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ASTM D8368-21

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Totals of Saturate, Aromatic, Polyaromatic and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Content of Diesel Fuel Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Totals of Saturate, Aromatic, Polyaromatic and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Content of Diesel Fuel Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of group type composition of diesel fuel is useful for evaluating quality and expected performance. Aromatics and polyaromatics, in particular, are related to combustion characteristics, cetane number, energy content, lubricity, water solubility and exhaust emissions.  
5.1.1 Aromatic hydrocarbon type analysis may be useful for evaluating refinery processes.  
5.1.2 The ability to determine aromatics content in the presence of FAME may be useful to users of diesel fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a standard procedure for the determination of group type totals of saturate, aromatic, polyaromatic, and FAME content in diesel fuel using gas chromatography and vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy detection (GC-VUV).  
1.1.1 Polyaromatic totals are the result of the summation of diaromatic and tri-plus aromatic group types. Aromatics are the summation of monoaromatic and polyaromatic group types. FAME content is the result of summation of individual fatty acid methyl esters.  
1.2 Concentrations of group type totals are determined by percent mass or percent volume. The applicable ranges are as follows:    
Group Type  
Applicable % Volume Range  
Applicable % Mass Range  
Saturate  
64 to 99.5  
60 to 99.3  
Aromatic  
0.5 to 36  
0.7 to 40  
Monoaromatic  
0.5 to 36  
0.7 to 40  
Diaromatic  
0.03 to 9  
0.05 to 11  
Tri+ aromatic  
0.03 to 1  
0.03 to 1.5  
Polyaromatic  
0.03 to 10  
0.05 to 12.5  
FAME  
2 to 20  
2 to 23
Note 1: Applicable ranges of components and precision will ultimately be defined by an interlaboratory study.  
1.3 Diesel fuel containing biodiesel, (FAME, that is, fatty acid methyl esters) can be analyzed by this test method. The FAME component completely elutes from the analytical column independent of feedstock; however, interim precision is determined only with soy methyl esters. FAME content in diesel fuel can be determined by Test Methods D7371 or D7861.  
1.4 Individual hydrocarbon components are not reported by this test method; however, any individual component determinations are included in the appropriate summation of the totals of saturate, aromatic, polyaromatic, monoaromatic, diaromatic, tri-plus aromatic, or FAME groups.  
1.4.1 Individual components are typically not baseline-separated by the procedure described in this test method, that is, some components will coelute. The coelutions are resolved at the detector using VUV absorbance spectra and deconvolution algorithms.  
1.5 This test method has been tested for diesel fuel, including renewable diesel fuels from hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) and gas to liquid (GTL) processes, and biodiesel blends; this test method may apply to other hydrocarbon streams boiling between heptane (98 °C) and triacontane (450 °C), but has not been extensively tested for such applications.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2021
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.04.0L - Gas Chromatography Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D8368-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Totals of Saturate, Aromatic, Polyaromatic and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Content of Diesel Fuel Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)ASTM D8368-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Totals of Saturate, Aromatic, Polyaromatic and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Content of Diesel Fuel Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)
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ASTM D8368-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Totals of Saturate, Aromatic, Polyaromatic and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Content of Diesel Fuel Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D8368 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Totals of Saturate, Aromatic, Polyaromatic
and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) Content of Diesel Fuel
Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet
1
Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8368; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope nations are included in the appropriate summation of the totals
ofsaturate,aromatic,polyaromatic,monoaromatic,diaromatic,
1.1 This test method covers a standard procedure for the
tri-plus aromatic, or FAME groups.
determination of group type totals of saturate, aromatic,
1.4.1 Individual components are typically not baseline-
polyaromatic, and FAME content in diesel fuel using gas
separated by the procedure described in this test method, that
chromatography and vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectros-
is, some components will coelute. The coelutions are resolved
copy detection (GC-VUV).
at the detector using VUV absorbance spectra and deconvolu-
1.1.1 Polyaromatic totals are the result of the summation of
tion algorithms.
diaromaticandtri-plusaromaticgrouptypes.Aromaticsarethe
summation of monoaromatic and polyaromatic group types. 1.5 This test method has been tested for diesel fuel, includ-
FAME content is the result of summation of individual fatty ing renewable diesel fuels from hydrotreated vegetable oil
acid methyl esters. (HVO) and gas to liquid (GTL) processes, and biodiesel
blends; this test method may apply to other hydrocarbon
1.2 Concentrations of group type totals are determined by
streams boiling between heptane (98 °C) and triacontane
percent mass or percent volume. The applicable ranges are as
(450 °C), but has not been extensively tested for such applica-
follows:
tions.
Group Type Applicable % Volume Applicable % Mass
Range Range 1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
Saturate 64 to 99.5 60 to 99.3
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Aromatic 0.5 to 36 0.7 to 40
standard.
Monoaromatic 0.5 to 36 0.7 to 40
Diaromatic 0.03 to 9 0.05 to 11
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Tri+ aromatic 0.03 to 1 0.03 to 1.5
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Polyaromatic 0.03 to 10 0.05 to 12.5
FAME 2 to 20 2 to 23 responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
NOTE 1—Applicable ranges of components and precision will ulti-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
mately be defined by an interlaboratory study.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
1.3 Diesel fuel containing biodiesel, (FAME, that is, fatty
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
acid methyl esters) can be analyzed by this test method. The
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
FAME component completely elutes from the analytical col-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
umn independent of feedstock; however, interim precision is
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
determined only with soy methyl esters. FAME content in
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
diesel fuel can be determined by Test Methods D7371 or
D7861.
2. Referenced Documents
1.4 Individual hydrocarbon components are not reported by 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
this test method; however, any individual component determi-
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
Petroleum Products
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
2
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Subcommittee D02.04.0L on Gas Chromatography Methods. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved April 1, 2021. Published May 2021. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D8368-21. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D8368 − 21
D4307 Practice for Preparation of Liquid Blends for Use as 3.3 Abbreviations:
Analytical Standards 3.3.1 AU—absorbance units
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
3.3.2 GC-VUV—gaschromatographywithvacuumultravio-
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
let absorption spectroscopy de
...

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5.1 Some acids can be present in aviation turbine fuels due either to the acid treatment during the refining process or to naturally occurring organic acids. Significant acid contamination is not likely to be present because of the many check tests made during the various stages of refining. However, trace amounts of acid can be present and are undesirable because of the consequent tendencies of the fuel to corrode metals that it contacts or to impair the water separation characteristics of the aviation turbine fuel.  
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5.1 Wear due to excessive friction resulting in shortened life of engine components such as fuel pumps and fuel controls has sometimes been ascribed to lack of lubricity in an aviation fuel.  
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5.3 The wear scar generated in the ball-on-cylinder lubricity evaluator (BOCLE) test is sensitive to contamination of the fluids and test materials, the presence of oxygen and water in the atmosphere, and the temperature of the test. Lubricity measurements are also sensitive to trace materials acquired during sampling and storage. Containers specified in Practice D4306 shall be used.  
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1.1 This test method covers assessment of the wear aspects of the boundary lubrication properties of aviation turbine fuels on rubbing steel surfaces.  
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1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D7398-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) in the Boiling Range from 100 °C to 615 °C by Gas Chromatography

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5.1 The boiling range distribution of FAMES provides an insight into the composition of product related to the transesterification process. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range can be used to replace conventional distillation methods for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.  
5.2 Biodiesel (FAMES) exhibits a boiling point rather than a distillation curve. The fatty acid chains in the raw oils and fats from which biodiesel is produced are mainly comprised of straight chain hydrocarbons with 16 to 18 carbons that have similar boiling temperatures. The atmospheric boiling point of biodiesel generally ranges from 330 °C to 357 °C. The Specification D6751 value of 360 °C max at 90 % off by Test Method D1160 was incorporated as a precaution to ensure the fuel has not been adulterated with high boiling contaminants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). This test method is applicable to FAMES (biodiesel, B100) having an initial boiling point greater than 100 °C and a final boiling point less than 615 °C at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method.  
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1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7484-23a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine Oils for Valve-Train Wear Performance in Cummins ISB Medium-Duty Diesel Engine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed to assess the performance of a heavy-duty engine oil in controlling engine wear under operating conditions selected to accelerate soot production and valve-train wear in a turbocharged and aftercooled four-cycle diesel engine with sliding tappet followers equipped with exhaust gas recirculation hardware.  
5.2 The design of the engine used in this test method is representative of many, but not all, modern diesel engines. This factor, along with the accelerated operating conditions, shall be considered when extrapolating test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, commonly referred to as the Cummins ISB Test, covers the utilization of a modern, 5.9 L, diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation and is used to evaluate oil performance with regard to valve-train wear.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—SI units are provided for all parameters except where there is no direct equivalent such as the units for screw threads, National Pipe Threads/diameters, tubing size, or where there is a sole source of supply equipment specification.  
1.2.2 See also A7.1 for clarification; it does not supersede 1.2 and 1.2.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Annex A1 for general safety precautions.  
1.4 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Engine Fluids and Cleaning Solvents  
7  
Preparation of Apparatus  
8  
Engine/Stand Calibration and Non-Reference Oil Tests  
9  
Test Procedure  
10  
Calculations, Ratings, and Test Validity  
11  
Report  
12  
Precision and Bias  
13  
Annexes  
Safety Precautions  
Annex A1  
Intake Air Aftercooler  
Annex A2  
The Cummins ISB Engine Build Parts Kit  
Annex A3  
Sensor Locations and Special Hardware  
Annex A4  
External Oil System  
Annex A5  
Cummins Service Publications  
Annex A6  
Specified Units and Formats  
Annex A7  
Oil Analyses  
Annex A8  
Alternate Fuel Approval Process  
Annex A9  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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