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ASTM D6216-07

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Opacity Monitor Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifications

Standard Practice for Opacity Monitor Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifications

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for certifying continuous opacity monitors. In the main part of this practice, it includes design and performance specifications, test procedures, and quality assurance requirements to ensure that continuous opacity monitors meet minimum design and calibration requirements, necessary in part, for accurate opacity monitoring measurements in regulatory environmental opacity monitoring applications subject to 10 % or higher opacity standards. In Annex A1, additional or alternative specifications are provided for certifying opacity monitors intended for use in applications where the opacity standard is less than 10 %, or where the user expects the opacity to be less than 10 % and elects to use the more restrictive criteria in Annex A1. In both cases, the error budgets for the opacity measurements are given in Appendix X1.
1.2 This practice applies specifically to the original manufacturer, or to those involved in the repair, remanufacture, or resale of opacity monitors.
1.3 Test procedures that specifically apply to the various equipment configurations of component equipment that comprise either a transmissometer, an opacity monitor, or complete opacity monitoring system are detailed in this practice.
1.4 The specifications and test procedures contained in the main part of this practice have been adopted by reference by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). For each opacity monitor or monitoring system that the manufacturer demonstrates conformance to this practice, the manufacturer may issue a certificate that states that opacity monitor or monitoring system conforms with all of the applicable design and performance requirements of 40 CFR 60, Appendix B, Performance Specification 1 except those for which tests are required after installation.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2007
ICS
17.180.30 - Optical measuring instruments
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.03 - Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6216-03 - Standard Practice for Opacity Monitor Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifications
Effective Date
01-Oct-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7392-20 - Standard Practice for PM Detector and Bag Leak Detector Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifications for Cement Plants
Effective Date
01-Oct-2007

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ASTM D6216-07 - Standard Practice for Opacity Monitor Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with Design and Performance SpecificationsASTM D6216-07 - Standard Practice for Opacity Monitor Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifications
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ASTM D6216-07 - Standard Practice for Opacity Monitor Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifications
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D6216 −07
StandardPractice for
Opacity Monitor Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with
1
Design and Performance Specifications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6216; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for certifying con-
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
tinuous opacity monitors. In the main part of this practice, it
Atmospheres
includes design and performance specifications, test
3
2.2 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Document:
procedures, and quality assurance requirements to ensure that
40 CFR 60 Appendix B, Performance Specification 1
continuous opacity monitors meet minimum design and cali-
2.3 Other Documents:
bration requirements, necessary in part, for accurate opacity
ISO/DIS 9004 Quality Management and Quality System
monitoring measurements in regulatory environmental opacity
4
Elements-Guidelines
monitoring applications subject to 10 % or higher opacity
ANSI/NCSL Z 540-1-1994 Calibration Laboratories and
standards. In AnnexA1, additional or alternative specifications
4
Measuring Equipment - General Requirements
areprovidedforcertifyingopacitymonitorsintendedforusein
5
NIST 260-116 - Filter calibration procedures
applications where the opacity standard is less than 10 %, or
where the user expects the opacity to be less than 10 % and
3. Terminology
elects to use the more restrictive criteria in AnnexA1. In both
3.1 For terminology relevant to this practice, see Terminol-
cases,theerrorbudgetsfortheopacitymeasurementsaregiven
ogy D1356.
in Appendix X1.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 This practice applies specifically to the original
manufacturer,ortothoseinvolvedintherepair,remanufacture,
Analyzer Equipment
or resale of opacity monitors.
3.2.1 opacity, n—measurement of the degree to which
particulate emissions reduce (due to absorption, reflection, and
1.3 Test procedures that specifically apply to the various
scattering) the intensity of transmitted photopic light and
equipment configurations of component equipment that com-
obscure the view of an object through ambient air, an effluent
prise either a transmissometer, an opacity monitor, or complete
gas stream, or an optical medium, of a given pathlength.
opacity monitoring system are detailed in this practice.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Opacity(Op),expressedasapercent,is
1.4 The specifications and test procedures contained in the
related to transmitted light, (T) through the equation:
main part of this practice have been adopted by reference by
Op 5 1 2 T 100 . (1)
~ !~ !
the United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (USEPA).
3.2.2 opacity monitor, n—an instrument that continuously
For each opacity monitor or monitoring system that the
determines the opacity of emissions released to the atmo-
manufacturer demonstrates conformance to this practice, the
sphere.
manufacturer may issue a certificate that states that opacity
3.2.2.1 Discussion—An opacity monitor includes a trans-
monitor or monitoring system conforms with all of the appli-
missometer that determines the in-situ opacity, a means to
cable design and performance requirements of 40 CFR 60,
Appendix B, Performance Specification 1 except those for
which tests are required after installation.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality AvailablefromU.S.GovernmentPrintingOfficeSuperintendentofDocuments,
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401.
4
and Source Emissions. Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2007. Published November 2007. Originally 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
5
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D6216 - 03. Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
DOI:10.1520/D6216-07. Bureau Dr., Stop 3460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-3460.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D6216−07
correctopacitymeasurementstoeq
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1.1 This practice covers the procedure for certifying continuous opacity monitors. In the main part of this practice, it includes design and performance specifications, test procedures, and quality assurance requirements to ensure that continuous opacity monitors meet minimum design and calibration requirements, necessary in part, for accurate opacity monitoring measurements in regulatory environmental opacity monitoring applications subject to 10 % or higher opacity standards. In Annex A1, additional or alternative specifications are provided for certifying opacity monitors intended for use in applications where the opacity standard is less than 10 %, or where the user expects the opacity to be less than 10 % and elects to use the more restrictive criteria in Annex A1. In both cases, the error budgets for the opacity measurements are given in Appendix X1.  
1.2 This practice applies specifically to the original manufacturer, or to those involved in the repair, remanufacture, or resale of opacity monitors.  
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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This practice describes the photomultiplier properties that are essential to their judicious selection and use of in emission and absorption spectrometry. The properties covered here include structural features, electrical properties, and characteristics involved in precautions and problems. The structural features covered are envelope configurations, window materials, electrical connections, and housing for the external structure, and the photocathode, dynodes and anode, and rigidness of structural components for the internal structure. Electrical properties, on the other hand, incorporate the following: optical-electronic characteristics of the photocathode including spectral response; current amplification including gain per stage, overall gain, gain control (voltage-divider bridge), linearity of response, and anode saturation; signal nature; dark current including cathode size, internal aperture, and refrigeration effects; noise nature including additivity of noise power, signal-to-noise ratio, equivalent noise input; and photomultiplier properties as a component in an electrical circuit including output impedance, response time, and signal gating and integration possibilities. Finally, the characteristics involved in precautions and problems cover fatigue and hysteresis effects, illumination of photocathode, and gas leakage.
SCOPE
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General  
4.1  
External Structure  
4.2  
Internal Structure  
4.3  
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5  
General  
5.1  
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5.7  
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Illumination of Photocathode  
6.3  
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6.4  
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This test method covers the testing of the spectral bandwidth and wavelength accuracy of fluorescence spectrometers that use a monochromator for emission wavelength selection and photomultiplier tube detection. The method can be applied to instruments that use multi-element detectors, such as diode arrays, but results must be interpreted carefully. Atomic lines between 250 nm and 1000 nm are used in the method. The difference between the apparent wavelength and the known wavelength for a series of atomic emission lines is used as a test for wavelength accuracy. The apparent width of some of these lines is used as a test for spectral bandwidth.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the testing of the spectral bandwidth and wavelength accuracy of fluorescence spectrometers that use a monochromator for emission wavelength selection and photomultiplier tube detection. This test method can be applied to instruments that use multi-element detectors, such as diode arrays, but results must be interpreted carefully. This test method uses atomic lines between 250 nm and 1000 nm.  
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4.1 Wavenumber calibration is an important part of Raman analysis. The calibration of a Raman spectrometer is performed or checked frequently in the course of normal operation and even more often when working at high resolution. To date, the most common source of wavenumber values is either emission lines from low-pressure discharge lamps (for example, mercury, argon, or neon) or from the non-lasing plasma lines of the laser. There are several good compilations of these well-established values (1-8).3 The disadvantages of using emission lines are that it can be difficult to align lamps properly in the sample position and the laser wavelength must be known accurately. With argon, krypton, and other ion lasers commonly used for Raman the latter is not a problem because lasing wavelengths are well known. With the advent of diode lasers and other wavelength-tunable lasers, it is now often the case that the exact laser wavelength is not known and may be difficult or time-consuming to determine. In these situations it is more convenient to use samples of known relative wavenumber shift for calibration. Unfortunately, accurate wavenumber shifts have been established for only a few chemicals. This guide provides the Raman spectroscopist with average shift values determined in seven laboratories for seven pure compounds and one liquid mixture.
SCOPE
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SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Stray radiant power can be a significant source of error in spectrophotometric measurements. SRP usually increases with the passage of time; therefore, testing should be performed periodically. Moreover, the SRPR test is an excellent indicator of the overall condition of a spectrophotometer. A control-chart record of the results of routinely performed SRPR tests can be a useful indicator of need for corrective action or, at least, of the changing reliability of critical measurements.  
5.2 This test method provides a means of determining the stray radiant power ratio of a spectrophotometer at selected wavelengths in a spectral range, as determined by the SRP filter used, thereby revealing those wavelength regions where significant photometric errors might occur. It does not provide a means of calculating corrections to indicated absorbance (or transmittance) values. The test method must be used with care and understanding, as erroneous results can occur, especially with respect to some modern grating instruments that incorporate moderately narrow bandpass SRP-blocking filters. This test method does not provide a basis for comparing the performance of different spectrophotometers.
Note 8: Kaye (3) discusses correction methods of measured transmittances (absorbances) that sometimes can be used if sufficient information on the properties and performance of the instrument can be acquired. See also A1.2.5.  
5.3 This test method describes the performance of a spectrophotometer in terms of the specific test parameters used. When an analytical sample is measured, absorption by the sample of radiation outside of the nominal bandpass at the analytical wavelength can cause a photometric error, underestimating the transmittance or overestimating the absorbance, and correspondingly underestimating the SRPR.  
5.4 The SRPR indicated by this test method using SRP filters is almost always an underestimation of the true value (see 1.3). A value cited in a manufacturer’s li...
SCOPE
1.1 Stray radiant power (SRP) can be a significant source of error in spectrophotometric measurements, and the danger that such error exists is enhanced because its presence often is not suspected (1-4).2 This test method affords an estimate of the relative radiant power, that is, the Stray Radiant Power Ratio (SRPR), at wavelengths remote from those of the nominal bandpass transmitted through the monochromator of an absorption spectrophotometer. Test-filter materials are described that discriminate between the desired wavelengths and those that contribute most to SRP for conventional commercial spectrophotometers used in the ultraviolet, the visible, the near infrared, and the mid-infrared ranges. These procedures apply to instruments of conventional design, with usual sources, detectors, including array detectors, and optical arrangements. The vacuum ultraviolet and the far infrared present special problems that are not discussed herein.
Note 1: Research (3) has shown that particular care must be exercised in testing grating spectrophotometers that use moderately narrow bandpass SRP-blocking filters. Accurate calibration of the wavelength scale is critical when testing such instruments. Refer to Practice E275.  
1.2 These procedures are neither all-inclusive nor infallible. Because of the nature of readily available filter materials, with a few exceptions, the procedures are insensitive to SRP of very short wavelengths in the ultraviolet, or of lower frequencies in the infrared. Sharp cutoff longpass filters are available for testing for shorter wavelength SRP in the visible and the near infrared, and sharp cutoff shortpass filters are available for testing at longer visible wavelengths. The procedures are not necessarily valid for “spike” SRP nor for “nearby SRP.” (See Annexes for general discussion and definitions of these terms.) However, they are adequate in most cases and for typical applications. They do cover...

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