels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The failure of wood-based materials with impact loads is sometimes an important criteria in design considerations. In addition, some effects on the mechanical properties of wood, such as decay, are best evaluated by measuring its toughness. This test method serves to evaluate the toughness of structural panel products while Methods D 143 can be used to measure the toughness of solid clear wood specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method for toughness of wood-based structural panels covers the determination of energy necessary to cause failure by impact loading of a beam specimen which is simply supported and loaded at midspan. Wood-based structural panels in use include plywood, waferboard, oriented strand board, and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2005
ICS
79.060.10 - Plywood
Technical Committee
D07 - Wood
Drafting Committee
D07.03 - Panel Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3499-94(2000) - Standard Test Method for Toughness of Wood-Based Structural Panels
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Replaced By
ASTM D3499-11 - Standard Test Method for Toughness of Wood-Based Structural Panels
Effective Date
01-May-2011

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ASTM D3499-94(2005) - Standard Test Method for Toughness of Wood-Based Structural PanelsASTM D3499-94(2005) - Standard Test Method for Toughness of Wood-Based Structural Panels
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ASTM D3499-94(2005) - Standard Test Method for Toughness of Wood-Based Structural Panels
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D3499–94 (Reapproved2005)
Standard Test Method for
Toughness of Wood-Based Structural Panels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3499; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method for toughness of wood-based structural 3.1 The failure of wood-based materials with impact loads
panels covers the determination of energy necessary to cause is sometimes an important criteria in design considerations. In
failure by impact loading of a beam specimen which is simply addition, some effects on the mechanical properties of wood,
supported and loaded at midspan. Wood-based structural pan- such as decay, are best evaluated by measuring its toughness.
els in use include plywood, waferboard, oriented strand board, This test method serves to evaluate the toughness of structural
and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers. panel products while Methods D143 can be used to measure
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the the toughness of solid clear wood specimens.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Apparatus
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 The toughness testing machine (Note 1) shall consist of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. a frame supporting a pendulum, being so arranged that a
measured amount of the energy from the fall of the pendulum
2. Referenced Documents
may be applied to a test specimen. The pendulum shall consist
2.1 ASTM Standards: of a bar to which is fastened a weight adjustable to different
D143 Test Methods for Small Clear Specimens of Timber positions and shall carry at its upper end a drum or pulley
D2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and whose center provides the axis of rotation. The force shall be
Wood-Based Materials applied to the specimen by means of a flexible steel cable
D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure- passing over the drum.Astationary graduated scale or dial and
ment of Wood and Wood-Base Materials a vernier operated by the moving drum shall be provided for
reading the angles through which the pendulum swings. The
machine shall be adjusted before test so that the pendulum
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D07 on Wood hangs truly vertical and adjusted to correct for friction. The
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.03 on Panel Products.
cable shall be adjusted so that the load is applied to the
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originally
specimen when the pendulum swings to within approximately
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D3499 – 74 (2000).
15°oftheverticalsoastoproducecompletefailurebythetime
DOI: 10.1520/D3499-94R05.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
the downward swing is completed.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
NOTE 1—The set-up shown in Fig. 1 has been found to give satisfactory
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. results.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D3499–94 (2005)
FIG. 1 Toughness Test of Structural Panel Showing Load Applied to Specimen When Pendulum is Approximately 15° from the Vertical
5. Test Specimen to the span length taken from Table 1 which provides for a
specimen overhang of 1 in. (25 mm) at each end.
5.1 The toughness test specimen to be used in conjunction
with the Forest Products Laboratory toughness testing machine
5 5
8. Loading Procedure
shall be ⁄8 in. (16 mm) in width for material less than ⁄8 in. (16
mm) in thickness, and the thickness of the specimen shall be
8.1 Apply the load at the center of the span perpendicular to
equal to that of the material. For material more than ⁄8 in. (16
the plane of the plies.Apply the load through a tup, attached to
mm) in thickness, the width shall be equal to the thickness of
a flexible cable, having a radius of curvature approximately
the material, thus making the specimen square in cross section.
equal to one and one-half times the depth of the test specimen.
The length shall be determined from the thickness of the
Choose the weight position and initial angle of the pendulum
material in accordance with Table 1. The actual cross-sectional
so that complete failure of the specimen is obtained on one
dimensions, and the specimen and span l
...

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3.1 Planar shear (rolling shear) characteristics of structural panels determined by these test methods are essential for the rigorous design of various glued wood-panel structural components, such as box beams, folded plate roofs, and stressed skin panels. Planar shear also may govern the design at low span-depth ratios encountered in floors subjected to high concentrated loads, concrete forms at high pouring pressures, and bulk storage structures.  
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3.3 Veneer produced by slicing or rotary peeling may contain fine checks or separations parallel to the grain on the knife side of the veneer that are produced as the knife is forced through the wood. These checks are termed “knife checks” to distinguish them from occasional checks that may be formed on the opposite side of the veneer by forces at the compression bar, and from checks caused by drying. Knife checks can have a significant effect on rolling shear properties in plywood panels and may be of significance in other veneer containing panels. Test Method A requires (when applicable) the testing of matching specimens having knife checks oriented both open and closed wherever possible (see Fig. 1).  
3.4 To control or define other variables influencing rolling shear, these test methods require determination of moisture content, specific gravity, and elapsed time-to-failure. Conditioning of test material in controlled atmospheres, determination of depth of knife checks (when applicable), and determination of percent of wood and plywood glueline failure (when applicable) are recommended.
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1.3.2 Test Method B—Planar shear induced by five-point bending.  
1.3.3 The choice of method will be dictated by the purpose of the test and equipment available.  
1.3.4 Test Method A, Planar Shear Loaded by Plates—This test method uses a rectangular panel section adhered between steel plates with protruding knife edges to create load at the panel faces. This test method has been used to develop shear properties of plywood and oriented strand board for the purpose of confirming design values. This test method does not produce pure shear, but the specimen length is prescribed so that the secondary stresses have a minimum effect. The method determines shear strength and modulus of rigidity.  
1.3.5 Test Method B, Planar Shear Induced by Five-Point Bending—Planar shear stress is induced on the panel while loaded in bending using two continuous spans. This test method determines planar shear strength consistent with panel applications under transverse loading. This test method is able to determine shear strength at any moisture condition.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. When there are values given in parentheses, these are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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4.1 This test method is most useful for determining the moduli of rigidity of orthotropic materials for which moduli of rigidity cannot be computed from elastic moduli and Poisson's ratios. The shear modulus determined by this method appears in the equation governing the bending of a plate. This is the modulus that is needed in discussing the deflection and buckling of plates.
Note 2: Test Methods D2718 describes a plate method for determination of modulus of rigidity of structural panels.
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1.1 This test method covers determination of the shear modulus of wood-based structural panels associated with shear distortion in the plane of the panels. The method is applicable to all types of wood-based structural panels. The grain direction or orientation of the individual plies, laminations, or layers shall be parallel or perpendicular to the edge of the test specimen. If the plies, laminations, or layers are of different material or elastic properties, the method gives the effective shearing modulus. Wood-based structural panels in use include plywood, oriented strand board, and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods determine the tensile properties of wood structural panels in response to stresses acting in the plane of the panel.  
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1.4.3.3 Determination of tensile properties of panels for use in developing structural recommendations.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These methods determine the compressive strength of structural panels in response to stresses acting in the plane of the panel.  
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3.3 Method B:  
3.3.1 The compressive properties obtained by this method are a reliable approximation of the strength of a full-size panel, and are intended for use in design.  
3.3.2 The compressive properties are influenced by buckling; however, this effect can be eliminated in this test by restraining the edges of the specimens.  
3.4 It is recommended that where comparisons are to be made, that the same method and specimen size be used throughout. This is because the volume of material included in a test specimen can influence the compressive strength regardless of whether the material properties are uniform throughout the sheet or vary widely due to the presence of growth or manufacturing features.
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the compression properties of wood-based structural panels. Wood-based structural panels in use include plywood, waferboard, oriented strand board, and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers.  
1.2 Method A, Compression Test for Small Specimens—This method is applicable to small specimens that are uniform with respect to elastic and strength properties. Two types of compression tests are employed: one to evaluate both elastic and compressive strength properties, and the second to evaluate maximum compressive strength only.  
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1.3.1.1 Comparative tests of structural panels,
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1.3.1.3 Determining the strength properties of structural panels, and
1.3.1.4 Evaluating the effects of raw material and manufacturing variables on compression properties of structural panels.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Methods for Structural Panels in Planar Shear (Rolling Shear)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Planar shear (rolling shear) characteristics of structural panels determined by these test methods are essential for the rigorous design of various glued wood-panel structural components, such as box beams, folded plate roofs, and stressed skin panels. Planar shear also may govern the design at low span-depth ratios encountered in floors subjected to high concentrated loads, concrete forms at high pouring pressures, and bulk storage structures.  
3.2 The modulus of rigidity determined from Test Method A is a composite of the entire specimen acting as a unit. For plywood panels for which the ratio between the shear moduli of the plies with grain oriented parallel and perpendicular to the shear forces is known, the rolling shear modulus of the perpendicular plies can be calculated.  
3.3 Veneer produced by slicing or rotary peeling may contain fine checks or separations parallel to the grain on the knife side of the veneer that are produced as the knife is forced through the wood. These checks are termed “knife checks” to distinguish them from occasional checks that may be formed on the opposite side of the veneer by forces at the compression bar, and from checks caused by drying. Knife checks can have a significant effect on rolling shear properties in plywood panels and may be of significance in other veneer containing panels. Test Method A requires (when applicable) the testing of matching specimens having knife checks oriented both open and closed wherever possible (see Fig. 1).  
3.4 To control or define other variables influencing rolling shear, these test methods require determination of moisture content, specific gravity, and elapsed time-to-failure. Conditioning of test material in controlled atmospheres, determination of depth of knife checks (when applicable), and determination of percent of wood and plywood glueline failure (when applicable) are recommended.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine the shear properties of structural panels associated with shear distortion of the planes parallel to the edge planes of the panels. Both shear strength and modulus of rigidity may be determined. Primarily, the tests measure the planar shear (rolling shear) strength developed in the plane of the panel.  
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1.3.1 Test Method A—Planar shear loaded by plates.  
1.3.2 Test Method B—Planar shear induced by five-point bending.  
1.3.3 The choice of method will be dictated by the purpose of the test and equipment available.  
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1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. When there are values given in parentheses, these are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is most useful for determining the moduli of rigidity of orthotropic materials for which moduli of rigidity cannot be computed from elastic moduli and Poisson's ratios. The shear modulus determined by this method appears in the equation governing the bending of a plate. This is the modulus that is needed in discussing the deflection and buckling of plates.
Note 2: Test Methods D2718 describes a plate method for determination of modulus of rigidity of structural panels.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the shear modulus of wood-based structural panels associated with shear distortion in the plane of the panels. The method is applicable to all types of wood-based structural panels. The grain direction or orientation of the individual plies, laminations, or layers shall be parallel or perpendicular to the edge of the test specimen. If the plies, laminations, or layers are of different material or elastic properties, the method gives the effective shearing modulus. Wood-based structural panels in use include plywood, oriented strand board, and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers.  
Note 1: This test method is primarily designed for material in which the grain or orientation of the individual plies, laminations, or layers is parallel or perpendicular to the edge of the specimen. It may be used, however, for plywood specimens in which the grain is at 45° to the specimen edges if a four-ply panel with all plies of the same thickness is used. The controlling condition is that the EI (modulus of elasticity × moment of inertia) values along both diagonals shall be equal.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods determine the tensile properties of wood structural panels in response to stresses acting in the plane of the panel.  
3.2 Test Method A—This test method is suited to material that is uniform with respect to tensile properties. It is normally applied to wood structural panels and plywood of clear, straight-grained veneers. It may also be used to evaluate the strength of scarf and finger joints and other manufacturing process variables that can be expected to influence the tensile properties of wood structural panels in a uniform manner across the width of the sheet.  
3.3 Test Method B—This test method employs large test specimens and responds well to all manufacturing variables and growth characteristics that affect the tensile properties of wood structural panels.  
3.4 It is recommended that where comparisons are to be made that the same test method and specimen size be used throughout. This is because the volume of material included in a test specimen can influence the tensile strength regardless of whether the material properties are uniform throughout the sheet or vary widely due to the presence of growth or manufacturing features.
SCOPE
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1.2 Wood structural panels in use include plywood, oriented strand board and composites of veneer, and other wood-based layers.  
1.3 Test Method A, Tensile Test for Small Specimens:  
1.3.1 This test method employs small specimens that should have a reduced cross section at the center of their length to avoid failure in the grip area. The transition from full width of specimen to reduced section at the center should be gradual to minimize stress concentration.  
1.3.2 When the measurements of elastic properties are to be made, the length of the reduced cross section at the center should be of sufficient length to accommodate an extensometer.  
1.4 Test Method B, Tensile Test for Large Specimens:  
1.4.1 This test method employs large specimens and responds well to manufacturing variables, panel grade characteristics, and other variables influencing the tensile properties of structural panels.  
1.4.2 The test specimens are large enough to contain the maximum sized grade characteristics found in panels. The test specimens have a constant cross section since the size and location of grade characteristics control the location of failures and the effect of stress concentration at the grips is overshadowed.  
1.4.3 This test method is recommended for the following:
1.4.3.1 Comparative tests of wood structural panels,
1.4.3.2 Determining the influence of any specific strength reducing variables on the tensile properties of wood structural panels,
1.4.3.3 Determination of tensile properties of panels for use in developing structural recommendations.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off