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ASTM G108-94(2010)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Electrochemical Reactivation (EPR) for Detecting Sensitization of AISI Type 304 and 304L Stainless Steels

Standard Test Method for Electrochemical Reactivation (EPR) for Detecting Sensitization of AISI Type 304 and 304L Stainless Steels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method describes an EPR test method for quantitatively determining the relative degree of sensitization in AISI Type 304 and 304L stainless steels. The EPR test has found wide use as a means to provide a numerical level of sensitization in studies of the effects of sensitization on intergranular corrosion and intergranular stress corrosion cracking behavior. The results of this test method correlate with other test methods (for example, Practices A262 and Test Methods G28) that are commonly used to assess sensitization in stainless steels.
The EPR test can also be used for product acceptance, service evaluation, regulatory statutes, and manufacturing controls providing that both the supplier and user have agreed upon appropriate acceptance criteria and a sensitizing treatment. The test is not intended for design purposes since the test conditions accelerate corrosion in a manner that does not simulate any actual service environment.
The EPR test involves the measurement of the amount of charge resulting from the corrosion of the chromium-depleted regions surrounding the precipitated chromium carbide particles. Most of these particles in a sensitized microstructure are located at the grain boundaries. However, discrete particles located within grains (referred to as intragranular precipitates) will also contribute to the total measured charge. (See Fig. 2.) Therefore, it is important to examine the alloy microstructure following an EPR test to determine the relative proportion of corrosion sites associated with intergranular versus intragranular precipitates. Sites of intergranular attack will appear similar to grain boundary ditching as defined in Practice A of Practices A262.
Note—The calculation of Pa is based on the assumptions illustrated at left. Mild cases of sensitization usually result in a combination of intergranular attack and pitting as illustrated at right (7). FIG. 2 Schematic Microstructures After EPR Testing
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for conducting an electrochemical reactivation (EPR) test on AISI Type 304 and 304L (UNS No. S30400 and S30403, respectively) stainless steels. This test method can provide a nondestructive means of quantifying the degree of sensitization in these steels (1, 2, 3). This test method has found wide acceptance in studies of the effects of sensitization on intergranular corrosion and intergranular stress corrosion cracking behavior (see Terminology G15). The EPR technique has been successfully used to evaluate other stainless steels and nickel base alloys (4), but the test conditions and evaluation criteria used were modified in each case from those cited in this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2010
ICS
77.140.20 - Stainless steels
Technical Committee
G01 - Corrosion of Metals
Drafting Committee
G01.11 - Electrochemical Measurements in Corrosion Testing
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM G108-94(2004)e1 - Standard Test Method for Electrochemical Reactivation (EPR) for Detecting Sensitization of AISI Type 304 and 304L Stainless Steels
Effective Date
01-May-2010
Referred By
ASTM G31-21 - Standard Guide for Laboratory Immersion Corrosion Testing of Metals
Effective Date
01-May-2010

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ASTM G108-94(2010) - Standard Test Method for Electrochemical Reactivation (EPR) for Detecting Sensitization of AISI Type 304 and 304L Stainless SteelsASTM G108-94(2010) - Standard Test Method for Electrochemical Reactivation (EPR) for Detecting Sensitization of AISI Type 304 and 304L Stainless Steels
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ASTM G108-94(2010) - Standard Test Method for Electrochemical Reactivation (EPR) for Detecting Sensitization of AISI Type 304 and 304L Stainless Steels
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: G108 − 94(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Method for
Electrochemical Reactivation (EPR) for Detecting
1
Sensitization of AISI Type 304 and 304L Stainless Steels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G108; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E112Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
G1Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corro-
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for
sion Test Specimens
conducting an electrochemical reactivation (EPR) test onAISI
G3Practice for Conventions Applicable to Electrochemical
Type 304 and 304L (UNS No. S30400 and S30403, respec-
Measurements in Corrosion Testing
tively) stainless steels. This test method can provide a nonde-
G5Reference Test Method for Making Potentiodynamic
structive means of quantifying the degree of sensitization in
2 Anodic Polarization Measurements
these steels (1, 2, 3). This test method has found wide
G15TerminologyRelatingtoCorrosionandCorrosionTest-
acceptance in studies of the effects of sensitization on inter-
4
ing (Withdrawn 2010)
granular corrosion and intergranular stress corrosion cracking
G28Test Methods for Detecting Susceptibility to Inter-
behavior (seeTerminology G15).The EPR technique has been
granular Corrosion in Wrought, Nickel-Rich, Chromium-
successfully used to evaluate other stainless steels and nickel
Bearing Alloys
base alloys (4), but the test conditions and evaluation criteria
G61Test Method for Conducting Cyclic Potentiodynamic
used were modified in each case from those cited in this test
Polarization Measurements for Localized Corrosion Sus-
method.
ceptibility of Iron-, Nickel-, or Cobalt-Based Alloys
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
3. Terminology
information only.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1 integrated charge (Q)—the charge measured, in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
couloumbs,duringreactivationasgivenbythetimeintegralof
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
current density below the reactivation peak of the curve.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2 maximum anodic current density (I )—the current
r
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
density measured at the peak of the anodic curve during
reactivation.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.3 normalized charge (P )—the integrated current nor-
3
a
2.1 ASTM Standards:
malized to the specimen size and grain size. P represents the
a
A262Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular
2
charge (in coulombs/cm ) of the grain-boundary area. The
Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels
method for calculating P is given in 9.2.
a
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
3.1.4 reactivation—in the electrochemical reactivation
E3Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
(EPR) test, the potential sweep from the passivation potential
E7Terminology Relating to Metallography
returning to the corrosion potential.
3.1.5 scan rate—the rate at which the electrical potential
1
applied to a specimen in a polarization test is changed.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on
Corrosion of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.11 on
Electrochemical Measurements in Corrosion Testing.
4. Summary of Test Method
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originally
ε1
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as G108–94(2004) . 4.1 The EPR test is accomplished by a potentiodynamic
DOI: 10.1520/G0108-94R10.
sweepfromthepassivetotheactiveregionsofelectrochemical
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
potentialsinaprocessreferredtoasreactivation.TheEPRtest
this standard.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G108 − 94 (2010)
measurestheamountofchargeassociatedwiththecorrosionof activated and show higher Q and I values than solution
r
the chromium-depleted regions surrounding ch
...

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5.1 This test method describes an EPR test method for quantitatively determining the relative degree of sensitization in AISI Type 304 and 304L stainless steels. The EPR test has found wide use as a means to provide a numerical level of sensitization in studies of the effects of sensitization on intergranular corrosion and intergranular stress corrosion cracking behavior. The results of this test method correlate with other test methods (for example, Practices A262 and Test Methods G28) that are commonly used to assess sensitization in stainless steels.  
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Note 1: The calculation of Pa is based on the assumptions illustrated at left. Mild cases of sensitization usually result in a combination of intergranular attack and pitting as illustr...
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1.1 These test methods cover a laboratory procedure for conducting an electrochemical reactivation (EPR) test on AISI Type 304 and 304L (UNS No. S30400 and S30403, respectively) stainless steels. These test methods can provide a nondestructive means of quantifying the degree of sensitization in Type 304 stainless steels (1, 2, 3).2 These EPR test methods have found wide acceptance in studies of the effects of sensitization on intergranular corrosion and intergranular stress corrosion cracking behavior (see Terminology G193). The EPR technique has been successfully used to evaluate other stainless steels and nickel base alloys (4), but the test conditions and evaluation criteria used were modified in each case from those cited in the current test methods. This standard test covers two tests, (1) Test Method A or Single Loop, and (2) Test Method B or Double Loop.  
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5.1 This practice provides an indication of the resistance or susceptibility, or both, to HID of a metallurgically bonded stainless alloy surface layer on a steel substrate due to exposure to hydrogen-containing gaseous environments under HP/HT conditions. This practice is applicable over a broad range of pressures, temperatures, cooling rates, and gaseous hydrogen environments where HID could be a significant problem. These procedures can be used to assess the effects of material composition, processing methods, fabrication techniques, and heat treatment as well as the effects of hydrogen partial pressure, service temperature, and cooling rate. The HID produced by these procedures may not correlate directly with service experience for particular applications. Additionally, this practice does not address the evaluation of high-temperature hydrogen attack in the steel substrate. Typically, longer exposure times at the test conditions must be utilized to allow for the resistance to decarburization, internal blistering or cracking, or both, to be evaluated.
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1.4 Sheet and strip in coils of sizes noted in 1.3 are covered by this specification only with the following provisions:  
1.4.1 The material is to be fed directly from coils into a blanking press, drawing or forming operation, tube mill, rolling mill, or sheared or slit into blanks for subsequent drawing or forming.  
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1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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This specification covers general requirements for ferritic alloy steel, austenitic alloy steel, and stainless steel tubes. The steel shall made by any process. The material shall conform to the tensile property requirements prescribed in the individual product specification. Yield strength tests and elongation tests shall be made to conform to the requirements. Flattening test, reverse flattening test, reverse bend test, flaring test, flange test, hardness test, ultrasonic test, eddy current test, flux leakage test, and hydrostatic test shall be made to conform to the requirements specified.
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1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements that, unless otherwise specified in an individual specification, shall apply to the ASTM product specifications noted below.    
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Seamless Carbon-Molybdenum Alloy-Steel Boiler and
Superheater Tubes  
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Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater,
and Heat-Exchanger Tubes  
A213/A213M  
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Superheater Tubes  
A250/A250M  
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Seamless and Welded Austenitic and Ferritic/Austenitic
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing  
A270/A270M  
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A334/A334M  
Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater Tubes  
A688/A688M  
Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for Breeder Reactor Core
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A771/A771M  
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for General Service  
A789/A789M  
Seamless and Welded Ferritic Stainless Steel Feedwater Heater
Tubes  
A803/A803M  
Seamless Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Duct
Tubes for Liquid Metal-Cooled Reactor Core Components  
A826/A826M  
High-Frequency Induction Welded, Unannealed, Austenitic
Steel Condenser Tubes  
A851  
Welded Austenitic Alloy Steel Boiler, Superheater, Condenser,
and Heat Exchanger Tubes with Textured Surface(s)  
A1098/A1098M  
1.2 In the case of conflict between a requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this general requirements specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this general requirements specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation (SI) of the product specification is specified in the order.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A484/A484M-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel Bars, Billets, Shapes, and Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers general requirements that shall apply to wrought stainless steel bars, shapes, forgings, and billets or other semi-finished materials, except wire, for forging. The materials shall be furnished in one of the following conditions: (1) hot-worked; (2) hot-worked and annealed; (3) hot-worked, annealed and cold-worked; or (4) hot-worked, annealed, and heat-treated. Product analysis tolerances shall be performed wherein the specimens shall conform to the required chemical compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, titanium, cobalt, columbium, tantalum, copper, aluminum, nitrogen, tungsten, vanadium, and selenium. The materials shall be heat treated and austenitic stainless steels and austenitic-ferritic grades shall be furnished in the solution annealed condition and shall conform to the required values of temperature, permitted annealing procedure, quenching, and rapid cooling.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers general requirements that shall apply to wrought stainless steel bars, shapes, forgings, and billets or other semi-finished material (except wire) for forging, under each of the following specifications issued by ASTM: Specifications A276/A276M, A314, A458, A477, A479/A479M, A564/A564M, A565/A565M, A582/A582M, A638/A638M, A705/A705M, and A831/A831M.  
1.2 In the case of conflict between a requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take precedence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the product specification or this specification; for example, by waiving a test requirement or by making a test requirement less stringent.  
1.3 The requirements for introduction of new materials in specifications referencing this specification are given in Annex A1.  
1.4 General requirements for flat-rolled stainless steel products other than bar are covered in Specification A480/A480M.  
1.5 General requirements for wire products in coils are covered in Specification A555/A555M.  
1.6 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A276/A276M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers hot-finished or cold-finished bars except bars for reforging. It includes rounds, squares, and hexagons, and hot-rolled or extruded shapes, such as angles, tees, and channels in the more commonly used types of stainless steels. The bars shall be furnished in one of the following conditions: Condition A in which the bars are annealed, Condition H in which the bars are hardened and tempered at a relative temperature, Condition T in which the bars are hardened and tempered at a relatively high temperature, Condition S in which the bars are strain hardened or relatively light cold worked, and Condition B in which the bars are relatively severe cold worked. The material shall be subjected to a mechanical test to determine its tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers hot-finished or cold-finished bars except bars for reforging (Note 1). It includes rounds, squares, and hexagons, and hot-rolled or extruded shapes, such as angles, tees, and channels in the more commonly used types of stainless steels. The free-machining types (Note 2) for general corrosion resistance and high-temperature service are covered in a separate specification.  
Note 1: For bars for reforging, see Specification A314.
Note 2: For free-machining stainless bars designed especially for optimum machinability, see Specification A582/A582M.
Note 3: There are standards covering high nickel, chromium, austenitic corrosion, and heat-resisting alloy materials. These standards are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee B02.07 and may be found in  Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 02.04.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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