ASTM F2291-03
(Practice)Standard Practice for Design of Amusement Rides and Devices
Standard Practice for Design of Amusement Rides and Devices
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes criteria for the design of amusement rides, devices and major modifications to amusement rides and devices manufactured after the effective date of publication except as noted in .
1.2 This practice shall not apply to:
1.2.1 Patron directed amusement rides or devices (for example, Go Karts, Bumper Cars, Bumper Boats),
1.2.2 Artificial Climbing Walls,
1.2.3 Air Supported Structures,
1.2.4 Dry Slides,
1.2.5 Coin Operated Rides,
1.2.6 Amusement rides or devices that involve the purposeful immersion of the patron's body partially or totally in the water and involves more than incidental patron water contact (for example, Pools, Water Slides, Lazy Rivers, Interactive Aquatic Play Devices),
1.2.7 Amusement rides and devices whose design criteria are specifically addressed in another ASTM standard,
1.2.8 Portions of an amusement ride or device unaffected by a major modification,
1.2.9 Upgrades to electrical wiring, electrical motors and electrical components of amusement rides and devices provided the original design and safety criteria are maintained or enhanced, and
1.2.10 Pre-existing designs manufactured after the effective date of publication of this practice if the design is Service Proven or Previously Compliant and the Manufacturer provides:
1.2.10.1 A historical summary of the amusement ride, device or major modification, and
1.2.10.2 A statement that the design is Service Proven or Previously Compliant as specified by Section .
1.2.11 Amusement rides and devices, and major modifications to amusement rides and devices may qualify as "Previously Compliant" for five years following the date of publication of this practice. Thereafter, amusement rides and devices, and major modifications to amusement rides and devices must qualify as "Service Proven" or meet the requirements of this practice.
1.3 This practice includes an annex (mandatory), which provides additional information (for example, rationale, background, interpretations, drawings, commentary, and so forth) to improve the user's understanding and application of the criteria presented in this practice. The annex information shall be interpreted as mandatory design criteria.
1.4 This practice includes an appendix (non-mandatory), which provides additional information (for example, rationale, background, interpretations, drawings, commentary, and so forth.) to improve the user's understanding and application of the criteria presented in this practice. The appendix information shall not be interpreted as mandatory design criteria.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: F 2291 – 03
Standard Practice for
Design of Amusement Rides and Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 2291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope and major modifications to amusement rides and devices must
qualify as “Service Proven” or meet the requirements of this
1.1 This practice establishes criteria for the design of
practice.
amusement rides, devices and major modifications to amuse-
1.3 This practice includes an annex (mandatory), which
ment rides and devices manufactured after the effective date of
provides additional information (for example, rationale, back-
publication except as noted in 1.2.
ground, interpretations, drawings, commentary, and so forth) to
1.2 This practice shall not apply to:
improve the user’s understanding and application of the criteria
1.2.1 Patron directed amusement rides or devices (for ex-
presented in this practice. The annex information shall be
ample, Go Karts, Bumper Cars, Bumper Boats),
interpreted as mandatory design criteria.
1.2.2 Artificial Climbing Walls,
1.4 This practice includes an appendix (non-mandatory),
1.2.3 Air Supported Structures,
which provides additional information (for example, rationale,
1.2.4 Dry Slides,
background, interpretations, drawings, commentary, and so
1.2.5 Coin Operated Rides,
forth.) to improve the user’s understanding and application of
1.2.6 Amusement rides or devices that involve the purpose-
the criteria presented in this practice. The appendix informa-
ful immersion of the patron’s body partially or totally in the
tion shall not be interpreted as mandatory design criteria.
water and involves more than incidental patron water contact
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(for example, Pools, Water Slides, Lazy Rivers, Interactive
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Aquatic Play Devices),
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2.7 Amusement rides and devices whose design criteria
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
are specifically addressed in another ASTM standard,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2.8 Portions of an amusement ride or device unaffected by
a major modification,
2. Referenced Documents
1.2.9 Upgrades to electrical wiring, electrical motors and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
electrical components of amusement rides and devices pro-
F 698 Specification for Physical Information to be Provided
vided the original design and safety criteria are maintained or
for Amusement Rides and Devices
enhanced, and
F 747 Terminology Relating to Amusement Rides and De-
1.2.10 Pre-existing designs manufactured after the effective
vices
date of publication of this practice if the design is Service
F 770 Practice for Operation Procedures for Amusement
Proven or Previously Compliant and the Manufacturer pro-
Rides and Devices
vides:
F 846 Guide for Testing Performance of Amusement Rides
1.2.10.1 A historical summary of the amusement ride,
and Devices
device or major modification, and
F 853 Practice for Maintenance Procedures for Amusement
1.2.10.2 A statement that the design is Service Proven or
Rides and Devices
Previously Compliant as specified by Section 3.
F 893 Guide for Inspection of Amusement Rides and De-
1.2.11 Amusement rides and devices, and major modifica-
vices
tions to amusement rides and devices may qualify as “Previ-
F 1159 Practice for the Design and Manufacture of Amuse-
ously Compliant” for five years following the date of publica-
ment Rides and Devices
tion of this practice. Thereafter, amusement rides and devices,
F 2137 Practice for Measuring the Dynamic Characteristics
of Amusement Rides and Devices
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F24 on Amusement
Rides and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F24.24 on
Design and Manufacture.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.07.
Current edition approved April 10, 2003. Published June 2003.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
F2291–03
2.2 ASTM Technical Publications BS 5400-10(1980) Steel, Concrete and Composite
MIL 17 The Composite Materials Handbook Bridges—Code of Practice for Fatigue
MIL 882C System Safety Program Requirements BS 7608(1993) Code of Practice for Fatigue Design and
STP-1330 Composite Materials: Fatigue and Fracture, 7th Assessment of Steel Structures
Volume 2.12 CDC (Center for Disease Control) Growth Charts:
2.3 ACI (American Concrete Institute): CDC Basic Body Measurements (http://www.cdc.gov/
ACI-301-99 Specifications for Structural Concrete [Search:anthropometrics])
ACI-318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural 2.13 CISC (Canadian Institute of Steel Construction):
Concrete (ACI-318-99) and Commentary (318R-99) Hallow Structural Section Connection and Trusses—A De-
2.4 AFPA (American Forest & Paper Association), Ameri- sign Guide, J.A. Parker and J.E. Henderson
4 12
can Wood Council Publications: 2.14 DIN (German Institute For Standardization):
NDS (National Design Standard) for ASD Design DIN 15018-1, Cranes; Steel Structures; Verification and
2.5 AISC (American Institute of Steel Construction): Analyses Data
AISC 316 Manual on Steel Construction, Allowable Stress 2.15 EN (European Committee for Standardization):
Design (ASD), 1989 EN 280 2001 Mobile Elevating Work Platforms—Design
AISC M015 Manual on Steel Construction, Load & Resis- Calculations, Stability Criteria, Construction, Safety, Ex-
tance Factor Design (LRFD), 1986 aminations, and Tests
2.6 ANSI (American National Standards Institute): EN 954-1 96 Safety of Machinery—Safety Related Parts of
ANSI B93.114M 1987 Pneumatic Fluid Power—Systems Control Systems—General Principles for Design
Standard for Industrial Machinery EN 1050 96 Safety of Machinery—Principles for Risk
ANSI B11.TR3 2000 Risk Assessment and Risk Assessment
Reduction—A Guide to Estimate, Evaluate, and Reduce EN 1993-1-9:2001, Eurocode 3. Design of Steel Structures.
Risks Associated with Machine Tools Part 1.9. Fatigue Strength of Steel Structures
ANSI B77.1 1999 Passenger Ropeways—Aerial Tramways, EN 1993-1-9:2001, Eurocode 3. Design of Steel Structures.
Aerial Lifts, Surface Lifts, Tows and Conveyors—Safety Part 6.9. Crane Supporting Structures—Fatigue Strength
Requirements EN 60947-1: 1999 Low-Voltage Switchgear and Con-
2.7 ASCE (American Society of Civil Engineers): trolgear
ASCE 7-95 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and 2.16 IEC (Cable Assemblies Interface Equipment):
Other Structures IEC-60204-1: 2000 Safety of Machinery—Electrical Equip-
ASCE 16-95 Standard for Load and Resistance Factor ment of Machines—Part 1: General Requirements
Design (LRFD) for Engineered Wood Construction IEC-61496-1: 1998 Safety of Machinery—Electrosensitive
2.8 ASMI (American Society of Metals International): Protective Equipment—General Requirements and Tests
ASM Atlas of Fatigue Curves, 1986 IEC-61508-1: 1999 Functional Safety of Electrical/
ASM Handbook Volume 19: Fatigue and Fracture Electronic/Programmable Electronic Safety-Related
2.9 ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers): Systems—General Requirements
ASME B15.1-00 Safety Standards for Mechanical Power IEC-61511 Functional Safety: Safety Instrumented Systems
Transmission Apparatus for the Process Industry Sector
ASME A17.1-02 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators IEC-62061 Safety of Machinery-Functional Safety-
2.10 AWS (American Welding Society): Electrical, Electronic, and Programmable Electronic Con-
ANSI/AWS D1.1/D1.1M-2002 Structural Welding Code— trol Systems
Steel 2.17 Federal Documents:
ANSI/AWS D14.4-1997 Specification for Welded Joints in USDA-72 (U.S. Dept. of Agriculture) The Wood
Machinery and Equipment Handbook—Wood As An Engineering Material, Forest
2.11 British Standards Institute: Service, Forest Products Laboratory
2.18 ISO (International Standards Organization):
ISO 4414 2ED 98 Pneumatic Fluid Power General Rules
Relating to Systems
Available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
West Conshohocken, PA 19428–2959.
2.19 NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturers Associa-
Available from American Forest and Paper Association (AF&PA), 1111 19th 14
tion):
St., NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036.
NEMA 250–1997 Enclosures for Electrical Equipment
Available from American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), One E.
Wacker Dr., Suite 3100, Chicago, IL 60601-2001.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
7 11
Available from The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Available from Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton
Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191. Rd., Atlanta, GA 30333.
8 12
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME Available from Beuth Verlag GmbH (DIN-- DIN Deutsches Institut fur
International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990. Normung e.V.), Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787, Berlin, Germany.
9 13
Available from The American Welding Society (AWS), 550 NW LeJeune Rd., Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de
Miami, FL 33126. Varembé, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.
10 14
Available from British Standards Institute (BSI), 389 Chiswick High Rd., Available from National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 1300
London W4 4AL, U.K. N. 17th St., Suite 1847, Rosslyn, VA 22209.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
F2291–03
2.20 NFPA (National Fire Protection Agency): 3.1.6 electrical (E)/electronic (E)/programmable electronic
NFPA-79-1997 Electrical Standard for Industrial Machinery systems (PES) (E/E/PES)—when used in this context, electri-
NFPA-70-2002 National Electric Code (NEC) cal refers to logic functions performed by electromechanical
NFPA-101-2000 Life Safety Code techniques, (for example, electromechanical relay, motor
2.21 National Fluid Power Association, Inc. driven timers, etc.), Electronic refers to logic functions per-
NFPA/JIC T2.25.1M-1986 Pneumatic Fluid Power— formed by electronic techniques, (for example, solid state
Systems Standard for Industrial Machinery logic, solid state relay, etc.), and Programmable Electronic
2.22 OIPEEC (International Organization for the Study of System refers to logic performed by programmable or config-
Endurance of Wire Rope) urable devices (for example, Programmable Logic Controller
(PLC)). Field devices are not included in E/E/PES.
2.23 SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers):
3.1.7 electro-sensitive protective equipment (ESPE)—an as-
SAE J-211 PT1 95 Instrumentation for Impact Test— sembly of devices or components, or both, working together
Electronic Instrumentation
for protective tripping or presence-sensing purposes.
SAE J-833 89 Human Physical Dimensions
3.1.8 emergency stop (E-Stop)—a shut down sequence(s),
SAE HS 4000: 1999 Fastener Standards
other than a normal stop, that brings the amusement ride or
2.24 UL (Underwriter’s Laboratory):
device to a stop. An E-Stop may be more dynamic than a
UL 508: 2000 Industrial Control Equipment
normal stop.
UL 508A: 2000 Industrial Control Panels
3.1.9 fail-safe—a characteristic of an amusement ride or
2.25 Other Referenced Publications:
device, or component thereof, that is designed such that the
Humanscale 4/5/6, Henry Dreyfuss Associates, The MIT
normal and expected failure mode results in a safe condition.
Press, 3rd printing 1993
3.1.10 fence—a type of barrier consisting of, but not limited
Humanscale 7/8/9, Henry Dreyfuss Associates, The MIT
to, posts, boards, wire, stakes, or rails that is used to inhibit
Press, 2nd printing 1991
patrons from coming into undesirable contact with the moving
Mechanical Engineering Design, Joseph E. Shigley and
portion or restricted portion of an amusement ride or device.
Larry D. Mitchell, McGraw-Hill
3.1.11 force limiting—when pertaining to restraint devices,
Standard Handbook of Machine Design, Joseph E. Shigley
a characteristic that, regardless of the amount of force available
and Charles R. Mischke, McGraw-Hill
from the system actuators, limits the amount of force applied to
Handbook of Mechanical Engineering, Heinrich Dubbel,
the patron(s).
Wolfgang Bietz, K.H. Kuttner, Springer-Verlag
3.1.12 gates—a section of fencing that may be opened.
Fatigue Strength of Welded Structures, S.J. Maddox, 2nd
3.1.13 guardrail—system of building components located
Edition, Abington Publishing, 1991
near the open sides of elevated walking surfaces for the
purpose of minimizing the possibility of an accidental fall from
3. Terminology
the walking surface to the lower level.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.14 hand mode—the ability of the amusement ride or
3.1.1 acceleration, impact—those accelerations with dura-
device to start, operate, move, etc. only with operator inter-
tion of less than 200 ms.
vention.
3.1.2 acceleration, sustained—those accelerations with du-
3.1.15 handrail—railing provided for grasping with the
ration greater than or equal to 200 ms.
hand for support.
3.1.3 automatic mode—the ability, after initialization, of the
3.1.16 latching—when pertaining to restraint devices, held
amusement ride or device to start, operate, move, etc. with
secure against opening except by intentional action of the
limited or no operator intervention.
patron, operator, or other means. This can include restraints
3.1.4 closed—when pertaining to restraint devices, the po-
(for example, drop bars) held in place by gravity, detents or
sition in which the restraint is intended to remain during the
other means.
operation of the ride or device in order to restrain the patron(s).
3.1.17 locking—when pertaining to restraint devices, held
3.1.5 designer/engineer—the party(s) that establishes and
securely against opening except by intentional action of the
describes the configuration of the amusement ride or device,
operator or other means not accessible by the patron.
establishes strength and fatigue life, designs and develops
3.1.18 manual release—when perta
...
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