ASTM D7176-06
(Specification)Standard Specification for Non-Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Geomembranes Used in Buried Applications
Standard Specification for Non-Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Geomembranes Used in Buried Applications
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flexible sheeting which is used for construction of concealed containment-membranes. Examples are ponds and lakes, canals, reservoirs, landfill liners, covers and closures or similar installations where the membrane is inaccessible once the construction is complete. Included are requirements for materials and sheeting, test methods, workmanship criteria and methods of marking. This Specification covers un-reinforced flexible sheet made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin as the primary polymer intended for use in geomembranes. This specification covers PVC sheet 0.25 mm through 1.5 mm thickness (0.010 in. through 0.060 in.)-typically used for geomembrane linings.
1.2 Reworked materials may be used in this product in accordance with the requirements in Section .
1.3 The tests are intended to ensure quality and performance and are not intended for design purposes. Tests have been selected to be conducted primarily with liquids that simulate the environment to which the membrane will be subjected during actual use. The test and property limits used to characterize the sheet are values intended to ensure minimum quality for the intended purpose. In place design criteria such as material compatibility, chemical resistance, among others, are factors that shall be considered but are beyond the scope of this specification.
1.4 The values stated in metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in parentheses (English) are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7176 – 06
Standard Specification for
Non-Reinforced Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Geomembranes
Used in Buried Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7176; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 Thisspecificationcoverspolyvinylchloride(PVC)flex-
ible sheeting which is used for construction of concealed
2. Referenced Documents
containment-membranes. Examples are ponds and lakes, ca-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
nals, reservoirs, landfill liners, covers and closures or similar
D751 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
installations where the membrane is inaccessible once the
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
construction is complete. Included are requirements for mate-
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
rials and sheeting, test methods, workmanship criteria and
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
methods of marking. This Specification covers un-reinforced
Sheeting
flexiblesheetmadefrompolyvinylchloride(PVC)resinasthe
D1004 Test Method for Tear Resistance (Graves Tear) of
primary polymer intended for use in geomembranes. This
Plastic Film and Sheeting
specification covers PVC sheet 0.25 mm through 1.5 mm
D1203 Test Methods for Volatile Loss From Plastics Using
thickness (0.010 in. through 0.060 in.)—typically used for
Activated Carbon Methods
geomembrane linings.
D1204 Test Method for Linear Dimensional Changes of
1.2 Reworked materials may be used in this product in
Nonrigid Thermoplastic Sheeting or Film at Elevated
accordance with the requirements in Section 5.
Temperature
1.3 Thetestsareintendedtoensurequalityandperformance
D1239 Test Method for Resistance of Plastic Films to
and are not intended for design purposes. Tests have been
Extraction by Chemicals
selected to be conducted primarily with liquids that simulate
D1243 Test Method for Dilute Solution Viscosity of Vinyl
the environment to which the membrane will be subjected
Chloride Polymers
during actual use. The test and property limits used to
D1790 Test Method for Brittleness Temperature of Plastic
characterize the sheet are values intended to ensure minimum
Sheeting by Impact
quality for the intended purpose. In place design criteria such
D2124 Test Method for Analysis of Components in Poly-
as material compatibility, chemical resistance, among others,
(Vinyl Chloride) Compounds Using an Infrared Spectro-
arefactorsthatshallbeconsideredbutarebeyondthescopeof
photometric Technique
this specification.
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
1.4 The values stated in metric units are to be regarded as
D5033 Guide for Development of ASTM Standards Relat-
the standard.The values stated in parentheses (English) are for
ing to Recycling and Use of Recycled Plastics
information only.
D5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of Geosynthetics
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
GeosyntheticsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD35.10onGeomem- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
branes. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published May 2006. DOI: 10.1520/ Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
D7176-06. on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7176 – 06
D5747 Practice for Tests to Evaluate the Chemical Resis- 5.2 The geomembrane sheet shall consist of polyvinyl
tance of Geomembranes to Liquids chloride (PVC) resin in amounts greater than 50% of the total
G160 Practice for Evaluating Microbial Susceptibility of weight suitably compounded with plasticizers, stabilizers,
Nonmetallic Materials By Laboratory Soil Burial additives, and pigments, to satisfy the physical property
requirements.
3. Terminology
5.3 A PVC resin with an inherent viscosity (logarithmic
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
viscosity number) of not less than 0.92 as determined by Test
nology D4439 unless otherwise indicated.
Method D1243.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5.4 Reworked materials, as defined in Guide D
3.2.1 fabricator, n—acompanythatconvertsgeomembrane
5033D5033, may be used in this product if all the require-
rolls into panels.
mentsinSections3,5,and6aremetbythereworkedmaterial.
3.2.2 homogeneous sheeting, n—sheeting that is of uniform
A maximum of up to 10% reworked material shall be
composition throughout its thickness.
permitted.
3.2.3 manufacture, n—a company that processes raw mate-
rials into geomembrane rolls.
6. Physical Properties and Requirements
3.2.4 panel, n—a series of geomembrane sheets fabricated
6.1 Thesheetingshallconformtothephysicalrequirements
together to make a larger unit, as supplied by a fabricator
prescribed in Tables 1 and 2.
usually folded onto a pallet or folded then rolled on a core.
6.2 Sheeting shall be compounded so that bonds between
3.2.5 roll, n—a quantity of geomembrane rolled up to form
sheets used in fabrication of large geomembrane panels can be
a single package as supplied from the manufacturer.
accomplished in the factory or field without reducing the
3.2.6 roll width, n—the width of a roll as supplied from the
overallresistanceofthemembranetopermeationorleakageor
manufacture, (typically 1.5 to 2.5 m) (60 to 96 in.).
significantly reducing the sheeting’s physical strength. The
3.2.7 sheet, n—a part of the manufactured geomembrane
manufacturer shall specify recommended bonding procedures
material cut from the roll.
in its product literature.
4. Classification 6.3 The sheeting shall be colored as agreed upon between
the purchaser and the seller as part of the purchase contract.
4.1 The sheeting will be subdivided by grades based on
6.4 The sheeting shall be monolithic and homogeneous.
thickness:
6.5 Metric values are converted from U.S. values and are
4.1.1 PVC10—0.254 mm (0.010 in.).
rounded to the available significant digits.
4.1.2 PVC20—0.508 mm (0.020 in.).
6.6 Manufacturing Certified Properties—Certified proper-
4.1.3 PVC30—0.762 mm (0.030 in.).
4.1.4 PVC40—1.016 mm (0.040 in.). ties are tested based on a quantity of material produced.
Certified properties are tested once per lot, or once every
4.1.5 PVC50—1.270 mm (0.050 in.).
4.1.6 PVC60—1.524 mm (0.060 in.). 18000 kg of material (40000 lb), whichever is more frequent.
The certification properties include thickness, tensile break
5. Materials and Manufacture
strength, elongation at break, modulus at 100% strain, tear
5.1 Thisspecificationcoverspolyvinylchloride(PVC)con- resistance, dimensional stability, and low temperature impact.
Thickness is to be tested once per roll unless automatic
tainment membrane formulated from PVC materials meeting
the following requirements: thickness measuring equipment is installed on the production
TABLE 1 Certified Properties
Certified Properties ASTM PVC 10 PVC 20 PVC 30 PVC 40 PVC 50 PVC 60
Thickness 6 D5199 0.254 6 0.013 mm 0.508 6 0.030 mm 0.762 6 0.040 mm 1.016 6 0.050 mm 1.270 6 0.060 mm 1.524 6 0.080 mm
(0.010 6 0.0005 in.) (0.020 6 0.0010 in.) (0.030 6 0.0015 in.) (0.040 6 0.0020 in.) (0.050 6 0.0025 in.) (0.060 6 0.0030 in.)
Tensile Properties D882
Strength at Break Min 4.2 kN/m 8.4 kN/m 12.8 kN/m 17.0 kN/m 20.3 kN/m 24.0 kN/m
(24 lb/in.) (48 lb/in.) (73 lb/in.) (97 lb/in.) (116 lb/in.) (137 lb/in.)
Elongation Min 250 % 360 % 380 % 430 % 430 % 450 %
Modulus at 100 % Min 1.8 kN/m 3.6 kN/m 5.4 kN/m 7.2 kN/m 9.0 kN/m 10.8 kN/m
(10 lb/in.) (20 lb/in.) (30 lb/in.) (40 lb/in.) (50 lb/in.) (60 lb/in.)
Tear Strength D1004 11 N 27 N 35 N 44 N 58 N 67 N
Min (2.5 lb) (6 lb) (8 lb) (10 lb) (13 lb) (15 lb)
Dimensional Stability D1204 4% 4% 3% 3% 3% 3%
Max
Change
Low Temperature D1790 -23°C -26°C -29°C -29°C -29°C -29°C
Impact Pass (-10°F) (-15°F) (-20°F) (-20°F) (-20°F) (-20°F)
D7176 – 06
TABLE 2 Index Properties
Index Properties ASTM PVC 10 PVC 20 PVC 30 PVC 40 PVC 50 PVC 60
Specific Gravity D792 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
Min
Water Extraction D1239 0.15 7% 0.15 % 0.15 % 0.20 % 0.20 % 0.20 %
Max Loss
Volatile Loss D1203 1.5 % 0.90 % 0.70 % 0.50 % 0.50 % 0.50 %
Max Loss
Soil Burial G160
Max Change
Break Strength 5 % 5 % 5 % 5
...
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