ASTM F1044-99
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Calcium Phosphate Coatings and Metallic Coatings
Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Calcium Phosphate Coatings and Metallic Coatings
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers shear testing of continuous calcium phosphate coatings and metallic coatings adhering to dense metal substrates at ambient temperatures. It assesses the degree of adhesion of coatings to substrates, or the internal cohesion of a coating in shear, parallel to the surface plane.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:F1044–99
Standard Test Method for
Shear Testing of Calcium Phosphate Coatings and Metallic
Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 1044; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope example, sintering or diffusion bonding) or may be bonded
together by use of a polymeric adhesive. The adhesive may be
1.1 This test method covers shear testing of continuous
in film form or bulk form, but it must have a minimum bulk
calcium phosphate coatings and metallic coatings adhering to
shear strength of 34.5 MPa (5000 Psi).
dense metal substrates at ambient temperatures. It assesses the
4.1.2 The shear load must be applied parallel to the plane of
degree of adhesion of coatings to substrates, or the internal
the coating utilizing a tensile machine, which is capable of
cohesion of a coating in shear, parallel to the surface plane.
determining the maximum strength of the coating or coating
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
attachment to the substrate interface.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
4.2 Shear Method for Metallic Coatings Only—The lap
only.
shear method consists of subjecting a porous coated area to
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
single shear loading, generally utilizing suitable polymeric
tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
adhesive or bone cement adhesive and test jig in a tension
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
machine, and determining the maximum shear stress required
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
to obtain separation (that is, the shear strength of the coating/
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
substrate bond or shear strength of the coating).
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 The shear test method is recommended for shear testing
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of calcium phosphate and metallic/substrate combinations and
C 633 Test Method for Adhesion or Cohesive Strength of
can provide information on the adhesive or cohesive strength
Flame-Sprayed Coatings
of coatings under a uniaxial shear stress.
E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
5.2 The test method may be useful for comparative evalu-
E 6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Test-
ation of adhesive or cohesive strengths of a variety of types of
ing
3 coatings. Information developed using this test method may be
E 8 Test Methods forTensionTesting of Metallic Materials
useful for certain quality control and design purposes.
3. Terminology 5.3 The test method should not be considered to provide an
intrinsic values for utilization directly in making calculations
3.1 Definitions—Terminology E 6 shall be considered as
such as determining the ability of a coating to withstand
applying to the terms used in this test method.
specified environmental stresses.
4. Summary of Test Method
5.4 Processing variables, such as substrate preparation prior
to coating, surface texture, coating technique variables or
4.1 Shear Method for Calcium Phosphate or Metallic
post-coating heat treatment, or heat may introduce a significant
Coatings—
effect on the results of the shear test. The specimen being
4.1.1 This test method consists of subjecting a specimen
evaluated must be representative of the actual end-use coating.
assembly composed of one coated and one uncoated compo-
nent to a shear load. The components to be tested may be
6. Apparatus
bonded together directly by thermomechanical means (for
6.1 Testing Machines—Machines used for testing shall
conformtotherequirementsofPracticesE 4.Theloadsusedin
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F-4 on Medical
determining shear strength and yield strength shall be within
and Surgical Materials and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
the loading range of the testing machine as defined in Practices
F04.15 on Material Test Methods.
E4.
Current edition approved October 10, 1999. Published January 2000.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 02.05.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F1044
6.2 Gripping Devices:
6.2.1 General—Various types of grips may be used to
transmit the load applied to the specimens by the testing
machine. To ensure axial shear stress, it is important that the
specimen axis coincide with the centerline of the heads of the
testingmachineandthatthecoatingtestplanebeparalleltothe
axial load. Any departure from this requirement (that is, any
eccentric loading) will introduce bending stresses that are not
included in the usual stress calculation (force/cross-sectional
area).
6.2.2 Aligned Interface Method for Calcium Phosphate or
Metallic Coatings:
6.2.2.1 A drawing of a typical gripping device for the test
assembly is shown in Fig. 1.
6.2.2.2 Adrawing of the adapter to mate the shear fixture to
the tensile machine is shown in Fig. 2.
6.2.2.3 Aschematic of the test assembly is shown in Fig. 3.
6.2.3 Lap Shear Method for Metallic Coatings Only:
6.2.3.1 Lap Shear Testing Bonding Fixture—A bonding
fixture of the type shown in Fig. 4 or equivalent shall be
designed and machined with sufficient precision to minimize
movement of the specimen during curing of the adhesive.
Some coatings, such as porous fiber metal coatings, may be
bonded by sintering without the use of this fixture.
6.2.3.2 Lap Shear Test Loading Grips—Aloading jig of the
type shown in Fig. 5 or equivalent shall be used. It shall be
made of hardened steel having a hardness of not less than
Rockwell C60. To minimize the possible effect of distortion of
the device under load, fitted and machined steel bolts may be
FIG. 2 Adapter to Mate the Gripping Device to the Tensile
used to hold the components together. The interfaces between
Machine
the tongue and clevises shall be smooth.
7. Adhesive Bonding Materials
7.1 Adhesive Bonding Agent—A polymeric adhesive bond-
ing agent in film form, or filled viscous adhesive cement, when
used, shall be identified and shall meet the following require-
ments:
7.1.1 The bonding agent shall be capable of bonding the
coating on the test specimen components with an adhesive
shear strength that is at least 34.5 MPa (5000 Psi) or as great
as the minimum required adhesion or cohesion strength of the
coating, whichever is greater.
7.1.2 In instances where porosity extends to the coating/
substrate interface, the bonding agent shall be sufficiently
viscous and application to the coating sufficiently careful to
assure that it will not penetrate through the coating to the
substrate. The FM 1000 Adhesive Film with a thickness of
0.25 mm (0.01 in.) has proven satisfactory for this test.
7.1.3 If a material other than FM 1000 is used, or the
condition of the FM 1000 is unknown, it must be tested to
establish its equivalence to fresh FM 1000. Testing should be
performed without the presence of the calcium phosphate
coating to establish the performance of the adhesive.
FIG. 1 Gripping Device for Shear Testing Available from Cytec, Harve de Grace, Maryland.
F1044
FIG. 5 Lap Shear Loading Grips
8.1.2 Aligned Interface Method Specimen—This shear test
specimen is illustrated in Fig. 6. A complete, assembled test
assembly consists of two solid pieces; one with a coated
surface and the other with an uncoated surface. The uncoated
surface may be roughened to aid in the bonding of the
FIG. 3 Drawing of the Recommended Shear Test Specimen
adhesive.
Assembly
8.1.2.1 The cross-sectional area of the substrate upon which
2 2
the coating is applied shall be nominal 2.84 cm (0.44 in. ).
When specimens of another cross-sectional area are used, the
data must be demonstrated to be equivalent to 2.84 cm
standard cross-sectional area and the specimen size should be
reported.
8.1.3 Lap Shear Specimen—Lap shear specimens shall
consist of substrate plates of the type shown in Fig. 7 or
equivalent. The dimensions of test specimens differing from
Fig. 7 shall be included in the report.
8.1.3.1 Test Specimen Positioning—The specimen shall be
positioned in the loading grips so as to cause the load axis to
be coincident with the plane of the adhesive. This may be
accomplished by suitably shimming the specimen within the
grips.
8.2 Specimen Coating Preparation:
8.2.1 Coatings may be applied by any one of a number of
techniques. All test specimens for coating characterization
shallbepreparedfromindicativecoatinglots,usingproduction
FIG. 4 Lap Shear Bonding Fixture
8. Test Specimen
8.1 General:
8.1.1 In order to assure precision and accuracy in test
results, it is important that care be exercised in the preparation
of specimens, both in machining and in the case of multi-part
specimens, in the assembly. Specimen components must be
properly aligned in or
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