ASTM D7060-12
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determination of the Maximum Flocculation Ratio and Peptizing Power in Residual and Heavy Fuel Oils (Optical Detection Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of the Maximum Flocculation Ratio and Peptizing Power in Residual and Heavy Fuel Oils (Optical Detection Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Asphaltenes are naturally occurring materials in crude petroleum and petroleum products containing residual material. The asphaltenes are usually present in colloidal suspensions, but they may agglomerate and flocculate if the suspension of asphaltene molecules is disturbed through excess stress or incompatibility. This test method provides compatibility parameters, which can be used to assess stability reserve and compatibility.
5.2 A blend is considered stable when the blend’s peptizing power is higher than the blend’s maximum flocculation ratio;3,4 both of them can be calculated using empirical blend rules. Refineries and terminal owners can prevent the flocculation of asphaltenes due to incompatibility by assessing the compatibility of fuels beforehand.Note 4—See Appendix X1 for an example of prediction of compatibility.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for quantifying the maximum flocculation ratio of the asphaltenes in the oil and the peptizing power of the oil medium, by an automatic instrument using an optical device.
1.2 This test method is applicable to atmospheric or vacuum distillation residues, thermally cracked residue, intermediate and finished residual fuel oils, containing at least 1 mass % asphaltenes. This test method has not been developed for asphalts.Note 1—An optical probe detects the formation of flocculated asphaltenes. The start of flocculation is interpreted when a significant and sustained increase in rate-of-change of signal, as measured by the optical probe, ensures flocculation is in progress. The start of flocculation can be detected unambiguously when the sample contains at least 1 % mass asphaltenes as measured by Test Method D6560.Note 2—This test method is applicable to products typical of Specification D396—Grades 5L, 5H, and 6, and Specification D2880—Grades 3-GT and 4-GT.
1.3 This test method was evaluated in an interlaboratory study in the nominal range of 32 to 76 for the maximum flocculation ratio and in the nominal range of 36 to 95 for peptizing power.Note 3—The nominal range is determined by (min. sample mean—Reproducibility) to (max. sample mean + Reproducibility).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7060 − 12
StandardTest Method for
Determination of the Maximum Flocculation Ratio and
Peptizing Power in Residual and Heavy Fuel Oils (Optical
1
Detection Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for quantifying the
D396Specification for Fuel Oils
maximumflocculationratiooftheasphaltenesintheoilandthe
D2880Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
peptizingpoweroftheoilmedium,byanautomaticinstrument
D4057Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
using an optical device.
Petroleum Products
1.2 Thistestmethodisapplicabletoatmosphericorvacuum
D4177Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
distillation residues, thermally cracked residue, intermediate
Petroleum Products
and finished residual fuel oils, containing at least 1 mass%
D4870Test Method for Determination of Total Sediment in
asphaltenes. This test method has not been developed for
Residual Fuels
asphalts.
D6300Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias
NOTE 1—An optical probe detects the formation of flocculated as-
Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and
phaltenes. The start of flocculation is interpreted when a significant and
Lubricants
sustained increase in rate-of-change of signal, as measured by the optical
D6560TestMethodforDeterminationofAsphaltenes(Hep-
probe, ensures flocculation is in progress. The start of flocculation can be
detected unambiguously when the sample contains at least 1% mass
tane Insolubles) in Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Prod-
asphaltenes as measured by Test Method D6560.
ucts
NOTE 2—This test method is applicable to products typical of Specifi-
D6792Practice for Quality System in Petroleum Products
cation D396—Grades 5L, 5H, and 6, and Specification D2880—Grades
and Lubricants Testing Laboratories
3-GT and 4-GT.
1.3 This test method was evaluated in an interlaboratory
3. Terminology
study in the nominal range of 32 to 76 for the maximum
3.1 Definitions:
flocculation ratio and in the nominal range of 36 to 95 for
3.1.1 asphaltenes, n—(rarely used in the singular), in petro-
peptizing power.
leum technology, represent an oil fraction that is soluble in a
NOTE 3—The nominal range is determined by (min. sample mean—
specified aromatic solvent but separates upon addition of an
Reproducibility) to (max. sample mean + Reproducibility).
excess of a specified paraffinic solvent.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—In this test method, the aromatic sol-
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
vent is 1-methylnapthalene, and the paraffinic solvent is
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
n-hexadecane.
standard.
3.1.2 compatibility, n— of crude oils or of heavy fuel oils,
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the ability of two or more crude oils or fuel oils to blend
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
together within certain concentration ranges without evidence
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of separation, such as the formation of multiple phases.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Incompatible heavy fuel oils or crude
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
oils, when mixed or blended, result in the flocculation or
precipitation of asphaltenes. Some oils may be compatible
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published March 2013. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D7060–09. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7060-12. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D7060 − 12
within certain concentration ranges in specific mixtures, but mixture of 1-methylnaphthalene and cetane, to keep as-
incompatible outside those ranges. phaltenes in a colloidal solution.
3.2.9 reciprocal dilution, n—dilution ratio of sample in
3
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7060 − 09 D7060 − 12
Standard Test Method for
Determination of the Maximum Flocculation Ratio and
Peptizing Power in Residual and Heavy Fuel Oils (Optical
1
Detection Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for quantifying the maximum flocculation ratio of the asphaltenes in the oil and the
peptizing power of the oil medium, by an automatic instrument using an optical device.
1.2 This test method is applicable to atmospheric or vacuum distillation residues, thermally cracked residue, intermediate and
finished residual fuel oils, containing at least 1 mass % asphaltenes. This test method has not been developed for asphalts.
NOTE 1—An optical probe detects the formation of flocculated asphaltenes. The start of flocculation is interpreted when a significant and sustained
increase in rate-of-change of signal, as measured by the optical probe, ensures flocculation is in progress. The start of flocculation can be detected
unambiguously when the sample contains at least 1 % mass asphaltenes as measured by Test Method D6560.
NOTE 2—This test method is applicable to products typical of Specification D396—Grades 5L, 5H, and 6, and Specification D2880—Grades 3-GT and
4-GT.
1.3 This test method was evaluated in an interlaboratory study in the nominal range of 32 to 76 for the maximum flocculation
ratio and in the nominal range of 36 to 95 for peptizing power.
NOTE 3—The nominal range is determined by (min. sample mean—Reproducibility) to (max. sample mean + Reproducibility).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D396 Specification for Fuel Oils
D2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4870 Test Method for Determination of Total Sediment in Residual Fuels
D6300 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias Data for Use in Test Methods for Petroleum Products and Lubricants
D6560 Test Method for Determination of Asphaltenes (Heptane Insolubles) in Crude Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D6792 Practice for Quality System in Petroleum Products and Lubricants Testing Laboratories
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 asphaltene,asphaltenes, n—(rarely used in the singular), in petroleum technology, a molecule of high molecular mass, high
carbon/hydrogen ratio, and containing heteroatoms.represent an oil fraction that is soluble in a specified aromatic solvent but
separates upon addition of an excess of a specified paraffinic solvent.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.14 on
Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009Nov. 1, 2012. Published July 2009March 2013. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20052009 as
D7060–05.–09. DOI: 10.1520/D7060-09.10.1520/D7060-12.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7060 − 12
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
Asphaltenes are found largely in crude oils and in heavy fuel oils containing residual fractions. They are insoluble in alkanes such
as In this test method, the n-heptane and cetane, but soluble in aromatic solvents such as benzene, toluene, and
1-methylnaphthalene.aromatic solvent is 1-methylnapthalene, and the
...
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