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ASTM C1475-05

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Determination of Neptunium-237 in Soil

Standard Guide for Determination of Neptunium-237 in Soil

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A soil sampling and analysis program provides a direct means of determining the concentration and distribution of radionuclides in soil. The presence and extent of neptunium-237 is of particular interest because it is one of the more mobile transuranics in terms of migration and plant uptake. Since soil is an integrator and a reservoir on long-lived radionuclides, and serves as an intermediary in several pathways of potential importance to humans, knowledge of the concentration of neptunium-237 in soil is essential.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the determination of neptunium-237 in soil by means of radiochemical separations and alpha spectrometry. This guide provides options in the selection of sample preparation, separation, and measurement. Although neptunium-237 is not a component of global fallout, it is a product of production reactors and spent fuel processing. This guide is designed for analysis of ten grams of soil previously collected and treated in accordance with Practices C 998 and C 999. Larger-size samples of environmental soil may also be analyzed, as long as the concentrations of interferences such as uranium and thorium are at or near environmental concentrations. Depending on the choice of a sample dissolution method, all chemical forms of neptunium may not be completely solubilized. This guide should allow the determination of neptunium-237 concentrations from sub becquerel per gram levels to applicable standards depending on count time, sample size, detector efficiency, background, and tracer yield.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2005
ICS
13.080.10 - Chemical characteristics of soils
Technical Committee
C26 - Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Drafting Committee
C26.05 - Methods of Test
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1475-00 - Standard Guide for Determination of Neptunium-237 in Soil
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005
Replaced By
ASTM C1475-05(2010)e1 - Standard Guide for Determination of Neptunium-237 in Soil
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM C1561-10(2016) - Standard Guide for Determination of Plutonium and Neptunium in Uranium Hexafluoride and U-Rich Matrix by Alpha Spectrometry
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005

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ASTM C1475-05 - Standard Guide for Determination of Neptunium-237 in SoilASTM C1475-05 - Standard Guide for Determination of Neptunium-237 in Soil
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ASTM C1475-05 - Standard Guide for Determination of Neptunium-237 in Soil
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:C1475–05
Standard Guide for
1
Determination of Neptunium-237 in Soil
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1475; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C1163 Practice for Mounting Actinides for Alpha Spec-
trometry Using Neodymium Fluoride
1.1 This guide covers the determination of neptunium-237
C1284 Practice for Electrodeposition of the Actinides for
in soil by means of radiochemical separations and alpha
Alpha Spectrometry
spectrometry. This guide provides options in the selection of
C1317 Practice for Dissolution of Silicate orAcid-Resistant
sample preparation, separation, and measurement. Although
Matrix Samples
neptunium-237 is not a component of global fallout, it is a
C1342 Practice for Flux Fusion Sample Dissolution
product of production reactors and spent fuel processing. This
C1387 Guide for the Determination of Technetium-99 in
guide is designed for analysis of ten grams of soil previously
Soil
collected and treated in accordance with Practices C998 and
C1412 Practice for Microwave Oven Dissolution of Glass
C999. Larger-size samples of environmental soil may also be
Containing Radioactive and Mixed Wastes
analyzed, as long as the concentrations of interferences such as
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
uranium and thorium are at or near environmental concentra-
D1890 TestMethodforBetaParticleRadioactivityofWater
tions.Dependingonthechoiceofasampledissolutionmethod,
D3084 Practice for Alpha-Particle Spectrometry of Water
all chemical forms of neptunium may not be completely
D4962 Practice for NaI(Tl) Gamma-Ray Spectrometry of
solubilized. This guide should allow the determination of
Water
neptunium-237 concentrations from sub becquerel per gram
IEEE/ASTM SI-10 StandardfortheUseoftheInternational
levels to applicable standards depending on count time, sample
System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
size, detector efficiency, background, and tracer yield.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Summary of Guide
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 This guide may be used to determine neptunium-237 in
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
soil at potential release sites.Aneptunium-239 yield monitor is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
added to the soil aliquot and the sample solubilized by one of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
several methods, such as those described in Guide C1387. The
tionary statements are given in Section 8.
neptunium is separated from the resulting solution using an
2. Referenced Documents extraction chromatography column. A valence adjustment is
2
performed prior to loading the sample onto the conditioned
2.1 ASTM Standards:
chromatography column. The sample is passed through the
C998 Practice for Sampling Surface Soil for Radionuclides
column, which retains the neptunium in the +4 oxidation state.
C999 Practice for Soil Sample Preparation for the Determi-
The column is washed to remove interferences and selectively
nation of Radionuclides
eluted with dilute acid. The samples are prepared for measure-
C1000 Test Method for Radiochemical Determination of
ment by neodymium fluoride co-precipitation or electrodepo-
Uranium Isotopes in Soil by Alpha Spectrometry
sition, and the neptunium-237 content determined by alpha
C1001 Test Method for Radiochemical Determination of
spectrometry. The neptunium-239 yield monitor is determined
Plutonium in Soil by Alpha Spectroscopy
by beta or gamma-ray counting.
4. Significance and Use
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel
4.1 A soil sampling and analysis program provides a direct
Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.05 on Methods of Test.
means of determining the concentration and distribution of
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2005.PublishedJuly2005.Originallyapproved
radionuclides in soil. The presence and extent of neptunium-
in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as C1475 – 00. DOI: 10.1520/
C1475-05.
237isofparticularinterestbecauseitisoneofthemoremobile
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
transuranics in terms of migration and plant uptake. Since soil
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
isanintegratorandareservoironlong-livedradionuclides,and
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. serves as an intermediary in several pathways of potential
Copyright ©
...

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5.1 This guide offers several options for the determination of 99Tc in soil samples. Sample sizes of up to 200 g are possible, depending on the method chosen to extract Tc from the soil matrix. It is up to the user to determine if it is appropriate for the intended use of the final data.
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1.1 This guide is intended to serve as a reference for laboratories wishing to perform 99Tc analyses in soil. Several options are given for selection of a tracer and for the method of extracting the Tc from the soil matrix. Separation of Tc from the sample matrix is performed using an extraction chromatography resin. Options are then given for the determination of the 99Tc activity in the original sample. It is up to the user to determine which options are appropriate for use, and to generate acceptance data to support the chosen procedure.  
1.2 Due to the various extraction methods available, various tracers used, variable detection methods used, and lack of certified reference materials for 99Tc in soil, there is insufficient data to support a single method written as a standard method.  
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Standard Guide for Determination of Neptunium-237 in Soil

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A soil sampling and analysis program provides a direct means of determining the concentration and distribution of radionuclides in soil. The presence and extent of neptunium-237 is of particular interest because it is one of the more mobile transuranics in terms of migration and plant uptake. Since soil is an integrator and a reservoir on long-lived radionuclides, and serves as an intermediary in several pathways of potential importance to humans, knowledge of the concentration of neptunium-237 in soil is essential.
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1.1 This guide covers the determination of neptunium-237 in soil by means of radiochemical separations and alpha spectrometry. This guide provides options in the selection of sample preparation, separation, and measurement. Although neptunium-237 is not a component of global fallout, it is a product of production reactors and spent fuel processing. This guide is designed for analysis of ten grams of soil previously collected and treated in accordance with Practices C998 and C999. Larger-size samples of environmental soil may also be analyzed, as long as the concentrations of interferences such as uranium and thorium are at or near environmental concentrations. Depending on the choice of a sample dissolution method, all chemical forms of neptunium may not be completely solubilized. This guide should allow the determination of neptunium-237 concentrations from sub becquerel per gram levels to applicable standards depending on count time, sample size, detector efficiency, background, and tracer yield.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D7968-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Polyfluorinated Compounds in Soil by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method has been developed by the U.S. EPA Region 5 Chicago Regional Laboratory (CRL).  
5.2 PFAS are widely used in various industrial and commercial products; they are persistent, bio-accumulative, and ubiquitous in the environment. PFAS have been reported to exhibit developmental toxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and hormone disturbance. A draft Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is available.7 PFAS have been detected in soils, sludges, and surface and drinking waters. Hence, there is a need for a quick, easy, and robust method to determine these compounds at trace levels in various soil matrices for understanding of the sources and pathways of exposure.  
5.3 This method has been used to determine selected PFAS in sand (Table 4) and four ASTM reference soils (Table 5).
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1.1 This procedure covers the determination of selected polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in a soil matrix using solvent extraction, filtration, followed by liquid chromatography (LC) and detection with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). These analytes are qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this method. This method adheres to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry. This procedure utilizes a quick extraction and is not intended to generate an exhaustive accounting of the content of PFAS in difficult soil matrices. An exhaustive extraction procedure for PFAS, such as published by Washington et al.,2 for difficult matrices should be considered when analyzing PFAS. The approach from this standard was utilized to screen laboratory coats (textiles) to identify if PFAS would be leached from the materials.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The method of detection limit3 and reporting range4 for the target analytes are listed in Table 1.    
1.3.1 The reporting limit in this test method is the minimum value below which data are documented as non-detects. Analyte detections between the method detection limit and the reporting limit are estimated concentrations and are not reported following this test method. In most cases, the reporting limit is calculated from the concentration of the Level 1 calibration standard as shown in Table 2 for the PFAS after taking into account a 2 g sample weight and a final extract volume of 10 mL, 50 % water/50 % MeOH with 0.1 % acetic acid. The final extract volume is assumed to be 10 mL because 10 mL of 50 % water/50 % MeOH with 0.1 % acetic acid was added to each soil sample and only the liquid layer after extraction is filtered, leaving the solid and any residual solvent behind. It is raised above the Level 1 calibration concentration for PFOS, PFHxA, FHEA, and FOEA; these compounds can be identified at the Level 1 concentration but the standard deviation among replicates at this lower spike level resulted in a higher reporting limit.  
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ASTM D5831-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Screening Fuels in Soils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is a screening procedure for determining the presence of fuels containing aromatic compounds in soils. If a sample of the contaminant fuel is available for use in calibration, the approximate concentration of the fuel in the soil can be calculated. If the fuel type is known but a sample of the contaminant fuel is not available for calibration, an estimate of the contaminant fuel concentration can be calculated using average response factors based on composition of the fuel in the soil. If the composition of the contaminant fuel is unknown, a contaminant concentration cannot be calculated, and this practice can only be used only to indicate the presence or absence of fuel contamination.  
5.2 Fuels containing aromatic compounds, such as diesel fuel and gasoline, as well as other aromatic-containing hydrocarbon materials, such as crude oil, coal oil, and motor oil, can be determined by this practice. The quantitation limit for diesel fuel is about 75 mg/kg. Approximate quantitation limits for other aromatic-containing hydrocarbon materials that can be determined by this screening practice are given in Table 1. Quantitation limits for highly aliphatic materials, such as aviation gasoline and synthetic motor oil, are much higher than those for more aromatic materials, such as coal oil and diesel fuel.  
Note 1: The quantitation limits listed in Table 1 are estimated values because in this practice, the quantitation limit can be influenced by the particular fuel type and soil background. For information on how the values given in Table 1 were determined, see Appendix X1. Data generated during the development of this screening practice and other information pertaining to this practice can be found in the referenced research reports (1, 2).3  
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1.1 This practice is a screening procedure for assessing the presence of fuels containing aromatic compounds in soils. If a sample of the contaminant fuel is available, the concentration of the fuel in the soil can be determined. If the contaminant fuel type is known but a sample of the contaminant fuel is not available, an estimate of the concentration of the fuel in the soil can be made using average response factors based on composition of the fuel in the soil. If the kind of contaminant fuel is unknown, this screening method can be used to identify the presence of contamination.  
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5.1 Where sulfates are suspected, subgrade soils should be tested as an integral part of a geotechnical evaluation because the possibility that sulfate induced heave may occur if calcium containing stabilizers are used to improve the soils and sulfate reactions may also cause deterioration in concrete structures. When planning to treat a soil used in construction with lime, testing the soil for water soluble sulfates prior to treatment becomes very important (Note 2).  
5.2 When sulfate containing cohesive soils are treated with calcium-based stabilizers for foundation improvements, sulfates and free alumina in natural soils react with calcium and free hydroxide to form crystalline minerals, such as ettringite and thaumasite.4 Thaumasite forms when ettringite undergoes changes in the presence of carbonates at low temperatures.5 The sulfate minerals expand considerably when they are hydrated.
Note 2: For more information on the effect of treating soils containing water soluble sulfates, refer to the following publication: Little, D.N., Stabilization of Pavement Subgrades and Base Course with Lime, Kendal/Hunt Publishing Co., Dubuque, IA, 1995.
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1.1 These methods determine the water soluble sulfate content of cohesive soils used in construction by using the colorimetric technique. Two methods are presented in this standard. Method A is for use in the field and Method B is for use in the laboratory. The colorimetric technique involves measuring the scattering of a light beam through a solution that contains suspended particulate matter. Measurements of sulfate concentrations in construction soils can be used to guide professionals in the selection of appropriate stabilization methods and to assist in assessment of potential deterioration in concrete structures.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide offers several options for the determination of 99Tc in soil samples. Sample sizes of up to 200 g are possible, depending on the method chosen to extract Tc from the soil matrix. It is up to the user to determine if it is appropriate for the intended use of the final data.
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1.1 This guide is intended to serve as a reference for laboratories wishing to perform 99Tc analyses in soil. Several options are given for selection of a tracer and for the method of extracting the Tc from the soil matrix. Separation of Tc from the sample matrix is performed using an extraction chromatography resin. Options are then given for the determination of the 99Tc activity in the original sample. It is up to the user to determine which options are appropriate for use, and to generate acceptance data to support the chosen procedure.  
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ASTM D5550-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Gas Pycnometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The specific gravity value is used in many phase relation equations to determine relative volumes of particle, water, and gas mixtures.  
5.2 The term soil particle typically refers to a naturally occurring mineral grain that is not readily soluble in water. Therefore, the specific gravity of soils that contain extraneous matter (such as cement, lime, and the like) or water-soluble material (such as salt) must be corrected for the precipitate that forms on the test specimen after drying. If the precipitate has a specific gravity less than the parent soil grains, the uncorrected test result will be too low. If the precipitate has a higher specific gravity, then the uncorrected test value will be too high.  
5.3 Heating during drying may diagenetically alter the structure of some clay minerals.3 Therefore caution should be exercised if the mineral composition of a clay test specimen is going to be determined after drying. It is possible to dry the test specimen at a lower temperature. However, the effect on water content4 and hence specific gravity should be investigated. In addition, some materials other than clay may be affected by drying at 110°C, such as gypsum, soils containing organics, fly ash containing residual coal, island sands. Test Method D2216 includes recommendations for drying gypsum using a lower temperature, such as 60°C.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the specific gravity of soil solids by means of a gas pycnometer. Particle size is limited by the dimensions of the test specimen container of the particular pycnometer being used.  
1.2 Test Method D854 may be used instead of or in conjunction with this test method for performing specific gravity tests on soils. Note that Test Method D854 does not require the specialized test apparatus needed by this test method. However, Test Method D854 may not be used if the test specimen contains matter that can readily dissolve in water, whereas this test method does not have that limitation.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 For purposes of comparing a measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.  
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4.1 The soluble salt content may be used to correct the index properties of soils such as water content, void ratio, specific gravity, degree of saturation, and dry density.
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1.1 These test methods cover a rapid procedure for squeezing pore water from fine-grained soils for the purpose of determining the amount of soluble salts present in the extracted pore water.  
1.2 These test methods were developed for soils having a water content equal to or greater than approximately 14 %, for example, marine soils. An extensive summary of procedures for extracting pore water from soils has been presented by Kriukov and Manheim (1).2  
1.3 These test methods are not generally applicable for determining the soluble salt content of the pore water extracted from coarse-grained soils, such as clean sands and gravels.  
1.4 Test Method A provides a procedure using a refractometer with a refraction index scale; Test Method B provides a procedure using a refractometer with a parts per thousand (ppt) scale.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 unless superseded by these test methods.  
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides an overview of analytical methods, techniques, and procedures that may be used in determination of PFAS in environmental media.  
4.2 This guide provides considerations relevant to the selection and application of PFAS analytical methods, techniques, and procedures, including the limitations of published analytical methods and the potential benefits and challenges of non-standard analytical approaches.  
4.3 This guide presents comparisons of published analytical methods and approaches, including tabular comparison of target analyte lists and method features, to aid users in the selection and application of analytical methods and techniques for project-specific applications.  
4.4 This guide describes qualitative techniques available to determine total PFAS, including explanation of terms, discussion of techniques, conceptual overview schematic, and summary comparison table.  
4.5 This guide provides current information on research trends in PFAS determination techniques applied to environmental media.  
4.6 This guide provides an integrated framework that results in efficient, cost-effective decision-making for timely, appropriate response actions for PFAS-impacted environmental media.  
4.7 This guide is not intended to replace or supersede federal, state, local, or international regulatory requirements. Instead, this guide may be used to complement and support such requirements.  
4.8 This guide may be used by various parties involved in response actions for PFAS-impacted environmental media, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants and contractors, site remediation professionals, analytical testing laboratories, data reviewers, data users, academic institutions, research institutes, and other stakeholders.  
4.9 The users of this guide should consider assembling a team of experienced professionals with appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute PFAS environmental data acquisition activities...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide discusses the selection and application of analytical methods and techniques used to identify and quantitate per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in environmental media. This guide provides a flexible, defensible framework applicable to a wide range of environment programs. It is structured to support a tiered approach with analytical methods, procedures, and techniques of increasing complexity as the user proceeds through the evaluation process. This guide addresses key decision criteria and best practices to aid users in achieving project objectives. There are numerous technical decisions that must be made in the selection and application of analytical methods and techniques used during environmental data acquisition programs. It is not the intent of this guide to define appropriate technical decisions, but rather to provide technical support within existing decision frameworks.  
1.2 This guide informs practitioners on the considerations relevant to the selection and application of analytical methods and techniques for the quantitative and qualitative determination of PFAS in a variety of environmental sample media. This guide encourages user-led collaboration with stakeholders, including analytical laboratories, data evaluation practitioners, and regulators, in the selection and application of analytical methods and techniques used to support project-specific decision criteria and objectives as applied within a particular environmental regulatory program. This guide recognizes the complexity and diversity of environmental programs and project objectives and provides technical support for a range of project applications.  
1.3 This guide is intended to complement, not replace, existing regulatory requirements or guidance. ASTM International (ASTM) guides are not regulations; they are consensus-based standards that may be followed as needed.  
1.4 This guide recognizes that PFAS can be categoriz...

  • Guide
    20 pages
    English language
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  • Guide
    20 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off