ASTM E1687-10
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids
Standard Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The test method is based on a modification of the Ames Salmonella mutagenesis assay. As modified, there is good correlation with mouse skin-painting bioassay results for samples of raw and refined lubricating oil process streams.
Mutagenic potency in this modified assay and carcinogenicity in the skin-painting bioassay also correlate with the content of 3 to 7 ring PACs, which include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their heterocyclic analogs. The strength of these correlations implies that PACs are the principal mutagenic and carcinogenic species in these oils. Some of the methods that have provided evidence supporting this view are referenced in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a microbiological test procedure based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay of Ames et al (1) (see also Maron et al (2)). It can be used as a screening technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcinogens in virgin base oils used in the formulation of metalworking oils. Persons who perform this test should be well-versed in the conduct of the Ames test and conversant with the physical and chemical properties of petroleum products.
1.2 The test method is not recommended as the sole testing procedure for oils which have viscosities less than 18 cSt (90 SUS) at 40°C, or for formulated metalworking fluids.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Section 7 provides general guidelines for safe conduct of this test method.
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Designation: E1687 − 10 AnAmerican National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in
1
Metalworking Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 Other Standards:
29 CFR 1910.1450Occupational Exposure to Hazardous
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversamicrobiologicaltestprocedure
4
Chemical in Laboratories
based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay of Ames et al
2
(1) (see also Maron et al (2)). It can be used as a screening
3. Terminology
technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcino-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:(Seealso
gens in virgin base oils used in the formulation of metalwork-
Terminology E2523.)
ingoils.Personswhoperformthistestshouldbewell-versedin
3.1.1 base stock, n—the refined oil component of metal-
the conduct of theAmes test and conversant with the physical
working fluid formulations.
and chemical properties of petroleum products.
3.1.2 PAC (Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds), n—For the
purposes of this test method, PAC refers to fused-ring polycy-
1.2 The test method is not recommended as the sole testing
clic aromatic compounds with three or more rings. For
procedure for oils which have viscosities less than 18 cSt (90
example, the hydrocarbon series is represented by phenan-
SUS) at 40°C, or for formulated metalworking fluids.
threne (3), pyrene (4), benzopyrene (5), dibenzopyrene (6),
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
coronene (7). Heterocyclic polynuclear compounds are also
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
included in the definition.
information only.
3.1.3 promutagenic compounds, promutagens,
n—compounds that are not directly mutagenic but require
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
metabolism for expression of mutagenic activity.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.4 Reference Oil 1, n—straight-run naphthenic vacuum
distillate (heavy vacuum gas oil) of known MI and PAC
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
content recommended for use as a reference standard for the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Section 7 provides
modified Ames test.
general guidelines for safe conduct of this test method.
3.2 Abbreviations:
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.1 DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide), n—extractionagentused
3 in the preparation of aromatic-enriched oil fractions for muta-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
genicity testing.
E2148GuideforUsingDocumentsRelatedtoMetalworking
3.2.2 G-6-P (Glucose-6-Phosphate), n—substrate required
or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
fortheoperationoftheNADPHgeneratingsysteminvolvedin
E2523Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Opera-
the biological oxidations described above.
tions
3.2.3 MI (Mutagenicity Index), n—the slope of the dose-
response curve for mutagenicity in the modified Ames test.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—MI is an index of relative mutagenic
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on
potency.
Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E34.50 on Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.
3.2.4 NADP (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published June 2010. Originally
Phosphate)—required cofactor for the biological oxidations
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E1687-04. DOI:
involved in activation of PAC to their mutagenic forms.
10.1520/E1687-10.
2
The boldface numbers refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
the ASTM website. www.access.gpo.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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E1687 − 10
3.2.5 PAC (PolycyclicAromatic Compounds), n—polycyclic 5. Significance and Use
aromatic compounds.
5.1 The test method is based on a modification of theAmes
Salmonella mutagenesis assay. As modified, there is good
3.2.6 S-9, n—fraction prepared from hamster liver which
contains the enzymes requ
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately,ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard
Designation:E1687–04 Designation: E1687 – 10
Standard Test Method for
Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in
1
Metalworking Fluids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1687; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
2
1.1 This test method covers a microbiological test procedure based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay ofAmes et al (1)
(see also Maron et al (2)). It can be used as a screening technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcinogens in virgin
base oils used in the formulation of metalworking oils. Persons who perform this test should be well-versed in the conduct of the
Ames test and conversant with the physical and chemical properties of petroleum products.
1.2 Thetestmethodisnotrecommendedasthesoletestingprocedureforoilswhichhaveviscositieslessthan18cSt(90SUS)
at 40°C, or for formulated metalworking fluids.
1.3 ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthestandard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesareprovidedforinformation
only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Section 7 provides general guidelines for safe conduct of this test method.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety Guide for Using
Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and Safety
E2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Operations
2.2 Other Standards:
4
29 CFR 1910.1450 Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemical in Laboratories
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: (See also Terminology E2523.)
3.1.1 base stock, n—the refined oil component of metalworking fluid formulations.
3.1.2 PCA (Polycyclic Aromatics)PAC (PolycyclicAromatic Compounds), n—For the purposes of this test method, PCAPAC
refers to fused-ring polycyclic aromatic compounds with three or more rings. For example, the hydrocarbon series is represented
by phenanthrene (3), pyrene (4), benzopyrene (5), dibenzopyrene (6), coronene (7). Heterocyclic polynuclear compounds are also
included in the definition.
3.1.3 promutagenic compounds, promutagens, n—compounds that are not directly mutagenic but require metabolism for
expression of mutagenic activity.
3.1.4 Reference Oil 1, n—straight-runnaphthenicvacuumdistillate(heavyvacuumgasoil)ofknownMIandPNAPACcontent
recommended for use as a reference standard for the modified Ames test.
3.2 Abbreviations:Abbreviations: Abbreviations:
3.2.1 DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide), n—extraction agent used in the preparation of aromatic-enriched oil fractions for
mutagenicity testing.
3.2.2 G-6-P (Glucose-6-Phosphate), n—substrate required for the operation of the NADPH generating system involved in the
biological oxidations described above.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE34onOccupationalHealthandSafetyandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE34.50onHealth
and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.
Current edition approved AprilMay 1, 2004.2010. Published April 2004.June 2010. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 19982004 as
E1687-98.E1687-04. DOI: 10.1520/E1687-104.
2
The boldface numbers refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1687 – 10
3.2.3 MI (Mutagenicity Index), n—the slope of the dose-response curve for mutagenicity in the modified Ames test.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—MI is an index of relative mutagenic potency.
3.2.4 NADP (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate)—required cofactor for the biological oxidation
...
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