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ASTM D3418-08

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Thermal analysis provides a rapid method for measuring transitions due to morphological or chemical changes, in a polymer as it is heated/cooled through a specified temperature range. Change in specific heat capacity, heat flow and temperature values are determined for these transitions. Differential scanning calorimetry is used to assist in identifying specific polymers, polymer alloys, and certain polymer additives, which exhibit thermal transitions. Chemical reactions that cause or affect certain transitions have been measured with the aid of this technique; such reactions include oxidation, curing of thermosetting resins, and thermal decomposition.
This test method is useful for specification acceptance, process control, and research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of transition temperatures and enthalpies of fusion and crystallization of polymers by differential scanning calorimetry.
Note 1—True heats of fusion are to be determined in conjunction with structure investigation, and frequently, specialized crystallization techniques are needed.
1.2 This test method is applicable to polymers in granular form or to any fabricated shape from which it is possible to cut appropriate specimens.
1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from the cryogenic region to 600°C. Certain equipment allows the temperature range to be extended.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard.
Note 2—This test method does not apply to all types of polymers as written (see 6.8).
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 3—This standard is similar but not equivalent to ISO 11357-1, -2, -3. The ISO procedures provide additional information not supplied by this test method.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2008
ICS
83.080.01 - Plastics in general
Technical Committee
D20 - Plastics
Drafting Committee
D20.30 - Thermal Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D3418-12 - Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Effective Date
01-Aug-2012

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ASTM D3418-08 - Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning CalorimetryASTM D3418-08 - Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
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ASTM D3418-08 - Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
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REDLINE ASTM D3418-08 - Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning CalorimetryREDLINE ASTM D3418-08 - Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
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REDLINE ASTM D3418-08 - Standard Test Method for Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
English language
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D3418 − 08
StandardTest Method for
Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and
Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning
1
Calorimetry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3418; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.1 This test method covers determination of transition
E967 Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Differen-
temperatures and enthalpies of fusion and crystallization of
tial Scanning Calorimeters and Differential Thermal Ana-
polymers by differential scanning calorimetry.
lyzers
NOTE 1—True heats of fusion are to be determined in conjunction with
E968 Practice for Heat Flow Calibration of Differential
structure investigation, and frequently, specialized crystallization tech-
niques are needed.
Scanning Calorimeters
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
1.2 This test method is applicable to polymers in granular
E1953 Practice for Description of Thermal Analysis and
form or to any fabricated shape from which it is possible to cut
Rheology Apparatus
appropriate specimens.
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from the
ISO 11357-1 Plastics—Differential Scanning Calorimetry
cryogenic region to 600°C. Certain equipment allows the
(DSC)—Part 1: General Principles
temperature range to be extended.
ISO 11357-2 Plastics—Differential Scanning Calorimetry
1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard.
(DSC)—Part 2: Determination of Glass Transition Tem-
NOTE 2—This test method does not apply to all types of polymers as
perature
written (see 6.8).
ISO 11357-3 Plastics—Differential Scanning Calorimetry
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(DSC)—Part 3: Determination of Temperature and En-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
thalpy of Melting and Crystallization
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Specialized terms used in this test method are defined in
Terminologies E473 and E1142.
NOTE 3—This standard is similar but not equivalent to ISO 11357-1, -2,
-3. The ISO procedures provide additional information not supplied by
4. Summary of Test Method
this test method.
4.1 This test method consists of heating or cooling the test
2. Referenced Documents
material at a controlled rate under a specified purge gas at a
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: controlled flow rate and continuously monitoring with a
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe- suitable sensing device the difference in heat input between a
ology reference material and a test material due to energy changes in
the material.Atransition is marked by absorption or release of
energy by the specimen resulting in a corresponding endother-
1
mic or exothermic peak or baseline shift in the heating or
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties
cooling curve. Areas under the crystallization exotherm or
(Section D20.30.07).
fusionendothermofthetestmaterialsarecomparedagainstthe
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originally
respective areas obtained by the treatment of a well-
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D3418 - 03. DOI:
10.1520/D3418-08. characterized standard.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3418 − 08
5. Significance and Use 7.1.1 DSCTestChamber—This chamber is composed of the
following:
5.1 Thermalanalysisprovidesarapidmethodformeasuring
7.1.1.1 Furnace(s), to provide uniform controlled heating
transitions due to morphological or chemical changes, in a
(cooling)ofaspecimenandreferencetoaconstanttemperature
polym
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D3418–03 Designation: D 3418 – 08
Standard Test Method for
Transition Temperatures and Enthalpies of Fusion and
Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning
1
Calorimetry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3418; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers determination of transition temperatures and enthalpies of fusion and crystallization of polymers
by differential scanning calorimetry.
NOTE 1—True heats of fusion are to be determined in conjunction with structure investigation, and frequently, specialized crystallization techniques
are needed.
1.2 This test method is applicable to polymers in granular form or to any fabricated shape from which it is possible to cut
appropriate specimens.
1.3 The normal operating temperature range is from the cryogenic region to 600°C. Certain equipment allows the temperature
range to be extended.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard.
NOTE 2—This test method does not apply to all types of polymers as written (see 6.8).
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
NOTE 3—This standard is similar but not equivalent to ISO 11357-1, -2, -3. The ISO procedures provide additional information not supplied by this
test method.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E 473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
E793Test Method for Enthalpies of Productivity and Crystallization by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
E794Test Method for Melting and Crystallization Temperature by Thermal Analysis 691 Practice for Conducting an
Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E 967Practice Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Differential Scanning Calorimeters and Differential Thermal
Analyzers
E 968 Practice for Heat Flow Calibration of Differential Scanning Calorimeters
E 1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties E1356Test Method for Glass Transition Temperatures by
Differential Scanning Calorimetry or Differential Thermal
Analysis
E1953Practice for Description of Thermal Analysis Apparatus
E 1953 Practice for Description of Thermal Analysis and Rheology Apparatus
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 11357-1 Plastics—Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)—Part 1: General Principles
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.30 on Thermal Properties (Section
D20.30.07).
Current edition approved Dec.Nov. 1, 2003.2008. Published January 2004.December 2008. Originally approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 19992003 as
D3418-99.D 3418 - 03.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3418–08
ISO 11357-2 Plastics—Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)—Part 2: Determination of Glass Transition Temperature
ISO 11357-3 Plastics—Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)—Part 3: Determination of Temperature and Enthalpy of
Melting and Crystallization
3. Terminology
3.1 Specialized terms used in this test method are defined in Terminologies E 473 and E 1142.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Thistestmethodconsistsofheatingorcoolingthetestmaterialatacontrolledrateunderaspecifiedpurgegasatacontrolled
flow rate and continuously monitoring with a suitable sensing device the difference in heat input between a reference material and
a test material due to energy changes in the material. A transition is marked by
...

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SCOPE
1.1 This test method outlines the use of dynamic mechanical instrumentation for gathering and reporting the viscoelastic properties of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and composite systems in the form of rectangular specimens molded directly or cut from sheets, plates, or molded shapes. The tensile data generated is used to identify the thermomechanical properties of a plastic material or composition using a variety of dynamic mechanical instruments.  
1.2 This test method is intended to provide a means for determining viscoelastic properties of a wide variety of plastic materials using nonresonant forced-vibration techniques, in accordance with Practice D4065. Plots of the elastic (storage) modulus; loss (viscous) modulus; complex modulus and tan delta as a function of frequency, time, or temperature are indicative of significant transitions in the thermomechanical performance of the polymeric material system.  
1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 Hz to 100 Hz.  
1.4 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, the data generated are intended to indicate relative and not necessarily absolute property values.  
1.5 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is technically equivalent to ISO 6721, Part 4.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Pri...

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ASTM
ASTM D2863-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides for the measuring of the minimum concentration of oxygen in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen that will just support flaming combustion of plastics. Correlation with burning characteristics under actual use conditions is not implied.  
5.2 In this test method, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire-test-exposure conditions described in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response standard describes a procedure for measuring the minimum concentration of oxygen, expressed as percent volume, that will just support flaming combustion in a flowing mixture of oxygen and nitrogen.  
1.2 This test method provides three testing procedures. Procedure A involves top surface ignition, Procedure B involves propagating ignition, and Procedure C is a short procedure involving the comparison with a specified minimum value of the oxygen index.  
1.3 Test specimens used for this test method are prepared into one of six types of specimens (see Table 1).    
1.4 This test method provides for testing materials that are structurally self-supporting in the form of vertical bars or sheet up to 10.5-mm thick. Such materials are solid, laminated or cellular materials characterized by an apparent density greater than 15 kg/m3.  
1.5 This test method also provides for testing flexible sheet or film materials, while supported vertically.  
1.6 This test method is also suitable, in some cases, for cellular materials having an apparent density of less than 15 kg/m3.
Note 1: Although this test method has been found applicable for testing some other materials, the precision of the test method has not been determined for these materials, or for specimen geometries and test conditions outside those recommended herein.  
1.7 This test method measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statement are given in Section 10.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.
Note 2: This test method and ISO 4589-2 are technically equivalent when using the gas measurement and control device described in 6.3.1, with direct oxygen concentration measurement.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D695-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Compression tests provide information about the compressive properties of plastics when employed under conditions approximating those under which the tests are made.  
4.2 Compressive properties include modulus of elasticity, yield stress, deformation beyond yield point, and compressive strength (unless the material merely flattens but does not fracture). Materials possessing a low order of ductility may not exhibit a yield point. In the case of a material that fails in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength has a very definite value. In the case of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength is an arbitrary one depending upon the degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating complete failure of the material. Many plastic materials will continue to deform in compression until a flat disk is produced, the compressive stress (nominal) rising steadily in the process, without any well-defined fracture occurring. Compressive strength can have no real meaning in such cases.  
4.3 Compression tests provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and special purposes. The tests cannot be considered significant for engineering design in applications differing widely from the load-time scale of the standard test. Such applications require additional tests such as impact, creep, and fatigue.  
4.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the ASTM specification for the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, and testing parameters covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there is no material specification, then the default conditions apply. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanical properties of unreinforced and reinforced rigid plastics, including high-modulus composites, when loaded in compression at relatively low uniform rates of straining or loading. Test specimens of standard shape are employed. This procedure is applicable for a composite modulus up to and including 41,370 MPa (6,000,000 psi).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Note 1: For compressive properties of resin-matrix composites reinforced with oriented continuous, discontinuous, or cross-ply reinforcements, tests may be made in accordance with Test Method D3410/D3410M or D6641/D6641M.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in 13.1.
Note 2: This standard is equivalent to ISO 604.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1929-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Ignition Temperature of Plastics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tests made under conditions herein prescribed can be of considerable value in comparing the relative ignition characteristics of different materials. Values obtained represent the lowest ambient air temperature that will cause ignition of the material under the conditions of this test. Test values are expected to rank materials according to ignition susceptibility under actual use conditions.  
4.2 This test is not intended to be the sole criterion for fire hazard. In addition to ignition temperatures, fire hazards include other factors such as burning rate or flame spread, intensity of burning, fuel contribution, products of combustion, and others.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire test response test method2 covers a laboratory determination of the flash ignition temperature and spontaneous ignition temperature of plastics using a hot-air furnace.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Caution—During the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved that have the potential to be hazardous to personnel.  
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.3 and 1.4.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 871-2022 (Option 1) are similar in all technical details.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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