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ASTM D5428-02(2007)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Inflatable Restraint Modules

Standard Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Inflatable Restraint Modules

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is intended to be a general guideline for repetitive testing, safe conduct of tests, and accurate data collection for inflatable restraints.
This practice may be used by the purchaser and the supplier to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraint modules will be tested by the supplier to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.
Unless otherwise specified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, this practice shall constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatable restraint modules are deployed for testing. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification or equivalent agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. The specification may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures and conditions used to evaluate the physical performance of inflatable restraint modules and module components during and after deployment.
1.2 The physical performance characteristics that may be obtained by this practice are internal cushion pressures determined by instrumentation, cushion geometries determined by high-speed photography, and material integrity determined by visual inspection.
1.3 This practice is applicable to driver and passenger side inflatable restraint modules.
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier with the specific deviations from the practice acknowledged in the report.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2007
ICS
43.040.80 - Crash protection and restraint systems
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.20 - Inflatable Restraints
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5428-02 - Standard Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Inflatable Restraint Modules
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D5428-08 - Standard Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Inflatable Restraint Modules
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008

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ASTM D5428-02(2007) - Standard Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Inflatable Restraint ModulesASTM D5428-02(2007) - Standard Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Inflatable Restraint Modules
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ASTM D5428-02(2007) - Standard Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Inflatable Restraint Modules
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 5428 – 02 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Practice for
1
Evaluating the Performance of Inflatable Restraint Modules
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5428; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
4
1. Scope 2.3 SAE Standard:
J211 Instrumentation for Impact Test
1.1 This practice describes the procedures and conditions
usedtoevaluatethephysicalperformanceofinflatablerestraint
3. Terminology
modulesandmodulecomponentsduringandafterdeployment.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 The physical performance characteristics that may be
3.2 Fordefinitionsofothertermsusedinthisstandard,refer
obtained by this practice are internal cushion pressures deter-
to Terminology D123 and Terminology D6799.
mined by instrumentation, cushion geometries determined by
high-speed photography, and material integrity determined by
4. Summary of Practice
visual inspection.
4.1 Inflatablerestraintmodulesaremountedintoateststand
1.3 This practice is applicable to driver and passenger side
that allows for deployments under conditions that duplicate or
inflatable restraint modules.
closely resemble the conditions in a vehicle.
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this
4.2 Instrumentation within the test stand charts inflation
practice may be used by agreement between the purchaser and
pressures versus time. High-speed photography visually cap-
the supplier with the specific deviations from the practice
tures changing cushion geometries over time.
acknowledged in the report.
4.3 Moduledeploymentsarereviewedforpressureandtime
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
relationships, cushion geometries at one or more times during
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
the cycle, and post-inflation material analysis.
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
must be used independent of the other.
5. Significance and Use
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 This practice is intended to be a general guideline for
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
repetitive testing, safe conduct of tests, and accurate data
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
collection for inflatable restraints.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.2 This practice may be used by the purchaser and the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
supplier to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraint
modules will be tested by the supplier to determine whether a
2. Referenced Documents
2 lot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.3 Unless otherwise specified by agreement between the
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
purchaserandthesupplier,thispracticeshallconstitutethetest
D6799 Terminology Relating to Inflatable Restraints
conditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatable
3
2.2 Federal Standard:
restraint modules are deployed for testing. It is intended to be
CFR 49 Code of Federal Regulations
used as a guideline in establishing a written material specifi-
cation or equivalent agreement between the purchaser and the
1
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesand
supplier. The specification may deviate from the practices
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.20 on Inflatable Restraints.
describedhereinwhen(basedonexperience)considerationsof
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published August 2007. Originally
fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D5428–02.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or restraint system design dictate otherwise.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Available from the Society of Automotive Engineers, 400 Commonwealth
Office, Washington, DC 20525. Drive, Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 5428 – 02 (2007)
6. Interferences deploymentsmustbeequippedwiththeappropriateequipment
and safety training. Examples of the necessary safety equip-
6.1 The pressure transducer and pickup tube must be
ment include; remote firing systems, equipment shielding,
mounted in a position which does no
...

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1.1 This standard covers terminology which is used in the evaluation of inflatable restraint fabrics, cushions, and modules.  
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Standard Test Method for Determining Pressure Decay of Inflatable Restraint Cushions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for product development and design, production validation, manufacturing process control, lot acceptance, or for a combination thereof.  
5.2 The rate of inflation in this method does not attempt to mimic that of an actual cushion deployment, nor is it intended to subject the cushion to the dynamic loads, stress, and temperatures during such an event. It is also recognized that the compressed air used for this tests may not leak through the cushion at the same rate as the gas or mixture of gasses typically used in cushion inflators. Rather this method is intended to give a relative indication of the pressure holding ability of the cushion.  
5.3 The internal volume and internal design of cushions varies greatly. This test method is most useful when comparing data from cushions of the same design and volume. This test method does not provide any data concerning the volume of gas leaking from the bag. At certain higher levels of the initial internal pressure, this test method will irreversibly damage the cushion and change its leakage properties for future testing or for commercial use. The damage to the bag is dependent on the design or shape of a specific bag and the type of coating applied. It is the responsibility of the supplier and/or purchaser to determine if the parameters under which a cushion is tested will be destructive and render the cushion unfit for future use  
5.4 Within the limits of variance expressed in Section 12, this test method is useful for design and production validation and may be suitable for incorporation in a cushion specification or for lot acceptance testing of commercial shipments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to determine the ability of an inflatable restraint cushion to retain air pressure at elevated pressures for a specified time interval.  
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this test method may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier, provided the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.  
1.3 The results of this test method should not be used to predict the actual internal pressure decay of a cushion during a deployment.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Inflatable Restraint Modules

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to be a general guideline for repetitive testing, safe conduct of tests, and accurate data collection for inflatable restraints.  
5.2 This practice may be used by the purchaser and the supplier to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraint modules will be tested by the supplier to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.  
5.3 Unless otherwise specified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, this practice shall constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatable restraint modules are deployed for testing. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification or equivalent agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. The specification may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
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1.2 The physical performance characteristics that may be obtained by this practice are internal cushion pressures determined by instrumentation, cushion geometries determined by high-speed photography, and material integrity determined by visual inspection.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to driver and passenger side inflatable restraint modules.  
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier with the specific deviations from the practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D5427-09(2019)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Accelerated Aging of Inflatable Restraint Fabrics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For inflatable restraints, practices for conducting accelerated aging are designed to determine the aggravated effects on a fabric from exposures to heat, humidity, or ozone, or a combination thereof. These environmental conditions may also be cycled in combination. The four accelerated aging procedures of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints are referred to as cycle aging, heat aging, humidity aging, and ozone aging.  
5.2 The environmental conditions described in this practice are designed to allow restraints so that reliable comparisons may be made between different fabrics and different laboratories.  
5.3 In order to achieve precise and reliable physical property comparisons of different fabrics, it is necessary to control accurately the humidity, temperature, ozone, and cycling conditions to which the fabric is subjected.  
5.4 Fabric specimens are configured in accordance with the requirements of test methods to be conducted on the specimens subsequent to accelerated aging.  
5.5 Unless otherwise specified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, this practice shall constitute the conditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatable restraint fabrics are conditioned and aged. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification. The specification or agreement of the purchaser and the supplier may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
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Description  
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8.4  
Heat aging (Option “A” or “B”)  
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Humidity aging (Option “A” or “B”)  
8.7  
Ozone aging  
8.8  
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Standard Practice for Evaluating the Overpressurization Characteristics of Inflatable Restraint Cushions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to be a general guideline for repetitive testing, safe conduct of tests, and accurate data collection for inflatable restraints. Cushion overpressurization testing may be used for design and production validation, for manufacturing process control, for lot acceptance, or for a combination thereof.  
5.2 This practice constitutes the conditions, apparatus, and procedures by which inflatable restraints are commonly tested for cushion overpressurization. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a cushion specification or equivalent document. The practices in the specification may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of equipment, cushion design, or other factors dictate otherwise.  
5.3 There exists a large variety in cushion configurations and equipment designs, obviating a standard test method for cushion overpressurization. Therefore, a cushion specification should incorporate the practices stated herein when describing a test method for testing a specific cushion geometry and apparatus design. To ensure accuracy and repeatability, the specification should also address precision and bias in a manner consistent with ASTM prescribed procedures and consistent with the particular cushion geometry, equipment in use, and test procedures.  
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1.3 This practice is applicable to all inflatable restraint cushions.  
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Standard Practice for Establishing the Minimum- and Maximum-Width Configurations for Crash Testing of Exceptionally Long Variable-Width Vehicle Barriers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method F2656/F2656M states that variable-width barriers shall be tested in minimum- and maximum-width configurations. Interpolations between maximum and minimums are allowed if there are no structural modifications made to the barrier (that is, all structural components, including spacing of support members and connections, are similar between the two barriers tested at minimum and maximum widths). Extrapolation outside of the tested minimum- and maximum-width configurations is not allowed.  
5.2 However, there is a class of barriers such as some nets and fences that rely on a structurally repetitive interior system and strengthened end terminals or anchorages that are not explicitly treated under Test Method F2656/F2656M. There are situations where the interior system of the barrier could be exceptionally long and it is impractical or impossible to test the maximum-width configuration due to test facility site constraints, as an example.  
5.3 When a variable-width barrier is dependent on a structurally repetitive interior system that could be exceptionally long and terminated with strengthened end terminals, this practice shall be used to establish the maximum-width configuration that is equivalent to an infinitely long barrier.  
5.4 This practice shall be used with Test Method F2656/F2656M to establish a condition designation and penetration rating for the complete variable-width barrier. Knowing the condition designation and penetration rating provides the ability to select an appropriate barrier for site-specific conditions around a facility.  
5.5 Use of this practice assumes:  
5.5.1 Except for the instrumented end terminations, the structurally repetitive interior system is constructed and installed in a manner that represents the proposed actual service installation;  
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1.1 This practice provides a procedure for applying Test Method F2656/F2656M test criteria to an exceptionally long (that is, 300 ft [91 m] or greater) variable-width vehicle barrier as defined by Test Method F2656/F2656M.  
1.2 This practice provides a procedure to establish a maximum-width configuration that is equivalent to an infinitely long barrier for a variable-width barrier as defined by Test Method F2656/F2656M.  
1.3 This practice applies only to variable-width barriers that are dependent on both a structurally repetitive interior system that could be exceptionally long and terminated with strengthened end terminals.  
1.4 This practice applies only when it is impractical or impossible to install the maximum-width test article of a variable-width barrier because the test facility site constraints limit the practical length of the test article.  
1.5 This practice does not apply when its use is employed solely with the intent of reducing the test article installation cost when it is practical to test the maximum-width installation length.  
1.6 This practice does not apply to continuous or other types of vehicle barriers.  
1.7 This practice shall be used with Test Method F2656/F2656M to establish a condition designation and penetration rating for the complete variable-width barrier. Further, the complete variable-width barrier shall receive a single penetration rating that is determined as the maximum penetration rating for both the minimum- and maximum-width configurations tested, and is taken to be the final penetration rating. The penetration rating is not based on engineering calculation or judgment.  
1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the t...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for product development and design, production validation, manufacturing process control, lot acceptance, or for a combination thereof.  
5.2 The rate of inflation in this method does not attempt to mimic that of an actual cushion deployment, nor is it intended to subject the cushion to the dynamic loads, stress, and temperatures during such an event. It is also recognized that the compressed air used for this tests may not leak through the cushion at the same rate as the gas or mixture of gasses typically used in cushion inflators. Rather this method is intended to give a relative indication of the pressure holding ability of the cushion.  
5.3 The internal volume and internal design of cushions varies greatly. This test method is most useful when comparing data from cushions of the same design and volume. This test method does not provide any data concerning the volume of gas leaking from the bag. At certain higher levels of the initial internal pressure, this test method will irreversibly damage the cushion and change its leakage properties for future testing or for commercial use. The damage to the bag is dependent on the design or shape of a specific bag and the type of coating applied. It is the responsibility of the supplier and/or purchaser to determine if the parameters under which a cushion is tested will be destructive and render the cushion unfit for future use  
5.4 Within the limits of variance expressed in Section 12, this test method is useful for design and production validation and may be suitable for incorporation in a cushion specification or for lot acceptance testing of commercial shipments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to determine the ability of an inflatable restraint cushion to retain air pressure at elevated pressures for a specified time interval.  
1.2 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this test method may be used by agreement of purchaser and supplier, provided the specific deviations from the standard acknowledged in the report.  
1.3 The results of this test method should not be used to predict the actual internal pressure decay of a cushion during a deployment.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5428-08(2019)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating the Performance of Inflatable Restraint Modules

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to be a general guideline for repetitive testing, safe conduct of tests, and accurate data collection for inflatable restraints.  
5.2 This practice may be used by the purchaser and the supplier to establish the criteria by which inflatable restraint modules will be tested by the supplier to determine whether a lot of material is acceptable for shipment to the purchaser.  
5.3 Unless otherwise specified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, this practice shall constitute the test conditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatable restraint modules are deployed for testing. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification or equivalent agreement between the purchaser and the supplier. The specification may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures and conditions used to evaluate the physical performance of inflatable restraint modules and module components during and after deployment.  
1.2 The physical performance characteristics that may be obtained by this practice are internal cushion pressures determined by instrumentation, cushion geometries determined by high-speed photography, and material integrity determined by visual inspection.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to driver and passenger side inflatable restraint modules.  
1.4 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier with the specific deviations from the practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independent of the other.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5427-09(2019)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Accelerated Aging of Inflatable Restraint Fabrics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For inflatable restraints, practices for conducting accelerated aging are designed to determine the aggravated effects on a fabric from exposures to heat, humidity, or ozone, or a combination thereof. These environmental conditions may also be cycled in combination. The four accelerated aging procedures of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints are referred to as cycle aging, heat aging, humidity aging, and ozone aging.  
5.2 The environmental conditions described in this practice are designed to allow restraints so that reliable comparisons may be made between different fabrics and different laboratories.  
5.3 In order to achieve precise and reliable physical property comparisons of different fabrics, it is necessary to control accurately the humidity, temperature, ozone, and cycling conditions to which the fabric is subjected.  
5.4 Fabric specimens are configured in accordance with the requirements of test methods to be conducted on the specimens subsequent to accelerated aging.  
5.5 Unless otherwise specified by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, this practice shall constitute the conditions, procedures, and equipment by which inflatable restraint fabrics are conditioned and aged. It is intended to be used as a guideline in establishing a written material specification. The specification or agreement of the purchaser and the supplier may deviate from the practices described herein when (based on experience) considerations of fabric properties, material handling equipment, or inflatable restraint system design dictate otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures for the accelerated aging of inflatable restraint fabrics when required as a preparatory step for other test methods.  
1.1.1 In Section 7, this practice lists four methods for conducting accelerated aging that are of concern to the design and manufacture of inflatable restraints. They are as follows:    
Description  
Section  
Cycle aging (Option “A” or “B”)  
8.4  
Heat aging (Option “A” or “B”)  
8.4.3.1  
Humidity aging (Option “A” or “B”)  
8.7  
Ozone aging  
8.8  
1.2 This practice may be used in conjunction with other ASTM test methods when subsequent tests of physical properties are required of aged fabric specimens.  
1.3 Procedures and apparatus other than those stated in this practice may be used by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier with the specific deviations from the standard practice acknowledged in the report.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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