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ASTM E2461-05

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Determining the Thickness of Glass in Airport Traffic Control Tower Cabs

Standard Practice for Determining the Thickness of Glass in Airport Traffic Control Tower Cabs

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the thickness of glass installed in airport traffic control towers (ATCT) to resist a specified design loading with a selected probability of breakage less than or equal to either 1 lite per 1000 or 4 lites per 1000 at the first occurrence of the design wind loading.
1.2 The procedures apply to common outward sloping cab glass designs for which the specified loads do not exceed 10 kPa (210 psf).
1.3 The procedures assume control tower cab glass has an aspect ratio no greater than 2.
1.4 The procedures assume control tower cab glass has an area no less than 1.86 square metres (20 square feet).
1.5 The procedures apply only to annealed monolithic, annealed laminated, or annealed insulating glass having a rectangular or trapezoidal shape.
1.6 The use of the procedures assumes the following:
1.6.1 Annealed monolithic and annealed laminated glass installed in ATCTs shall have continuous lateral support along two parallel edges, along any three edges, or along all four edges;
1.6.2 Insulating glass shall have continuous lateral support along all four edges; and
1.6.3 Supported glass edges are simply supported and free to slip in plane.
1.7 The procedures do not apply to any form of wired, patterned, etched, sandblasted, or glass types with surface treatments that reduce the glass strength.
1.8 The procedures do not apply to any form of heat treated glass, chemically strengthened glass, or any type of glass with surface treatments intended to increase the glass strength.
1.9 The procedures address the determination of thickness and construction type to resist a specified design wind load at a selected probability of breakage. The final glass thickness and construction determined also depends upon a variety of other factors (see ).
1.10 These procedures do not address blast loading on glass.
1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2005
ICS
81.040.20 - Glass in building
Technical Committee
E06 - Performance of Buildings
Drafting Committee
E06.51 - Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2461-05(2011) - Standard Practice for Determining the Thickness of Glass in Airport Traffic Control Tower Cabs
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011

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ASTM E2461-05 - Standard Practice for Determining the Thickness of Glass in Airport Traffic Control Tower CabsASTM E2461-05 - Standard Practice for Determining the Thickness of Glass in Airport Traffic Control Tower Cabs
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ASTM E2461-05 - Standard Practice for Determining the Thickness of Glass in Airport Traffic Control Tower Cabs
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2461 – 05
Standard Practice for
Determining the Thickness of Glass in Airport Traffic
Control Tower Cabs
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2461; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.10 Theseproceduresdonotaddressblastloadingonglass.
1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the thickness
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
of glass installed in airport traffic control towers (ATCT) to
only.
resist a specified design loading with a selected probability of
1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the
breakage less than or equal to either 1 lite per 1000 or 4 lites
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
per 1000 at the first occurrence of the design wind loading.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2 The procedures apply to common outward sloping cab
priate safety and health practices and to determine the
glass designs for which the specified loads do not exceed 10
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
kPa (210 psf).
1.3 The procedures assume control tower cab glass has an
2. Referenced Documents
aspect ratio no greater than 2.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.4 The procedures assume control tower cab glass has an
C1036 Specification for Flat Glass
area no less than 1.86 square metres (20 square feet).
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
1.5 The procedures apply only to annealed monolithic,
E1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass
annealed laminated, or annealed insulating glass having a
in Buildings
rectangular or trapezoidal shape.
2.2 American Society of Civil Engineers Standard:
1.6 The use of the procedures assumes the following:
ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
1.6.1 Annealed monolithic and annealed laminated glass
Structures
installed in ATCTs shall have continuous lateral support along
two parallel edges, along any three edges, or along all four
3. Terminology
edges;
3.1 Definitions:
1.6.2 Insulating glass shall have continuous lateral support
3.1.1 Refer to Terminology E631 for additional terms used
along all four edges; and
in these procedures.
1.6.3 Supported glass edges are simply supported and free
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
to slip in plane.
3.2.1 annealed (AN) glass, n—a flat, monolithic, glass lite
1.7 The procedures do not apply to any form of wired,
of uniform thickness; it is formed by a process whereby the
patterned, etched, sandblasted, or glass types with surface
magnitudes of the residual stresses are nearly zero.
treatments that reduce the glass strength.
3.2.2 aspect ratio (AR), n—the ratio of the long dimension
1.8 The procedures do not apply to any form of heat treated
to the short dimension for rectangular glass or the ratio of the
glass, chemically strengthened glass, or any type of glass with
long dimension to the short dimension of the rectangle that
surface treatments intended to increase the glass strength.
completely encloses trapezoidal glass. In these procedures,AR
1.9 The procedures address the determination of thickness
is always equal to or greater than 1.0.
and construction type to resist a specified design wind load at
a selected probability of breakage. The final glass thickness
NOTE 1—The rectangle that completely encloses the trapezoid has two
and construction determined also depends upon a variety of sides parallel to the horizontal edges of the trapezoid and the other two
other factors (see 5.3).
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights, and Curtain Walls. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published October 2005. DOI: 10.1520/ Available from American Society of Civil Engineers, 1801 Alexander Bell
E2461-05. Drive,Reston, Virginia 20191-4400
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2461 – 05
sides perpendicular to the horizontal edges of the trapezoid. All dimen- TABLE 2 Thickness Designations, Minimum Glass Thickness,
and Unit Self-Weight
sions shall be measured from edge to edge of glass.
Nominal thickness or Minimum thickness, mm Glass weight
3.2.3 equivalent rectangular area (ERA), n—the product of
designation. mm (in.) (in.) Pa (psf)
the longest horizontal glass dimension and the length of the
2.7 (lami) 2.59 (0.102) 67.0 (1.40)
edge perpendicular to the horizontal dimension in the plane of
3.0 ( ⁄8) 2.92 (0.115) 74.2 (1.55)
the glass.All dimensions shall be measured from edge to edge
4.0 ( ⁄32) 3.78 (0.149) 99.1 (2.07)
5.0 ( ⁄16) 4.57 (0.180) 124 (2.59)
of glass.
6.0 ( ⁄4) 5.56 (0.219) 149 (3.11)
3.2.4 designated thickness for laminated glass (LG), n—the
8.0 ( ⁄16) 7.42 (0.292) 199 (4.15)
designated thickness for LG as Table 1 specifies.
10.0 ( ⁄8) 9.02 (0.355) 248 (5.18)
12.0 ( ⁄2) 11.91 (0.469) 298 (6.22)
3.2.5 designated thickness for monolithic glass, n—the
16.0 ( ⁄8) 15.09 (0.595) 397 (8.29)
designated or nominal thickness commonly used in specifying
19.0 ( ⁄4) 18.26 (0.719) 472 (9.85)
a particular glass product, based on the minimum thicknesses 22.0 ( ⁄8) 21.44 (0.844) 546 (11.4)
25.0 (1)* 24.4 (0.969) 622 (13.0)
presented in Table 2 and Specification C1036.
A
32 (1 – ⁄4) 27.38 (1.22) 795 (16.6)
3.2.6 glass breakage, n—the fracture of any lite or ply in A
38 (1 – ⁄2) 31.6 (1.47) 943 (19.7)
monolithic, laminated, or insulating glass resulting from stress
A
Not a glazing industry standard thickness designation
that an applied uniform lateral load induces.
3.2.7 insulating glass (IG) unit, n—consists of any combi-
nationoftwoglasslites,asdefinedherein,thatencloseasealed
3.2.10.2 specified design load, n—the magnitude in kPa
space filled with air or other gas.
(psf), type (for example, wind or self-weight) and duration of
3.2.8 laminated glass (LG), n—a flat-lite of uniform thick-
the load. The wind load has a duration of approximately 3
nessthatisfabricatedbybondingtwoormoremonolithicglass
seconds. Glass self-weight (Table 2) has a long duration,
litesorpliesofequalthickness,asdefinedherein,togetherwith
typically equal to the in-service life of the window glass lite.
polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer(s).
Earth facing cab glass is only subjected to wind load and its
3.2.9 lateral, adj—perpendicular to the glass surface.
self-weight.
3.2.10 load, n—a uniformly distributed lateral pressure.
3.2.10.1 design load, n—the magnitude of the 3-second
3.2.10.3 long duration load, n—any load lasting approxi-
duration load used to design glass for ATCT cabs. Equations
mately 30 days or longer.
used herein for computing magnitudes for design loads adjust
3.2.10.4 short duration load, n—any load lasting approxi-
glass self weight to a magnitude consistent with a 3-second
mately 3 seconds, such as, wind load.
duration.
TABLE 1 Thickness Designations for Laminated Glass
Laminated glass Laminated glass construction Laminated glass thickness
designation, t, nominal thickness, mm (in.) designation for use in these
mm (in.) [glass/PVB/glass] procedures mm (in.)
2.7/0.76/2.7 {(lami)/0.030/(lami)}
1 1
6( ⁄4) 6( ⁄4)
1 1
3/0.76/3 {( ⁄8)/0.030/( ⁄8)}
1 1
3/1.52/3 {( ⁄8)/0.060/( ⁄8)}
5 5 5 5
8( ⁄16) 4/0.76/4 {( ⁄32)/0.030/( ⁄32)} 8 ( ⁄16)
3 3 3 3
10 ( ⁄8) 5/0.76/5 {( ⁄16)/0.030/( ⁄16)} 10 ( ⁄8)
7 3 3
11 ( ⁄16) 5/1.52/5 {( ⁄16)/0.060/( ⁄16)}
1 1 1 1
12 ( ⁄2) 6/0.76/6 {( ⁄4)/0.030/( ⁄4)} 12 ( ⁄2)
9 1 1
13 ( ⁄16) 6/1.52/6 {( ⁄4)/0.060/( ⁄4)}
5 5
8/0.76/8 {( ⁄16)/0.030/( ⁄16)}
5 5
16 ( ⁄8) 5 5 16 ( ⁄8)
8/1.52/8 {( ⁄16)/0.060/( ⁄16)}
5 5
8/2.28/8 {( ⁄16)/0.090/( ⁄16)}
3 3
10/0.76/10 {( ⁄8)/0.030/( ⁄8)}
3 3
19 ( ⁄4) 3 3 19 ( ⁄4)
10/1.52/10 {( ⁄8)/0.060/( ⁄8)}
3 3
10/2.28/10 {( ⁄8)/0.090/( ⁄8)}
1 1
12/1.52/12 {( ⁄2)/0.060/( ⁄2)}
25 (1) 25 (1)
1 1
12/2.28/12 {( ⁄2)/0.090/( ⁄2)}
5 5
16/1.52/16 {( ⁄8)/0.060/( ⁄8)}
1 1
32 (1- ⁄4) 32 (1- ⁄4)
5 5
16/2.28/16 {( ⁄8)/0.090/( ⁄8)}
3 3
19/1.52/19 {( ⁄4)/0.060/( ⁄4)}
1 1
38 (1- ⁄2) 38 (1- ⁄2)
3 3
19/2.28/19 {( ⁄4)/0.090/( ⁄4)}
E2461 – 05
3.2.11 minimum thickness of monolithic glass, n—the mini- 6. Procedure
mum allowable thickness associated with a nominal or desig-
6.1 Select a probability of breakage, glass type or construc-
nated glass thickness as given in Table 2 and Specification
tion, and glass thickness(es).
C1036.
6.2 Compute the design load for monolithic or single
3.2.12 probability of breakage (P ), n—the theoretical frac-
b
laminated glass according to:
tion of glass lites or plies that would break at the first
L 5 L 1 2L cosu (1)
D W G
occurrence of the resistance load, typically expressed in lites
per thousand.
Where
L = denotes the design load,
D
4. Summary of Practice
L = denotes the wind load,
W
L = denotes the weight of the glass, and
G
4.1 The use of these procedures requires a specified design
u = denotes the acute angle the glass makes with the
load that shall consist of the wind load and the factored lateral
horizontal. For monolithic or single laminated glaz-
component of glass weight. The total design load shall not
ing, the user shall obtain L from Table 2 for the
G
exceed 10 kPa (210 psf).
nominal glass thickness. For insulating glass, L
G
4.2 The procedures specified herein facilitate determination
shall consist of the weights of both glass lites as
of the thickness of an annealed window glass construction
determined from Table 2.
required to resist the specified design loading for the selected
6.3 Monolithic Single Glazing Continuously Supported
probability of breakage.
Along all Four Edges:
4.3 ThisstandardprocedureusesmethodsinPracticeE1300
6.3.1 Determine the ERA.
to determine the approximate lateral deflection of the geomet-
6.3.2 Determine the AR.
riccenterofthewindowglassconstruction.AnnexA2provides
6.3.3 Determine the required glass thickness from Fig.A1.1
deflection charts for laminated glass thicknesses larger than
(P =0.001)orFig.A1.2(P =0.004)forthedesignload,ERA,
those contained in Practice E1300. B B
and AR.
6.3.4 Determine the approximate maximum center of glass
5. Significance and Use
deflection using procedures from Practice E1300.
5.1 This standard procedure facilitates determination of the
6.4 Single Laminated Glazing Continuously Supported
thickness of a glass construction required to resist a specified
Along all Four Edges:
design load with a selected probability of breakage.
6.4.1 Determine the ERA.
5.2 This standard procedure addresses the following glass
6.4.2 Determine the AR.
constructions: annealed monolithic, annealed laminated, and
6.4.3 Determine the required glass thickness from Fig.A1.3
insulating glass fabricated with annealed monolithic or an-
(P =0.001)orFig.A1.4(P =0.004)forthedesignload,ERA,
B B
nealed laminated glass, or both.
and AR.
5.3 Use of these procedures assume:
6.4.4 Determine the approximate maximum center of glass
5.3.1 The glass is free of edge damage and is properly
deflection using procedures from Practice E1300.
glazed,
6.5 Monolithic Single Glazing Simply Supported Continu-
5.3.2 The glass has not been subjected to abuse,
ously Along Two Opposite Sides or any Three Sides:
5.3.3 The surface condition of the glass is typical of glass
6.5.1 Determine the Unsupported Glass Length.
that has been in service for several years, and is significantly
6.5.2 Determine the required glass thickness from Fig.A1.5
weaker than freshly manufactured glass due to minor abrasions
(P =0.001)orFig.A1.6(P =0.004)forthedesignload,ERA,
B B
on exposed surfaces,
and AR.
5.3.4 The glass edge support system is sufficiently stiff to
6.5.3 Determine the approximate maximum center of glass
limit the lateral deflections of the supported glass edges to less
deflection using procedures from Practice E1300.
than 1/175 of their lengths. The specified design load shall be
6.6 Single Laminated Glazing Simply Supported Continu-
used for this calculation, and
ously Along Two Opposite Sides or any Three Sides:
5.3.5 The center of glass deflection shall not result in loss of
6.6.1 Determine the unsupported glass length.
edge support. Typically maintaining center of glass deflection
6.6.2 Determine the required glass thickness from Fig.A1.7
at or below the magnitude of three times the nominal glass
(P =0.001)orFig.A1.8(P =0.004)forthedesignload,ERA,
thickness assures that no loss of edge support will occur.
B B
and AR.
5.4 Many other factors affect the selection of glass type and
6.6.3 Determine the approximate maximum center of glass
thickness. These factors include but are not limited to: thermal
deflection using procedures from Practice E1300.
stresses, the effects of windborne debris, excessive deflections,
6.7 Insulating Glass (IG) with Monolithic Glass Lites of
behavior of glass fragments after breakage, seismic effects,
Equal (Symmetric) Glass Type and Thickness.
heat flow, edge bite, noise abatement, potential post-breakage
consequences, and so forth. In addition, considerations set 6.7.1 Compute the design load for IG as L = 5(L +
DIG W
2L cosu)/9 in which all terms are previously defined. The
forth in federal, state, and local building codes along with
G
criteria presented in safety glazing standards and site specific weigh of the glass, L , consists of the weight of both glass
G
lites.
concerns may control the ultimate glass type and thickness
selection. 6.7.2 Determine the ERA.
E2461 – 05
6.7.3 Determine the AR. the plane of the glass, aspect ratio, equivalent rectangular area,
6.7.4 Determine the required glass thickness for a single lite glass type(s) and thickness(es), weight of the glass, glass type
in the IG unit from Fig. A1.1 (P = 0.001) or Fig. A1.2 (P = factor(s), approximate lateral deflection, and
B B
0.004) for the design load, ERA, and AR. 7.1.3 A statement that the procedure followed was in
6.7.5 Determine the approximate maximum center of glass accordance with this practice or a full description of any
deflection as the deflection of one lite in the IG unit under the deviations.
design load 0.9L using procedures from Practice E1300.
DIG
8. Precision and Bias
6.8 Insula
...

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ASTM E2461-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining the Thickness of Glass in Airport Traffic Control Tower Cabs

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5.1 This standard procedure facilitates determination of the thickness of a glass construction required to resist a specified design load with a selected probability of breakage.  
5.2 For optical purposes, ATCT cab glass typically utilize only annealed glass products. For this reason, some specifying authorities mandate its use and prohibit heat-strengthened and tempered glass in control cabs. This standard procedure therefore addresses the following glass constructions: annealed monolithic, annealed laminated, and insulating glass fabricated with annealed monolithic or annealed laminated glass, or both. In cases where the specifying authority approves the use of heat-strengthened or fully tempered glass in the control cab or in areas where optical characteristics do not apply but are deemed critical to the facility operation, the NFL values obtained from standard may be adjusted using appropriate Glass Type Factors (GTF) and procedures for their use as specified in Practice E1300.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Glass is a brittle material with different time and temperature-dependent properties than other solid materials used as walkways surfaces. Therefore, the type of glass is an important consideration in the design and construction of glass treads and glass landings constructed with laminated glass.  
4.2 Post-breakage glass retention is an important consideration in the design of a glass walkway system as a means of minimizing tripping, cutting/piercing injuries, or fall-through or fallout of the glass.  
4.3 The structural design shall be confirmed by calculations by a licensed design professional in accordance with Section 5.  
4.4 If testing is required (see 4.4.1 – 4.4.3) to verify post-glass breakage behavior of the glass walkway, the testing shall be in accordance with Section 6.  
4.4.1 For laminates with two glass plies, verification testing is required.  
4.4.2 For laminates with more than two glass plies, verification testing is not required provided that calculations completed in accordance with 4.3 demonstrate that the glass assembly has sufficient strength to sustain the full design load with any one glass ply broken.  
4.4.3 When verifying post-breakage behavior by calculation, allowable glass stress for 10 min load duration in accordance with Table 1 shall be used for all load cases.  
4.5 The manufacturer or designer of glass walkway systems shall provide installation directions and fabrication and installation tolerances of their systems.  
4.6 The structural integrity of the glass walkway system after glass breakage shall be sufficient to support the design loads after any one glass ply is broken. If damage of any kind occurs, the walkway shall be cordoned off and the installation shall be inspected to ensure structural integrity and pedestrian safety of the system.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice addresses elements related to load-bearing glass walkways, glass treads, and glass landings constructed with laminated glass. This standard includes performance, design, and safe behavior considerations. It addresses the characteristics unique to glass and laminated glass. Issues that are common to all walkways, such as slip resistance, are addressed in existing referenced standards.  
1.2 This practice does not address glass walkways constructed with monolithic glass, glass block, insulating glass units, glass tiles that are directly bonded to a non-glass structural substrate, or glass walkways intended to support vehicular traffic.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E997-15(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Glass Breakage Probability Under the Influence of Uniform Static Loads by Proof Load Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Glass specimens to be tested shall be mounted in a standard test frame with four sides supported, or in a test frame designed to represent specific glazing conditions.  
5.2 Loads on glass in windows, curtain walls, and doors may vary greatly in magnitude, direction, and duration. Any design load (wind, snow, etc.) that can reasonably be applied to the test specimens or transformed into an equivalent uniform design load can be considered. Load transformation techniques are addressed in the literature (1, 2, 3).3  
5.3 The strength of glass varies with many different factors including surface condition, load duration, geometry, relative humidity, and temperature (4). A thorough understanding of those strength variations is required to interpret results of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This proof load test method is a procedure to determine, with a 90 % confidence level, if the probability of breakage under design loads for a given population of glass specimens is less than a selected value. It is not intended to be a design standard for determining the load resistance of glass. Practice E1300 shall be used for this purpose.  
1.2 This test method describes apparatus and procedures to select and apply a proof load to glass specimens, to determine the number of glass specimens to be tested, and to evaluate statistically the probability of breakage. This test method may be conducted using the standard test frame specified herein or a test frame of the user's design.  
1.3 Proper use of this test method requires a knowledge of the principles of pressure measurement and an understanding of recommended glazing practices.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2353-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Performance of Glazing in Permanent Railing Systems, Guards, and Balustrades

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures to be followed in testing the performance of glazing in permanent railing systems, guards and balustrades including components such as rails and swing gates or other forms of required guardrail opening protection installed in and for assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, stadiums, recreational, and residential buildings and other structures such as towers or elevated platforms.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to such railing, guard, and balustrade systems having glass or other glazing materials as the major structural component or the infill panel including swing gates and other forms of guardrail protection.  
1.3 These test methods can be used to determine whether permanent rails, guards and balustrades including components, having glass or other glazing material comply with requirements of performance specifications, codes, norms, and standards.  
1.4 Specifically, these test methods cover procedures for determining the static strength, impact performance, and post-breakage characteristics of railing systems, guards, and balustrades, including a component with glass or other glazing material installed in one, two, three and four-side support systems fastened to concrete, masonry, wood, metal, and related products.  
1.5 No consideration is given in these test methods to any possible deterioration of the railing, guard, or balustrade system or their connections and fasteners as resulting from adverse environmental or in-service conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.  
1.6 These test methods are limited to the application of loads and impact resistance described herein. Whenever uniformly distributed loads are to be resisted by a railing system, guard, or balustrade in accordance with governing specifications, codes, norms, and standards, the effects of such loads on the member stresses shall be determined by calculation and the corresponding concentrated and linear loads shall be tested. Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing can be employed for verification.  
1.7 These test methods address the capability of glass or other glazing material supported by rails, guards, or balustrades, or both, in one, two, three, and four-sided support systems to continue in their function as a barrier by remaining in the designed framing system after impact or glazing breakage. These test methods do not address structural limitation of glazed or glass rails, guards, and balustrades or vehicular guards except when in the area of a pedestrian walkway.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Certain values contained in reference documents cited and quoted herein may be stated in inch-pound units and must be converted by the user.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2431-12(2020)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining the Resistance of Single Glazed Annealed Architectural Flat Glass to Thermal Loadings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of this practice assumes:  
5.1.1 the glass edges shall be free from damage,  
5.1.2 the glass shall be properly glazed,  
5.1.3 the glass shall not have been subjected to abuse, and  
5.1.4 the glass edge support allows in-plane movement of the glass due to thermal expansion and contraction.  
5.2 This practice does not address all factors that cause thermally induced stresses in annealed glass. Factors that are not addressed include: transient thermal stresses, HVAC registers, thermally insulating window coverings, drop ceilings and other heat traps, increased solar irradiance caused by exterior reflections, variations in heat transfer coefficients other than those assumed for the steady state analysis described herein, and stresses induced by thermal sources other than the sun. Factors other than those listed above may also induce thermal stress.  
5.3 Many other factors shall be considered in glass selection. These factors include, but are not limited to, mechanically induced stresses, wind effects, windborne debris impacts, excessive deflections, seismic effects, heat flow, noise abatement, potential post-breakage consequences, and so forth. In addition, considerations set forth in building codes along with criteria presented in safety glazing standards and site specific concerns may control the ultimate glass type and thickness selection.  
5.4 The proper use of this practice is intended to reduce the risk of thermally induced breakage of annealed window glass in buildings.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure to determine the resistance of annealed architectural flat glass to thermally induced stresses caused by exposure to sun and shadows for a specified probability of breakage (Pb). Proper use of this procedure is intended to reduce the possibility of thermal breakage of annealed glass in buildings.  
1.2 This practice applies to vertical or sloped glazing in buildings.  
1.3 This practice applies to monolithic and laminated glass of rectangular shape and assumes that all glass edges are simply supported.  
1.4 This practice applies only to annealed flat soda-lime silica glass with clean cut, seamed, flat ground, or ground and polished edges that are free from damage. The glass may be clear or tinted as well as coated (not including coatings that reduce emissivity of the glass).  
1.5 This practice does not apply to any form of wired, patterned, etched, sandblasted, drilled, notched, or grooved glass or glass with surface and edge treatments, other than those described in 1.4, that alter the glass strength.  
1.6 This practice does not address uniform loads such as wind and snow loads, safety requirements, fire, or impact resistance.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. For conversion of quantities in various systems of measurements to SI units, refer to IEEE/ASTM SI-10.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2953-14(2020)e1(Specification)
Standard Specification for Evaluating Accelerated Aging Performance of Electrochromic Devices in Sealed Insulating Glass Units

ABSTRACT
This specification applies to all electrochromic (EC) glass whose visible light transmittance or near infrared light transmittance properties, or both, can be changed reversibly by the application or removal of an electrical voltage. It covers absorptive and reflective EC devices in preassembled permanently sealed insulting glass units with one or more cavities in which at least one lite contains an EC device (which may be in the form of a laminated lite or a single pane with coatings applied). This specification is also valid for EC devices in preassembled insulating glass units with capillary tubes intentionally left open, but not for other types of dynamic glass which do not solely require an electrical stimulus to change light transmittance such as photochromic and thermochromic glazings and hybrid active/passive chromogenics. This specification is applicable only to sealed insulating glass units that are constructed with glass and fabricated for vision glass areas for use in buildings, such as sliding doors, windows, skylights, and exterior wall systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is applicable to all electrochromic (EC) glass whose visible light transmittance or near infrared light transmittance properties, or both, can be changed reversibly by the application or removal of an electrical voltage. This includes absorptive and reflective EC devices.  
1.2 This specification does not apply to other types of dynamic glass which do not solely require an electrical stimulus to change light transmittance such as photochromic and thermochromic glazings and hybrid active/passive chromogenics.  
1.3 This specification covers electrochromic devices in preassembled permanently sealed insulting glass units with one or more cavities in which at least one lite contains an EC device (which may be in the form of a laminated lite or a single pane with coatings applied). This specification is also applicable to EC devices in preassembled insulating glass units with capillary tubes intentionally left open. As such this specification also requires conformance to Specification E2190.  
1.4 This specification is applicable only to sealed insulating glass units that are constructed with glass and fabricated for vision glass areas for use in buildings, such as sliding doors, windows, skylights, and exterior wall systems.  
1.5 Qualification under this specification is intended to provide a basis for evaluating the aging performance of electrochromic devices in sealed insulating glass units.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E998-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Architectural Glass Products Under the Influence of Uniform Static Loads

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is a general procedure for testing architectural glass products under uniform static loads.  
5.2 Loads on glass in windows, curtain walls, and doors may vary greatly in magnitude, direction, and duration. An understanding of wind loads on the building is required for selection of test loads and interpretation of results with respect to expected exposure at a particular site.  
5.3 A thorough understanding of the variations of the strength of glass and the nature of loading is required to interpret results of this test method.  
5.4 The proper use of this test method requires a knowledge of the principles of pressure, deflection, and strain measurement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a general test procedure for load tests of glass subjected to uniform static loads. It is applicable for test protocols involving specified loads, load durations, and loading rates.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to architectural flat glass of various types; for example, annealed, heat-strengthened, fully tempered, laminated, insulating, and combinations thereof.  
1.3 This test method describes a process of applying specific test loads to glass. The test may be conducted using a standard test frame specified herein or a test frame of the user's design.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3119-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Accelerated Aging of Environmentally Controlled Dynamic Glazing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 ECDG perform a number of important functions in a building envelope including: reducing the solar energy heat gain; providing a variable visual connection with the outside world; enhancing human comfort (heat gain), security, illumination, and glare control; providing for architectural expression, and (possibly) improving acoustical performance. It is therefore important to understand the relative serviceability of these glazings.  
4.2 This test method is intended to provide a means for assessing the relative serviceability of ECDGs, as described in Section 1.  
4.3 The test method is intended to simulate in-service use and accelerate aging of the environmentally controlled dynamic glazings.  
4.4 Results from these tests cannot be used to predict the performance over time of in-service units unless actual corresponding in-service tests have been conducted and appropriate analyses have been conducted to show how performance can be predicted from the accelerated aging tests.  
4.5 The procedure in this test method includes environmental test parameters that are typically used in weatherability tests by standards organizations and are realistic for the intended use of large-area ECDG units.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the accelerated aging and monitoring of the time-dependent performance of environmentally controlled dynamic glazings such as thermochromic (TC) thermotropic, photochromic glazings. and combinations thereof.  
1.2 The test method is applicable only for environmentally controlled dynamic glazings. These glazings may be either monolithic glass, monolithic laminated glass, or sealed insulating glass units fabricated for use in buildings, such as exterior doors, windows, skylights, and wall systems.  
1.3 During use, the environmentally controlled dynamic glazings tested according to this method are exposed to environmental conditions, including solar radiation and are employed to control the amount of transmitted radiation by absorption and reflection and thus, limit the amount of solar radiation that is transmitted into a building.  
1.4 The test method is not applicable to electronically controlled chromogenic devices, such as electrochromic devices.  
1.5 The test method is not applicable to environmentally controlled dynamic glazings that are constructed from superstrate or substrate materials other than glass.  
1.6 The test method referenced herein is a laboratory test conducted under specified conditions.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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