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ASTM E1165-20

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 One of the factors affecting the quality of radiologic images is the geometric unsharpness. The degree of geometric unsharpness is dependent on the focal spot size of the radiation source, the distance between the source and the object to be radiographed, and the distance between the object to be radiographed and the detector (imaging plate, Digital Detector Array (DDA) or film). This test method allows the user to determine the effective focal size of the X-ray source. This result may then be used to establish source to object and object to detector distances appropriate for maintaining the desired degree of geometric unsharpness or maximum magnification for a given radiographic imaging application, or both. Some ASTM standards require this value for calculation of a required magnification, for example, Practices E1255, E2033, and E2698.
SCOPE
1.1 The image quality and the resolution of X-ray images are especially sensitive to the characteristics of the focal spot. The imaging qualities of the focal spot are based on its two dimensional intensity distribution as seen from the detector plane.  
1.2 This test method provides instructions for determining the effective size (dimensions) of standard and mini focal spots of industrial X-ray tubes for focal spot dimensions from 100 μm up to several mm of X-ray sources up to 600 kV tube voltage. Smaller focal spots down to 50 µm could be evaluated with less precision. This determination is based on the measurement of an image of a focal spot that has been radiographically recorded with a “pinhole” technique. An alternative method with a plaque hole IQI may be found in the Annex A, which covers the same focal spot sizes.  
1.3 Smaller focal spots should be measured using Test Method E2903 using the projection of an edge.  
1.4 This test method may also be used to determine the change in focal spot size that may have occurred due to tube age, tube overloading, and the like. This would entail the production of a focal spot radiograph (with the pinhole method) and an evaluation of the resultant image for pitting, cracking, and the like.  
1.5 Units—Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Nov-2020
ICS
19.100 - Non-destructive testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1165 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by
1
Pinhole Imaging
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1165; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 The image quality and the resolution of X-ray images
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
are especially sensitive to the characteristics of the focal spot.
The imaging qualities of the focal spot are based on its two
2. Referenced Documents
dimensional intensity distribution as seen from the detector
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
plane.
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.2 This test method provides instructions for determining
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
theeffectivesize(dimensions)ofstandardandminifocalspots
E999Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-
of industrial X-ray tubes for focal spot dimensions from
graphic Film Processing
100µm up to several mm of X-ray sources up to 600kV tube
E1000Guide for Radioscopy
voltage.Smallerfocalspotsdownto50µmcouldbeevaluated
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
with less precision. This determination is based on the mea-
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
surementofanimageofafocalspotthathasbeenradiographi-
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiography
cally recorded with a “pinhole” technique. An alternative
E1255Practice for Radioscopy
method with a plaque hole IQI may be found in theAnnexA,
E1742Practice for Radiographic Examination
which covers the same focal spot sizes.
E1815Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for
1.3 Smaller focal spots should be measured using Test
Industrial Radiography
Method E2903 using the projection of an edge.
E2002Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness
and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radios-
1.4 This test method may also be used to determine the
copy
change in focal spot size that may have occurred due to tube
E2033Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Com-
age, tube overloading, and the like. This would entail the
puted Radiography (Photostimulable Luminescence
production of a focal spot radiograph (with the pinhole
Method)
method) and an evaluation of the resultant image for pitting,
E2339Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in
cracking, and the like.
Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE)
1.5 Units—ValuesstatedinSIunitsaretoberegardedasthe
E2698Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital
standard.
Detector Arrays
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E2736Guide for Digital Detector Array Radiography
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E2903Test Method for Measurement of the Effective Focal
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Spot Size of Mini and Micro Focus X-ray Tubes
3
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
2.2 European Standards:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
EN 12543-2Non-destructive testing—Characteristics of fo-
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
cal spots in industrial X-ray systems for use in non-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
destructive testing—Part 2: Pinhole camera radiographic
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
method
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2020. Published February 2021. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as E1165–12(2017). Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Avenue
DOI: 10.1520/E1165-20. Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cen.eu.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1165 − 20
EN 12543-5Non-destructive testing—Characteristics of fo- with geometr
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1165 − 12 (Reapproved 2017) E1165 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Focal Spots of Industrial X-Ray Tubes by
1
Pinhole Imaging
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1165; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 The image quality and the resolution of X-ray images highly depend on are especially sensitive to the characteristics of the
focal spot. The imaging qualities of the focal spot are based on its two dimensional intensity distribution as seen from the detector
plane.
1.2 This test method provides instructions for determining the effective size (dimensions) of standard and mini focal spots of
industrial x-ray tubes. X-ray tubes for focal spot dimensions from 100 μm up to several mm of X-ray sources up to 600 kV tube
voltage. Smaller focal spots down to 50 μm could be evaluated with less precision. This determination is based on the measurement
of an image of a focal spot that has been radiographically recorded with a “pinhole” technique. An alternative method with a plaque
hole IQI may be found in the Annex A, which covers the same focal spot sizes.
1.3 This standard specifies a method for the measurement of focal spot dimensions from 50 μm up to several mm of X-ray sources
up to 1000 kV tube voltage. Smaller focal spots should be measured using EN 12543-5Test Method E2903 using the projection
of an edge.
1.4 This test method may also be used to determine the presence or extent of change in focal spot damage or deterioration size
that may have occurred due to tube age, tube overloading, and the like. This would entail the production of a focal spot radiograph
(with the pinhole method) and an evaluation of the resultant image for pitting, cracking, and the like.
1.5 Units—Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology
(X and Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2017Dec. 1, 2020. Published December 2017February 2021. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 20122017
as E1165 – 12.E1165 – 12(2017). DOI: 10.1520/E1165-12R17.10.1520/E1165-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1165 − 20
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing
E1000 Guide for Radioscopy
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiography
E1255 Practice for Radioscopy
E1742 Practice for Radiographic Examination
E1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography
E2002 Practice for Determining Total Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy
E2033 Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Computed Radiography (Photostimulable Luminescence Method)
E2339 Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE)
E2698 Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays
E2736 Guide for Digital Detector Array Radiography
E2903 Test Me
...

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Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Eddy Current (EC) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of eddy current NDE test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provide a standard means to organize eddy current test parameters and results. The eddy current examination results may be displayed or analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any eddy current examination data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of eddy current imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying the image data transfer and archival storage in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052, an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to eddy current test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from eddy current test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the eddy current technique parameters and inspection data are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard,  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance, or  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2446-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Manufacturing Characterization of Computed Radiography Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are several factors affecting the quality of a CR image including the basic spatial resolution of the IP system, geometrical unsharpness, scatter and contrast sensitivity. There are several additional factors (for example, software and scanning parameters) that affect the accurate reading of images on exposed IPs using an optical scanner.  
4.2 This practice is to be used to establish a characterization of CR system by performance levels on the basis of a normalized SNR, interpolated basic spatial detector resolution and EPS. The CR system performance levels in this practice do not refer to any particular manufacturers’ imaging plates. A CR system performance level results from the use of a particular imaging plate together with the exposure conditions, standardized phantom, the scanner type, and software and the scanning parameters. This characterization system provides a means to compare differing CR technologies, as is common practice with film systems, which guides the user to the appropriate configuration, IP, and technique for the application at hand. The performance level selected may not match the imaging performance of a corresponding film class because of the difference in the spatial resolution and scatter sensitivity. Therefore, the user should always use IQIs for proof of contrast sensitivity and basic spatial resolution.  
4.3 The measured performance parameters are presented in a characterization chart. This enables users to select specific CR systems by the different characterization data to find the best system for his specific application.  
4.4 The quality factors can be determined most accurately by the tests described in this practice. Some of the system tests require special tools, which may not be available in user laboratories. Simpler tests are described for quality assurance and long term stability tests in Practice E2445.  
4.5 Manufacturers of industrial CR systems or certification agencies will use this practice. Users of i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing characterization of computed radiography (CR) systems, consisting of a particular phosphor imaging plate (IP), scanner, software, scanner operational parameters, and an image display monitor, in combination with specified metal screens for industrial radiography.  
1.2 The practice defines system tests to be used to characterize the systems of different suppliers and make them comparable for users.  
1.3 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers of CR systems or certification agencies to provide quantitative results of CR system characteristics for nondestructive testing (NDT) user or purchaser consumption. Some of these tests require specialized test phantoms to ensure consistency of results among suppliers or manufacturers. These tests are not intended for users to complete, nor are they intended for long term stability tracking and lifetime measurements. However, they may be used for this purpose, if so desired. Practice E2445 describes tests which are intended for users to observe the CR performance and test the long term stability.  
1.4 The CR system performance is described by the basic spatial resolution, contrast, signal and noise parameters, and the equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS). Some of these parameters are used to compare with DDA characterization and film characterization data (see Practice E2597 and Test Method E1815).
Note 1: For film system characterization, the signal is represented by the optical density of 2 (above fog and base) and the noise as granularity. The signal-to-noise ratio is normalized by the aperture (similar to the basic spatial resolution) of the system and is part of characterization. This normalization is given by the scanning circular aperture of 100 µm of the micro-photometer, which is defined in Test Method E1815 for film system characterization.  
1.5 The measurement of CR systems in this practice is restricted ...

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ASTM
ASTM E3388-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Image Unsharpness and Basic Spatial Resolution in Radiography and Radioscopy for High Energy Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gauge is intended to provide a means for measuring image or detector unsharpness and basic spatial image or detector resolution as independently as practicable from the imaging system and contrast sensitivity limitations. When the duplex plate gauge is positioned directly on the film or the digital detector instead on the test object, then the determined image unsharpness UIm corresponds to the inherent film or detector unsharpness (Udetector) and the determined basic spatial image resolution SRbimage corresponds to the basic spatial detector resolution SRbdetector. SRbimage provides a value which depends on the combined effect of detector unsharpness and geometric unsharpness.  
5.2 Basis of Application:  
5.2.1 The following items are subject to contractual agreement between the parties using or referencing this standard.
5.2.1.1 Personnel Qualification—Personnel performing examinations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance with NAS410, EN 4179, ANSI/ASNT CP 189, ISO 9712, or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be used when specified on the contract or purchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latest unless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement between parties.
5.2.1.2 If specified in the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in Specification E543. The applicable edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in the contract.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and basic use of a gauge used to determine the image unsharpness and the basic spatial resolution of film radiographs or of digital images taken with CR imaging plates, digital detector arrays (DDA), or radioscopic systems (for example, with X-ray image intensifiers) for applications with Se-75, Ir-192, Co-60 and high energy sources with tube potentials ≥ 300 kV. The IQI may be used at lower tube potentials too, if the expected unsharpness is > 200 µm (SRbimage or SRbdetector > 100 µm). For the measurement of lower unsharpness values, the usage of the gauge described in Practice E2002 is recommended.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to radiographic and radioscopic imaging systems utilizing X-ray and gamma ray radiation sources.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The gauge described can be used effectively if the duplex wire IQI of Practice E2002 does not provide sufficient contrast resolution.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1254-13(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed Industrial Radiographic Films

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The provisions of this guide are intended to control the quality of industrial radiographs and unexposed films only and are not intended for controlling the acceptability of the materials or products radiographed. It is further intended that this guide be used as an adjunct to Guide E94.  
3.2 The necessity for applying specific control procedures such as those described in this guide is dependent to a certain extent, on the degree to which a user adheres to good processing and storage practices as a matter of routine procedure.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide may be used for the control and maintenance of industrial radiographs and unexposed films used for industrial radiography.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Note 1: For information purposes, refer to Terminology E1316. The terms stated therein, however, are not specifically referenced in the text of this document.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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