ASTM C593-95(2000)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With Lime
Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With Lime
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers fly ash and other pozzolans for use with lime in plastic mortars, nonplastic mixtures and other mixtures that affect lime pozzolanic reaction. Evaluation of pozzolans containing available lime, such as Class C fly ash, is given consideration. Pozzolans covered include artificial pozzolans such as fly ash, and natural pozzolans, such as diatomite and pumicite, in either raw or calcined state.
1.2 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Sections 5 and 10 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C 593 – 95 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Specification for
Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With Lime
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 593; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
1.1 This specification covers fly ash and other pozzolans for
C 821 Specification for Lime for Use With Pozzolans
use with lime in plastic mortars, nonplastic mixtures and other
D 1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-
mixtures that affect lime pozzolanic reaction. Evaluation of
teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/
pozzolans containing available lime, such as Class C fly ash, is
3 3
ft (2,700 kN-m/m ))
given consideration. Pozzolans covered include artificial poz-
D 5239 Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in Soil
zolans such as fly ash, and natural pozzolans, such as diatomite
Stabilization
and pumicite, in either raw or calcined state.
1.2 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the
3. Terminology
test method portion, Sections 5 and 10 of this specification:
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
3.1.1 calcined pozzolans—materials that are produced by
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
calcination of natural siliceous or alumino-siliceous earths,
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
such calcination being for the purpose of activation of poz-
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
zolanic properties.
limitations prior to use.
3.1.2 fly ash—the finely divided residue that results from
2. Referenced Documents the combustion of ground or powdered coal and is transported
from the boiler by flue gases. Additional methods for charac-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
terization of fly ash can be found in Practice D 5239.
C25 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Limestone,
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Section 12 provides guidance for de-
Quicklime, and Hydrated Lime
termining the available lime index of fly ash, which may affect
C39 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
the desired proportions of fly ash with lime.
Concrete Specimens
3.1.3 lime—all classes of quicklime and hydrated lime, both
C50 Practice for Sampling, Inspection, Packing, and Mark-
2 calcitic (high calcium) and dolomitic.
ing of Lime and Limestone Products
3.1.4 natural pozzolans—materials that, in the natural state,
C51 Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (As
2 exhibit pozzolanic properties, such as some volcanic ash and
Used by the Industry)
lava deposits.
C 109/C 109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
3.1.5 pozzolan—a siliceous or alumino-siliceous material
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube
that in itself possesses little or no cementitious value but that in
Specimens)
finely divided form and in the presence of moisture will
C110 Test Methods for Physical Testing of Quicklime,
chemically react with alkali and alkaline earth hydroxides at
Hydrated Lime, and Limestone
ordinary temperatures to form or assist in forming compounds
C 207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Pur-
possessing cementitious properties.
poses
C 305 PracticeforMechanicalMixingofHydraulicCement
4. Physical Properties
Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
4.1 Pozzolans for use with lime in plastic mortars, when
C311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or
tested in accordance with the procedures of Sections 7-9, shall
Natural Pozzolans for Use as a Mineral Admixture in
conform to the requirements prescribed in Table 1.
Portland-Cement Concrete
4.2 Pozzolans for use with lime in nonplastic mixtures shall
conform to the requirements of Table 1, except the lime-
pozzolan strength requirement, and in addition shall be tested
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C07 on Lime
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C07.07 on Pozzolanic Materials.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 1995. Published April 1995. Originally
e1
published as C 593 – 66 T. Last previous edition C 593 – 89 (1994) .
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
3 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 593 – 95 (2000)
in accordance with the procedures of Section 10 and shall 9. Lime-Pozzolan Strength Development
conform to the following requirements:
9.1 Test the pozzolan in accordance with the applicable
Compressive strength, min, psi (MPa) 400 (2.8)
portions of Test Method C 109 and Practice C 305, and in
Vacuum saturation strength, min, psi (MPa) 400 (2.8)
accordance with the following:
NOTE 1—If the minimum value of the vacuum saturation strength
9.2 Apparatus:
specified in 4.2 of this specification is reduced, sufficient documentation
9.2.1 Oven, closed, vapor-type.
shall be provided to the user to enable the determination of a satisfactory
minimum residual strength for the given material in its intended use. Such 9.3 Materials:
documentation should include at least the following: (1) determination of
9.3.1 Hydrated Lime—Where possible, the lime shall be the
a minimum residual strength requirement that will enable the material to
same as that to be used on the job or shall meet the
perform its structural function in the pavement system; and ( 2) a rational
requirements of Specification C 207.
analysis,usingactualclimaticdata,thatwillshowtheseverityofexposure
9.3.2 Sand—The sand shall be graded standard sand as
of the material to cyclic freeze-thaw action.
required by Test Method C 109.
9.4 Number of Test Specimens—Three specimens shall be
TABLE 1 Physical Requirements
prepared for each age at which a strength test is desired.
Water-soluble fraction, max, % 10.0
9.5 Proportioning, Consistency, and Mixing of Mortars—
Fineness, amount retained, when wet sieved:
Batches shall be of a size sufficient to make six specimens and
No. 30 (600-µm) sieve, max, % 2.0
No. 200 (75-µm) sieve, max, % 30.0
shall consist of proportions of dry materials as follows:
Lime-pozzolan strength, minimum compressive strength, psi (MPa):
Hydrated lime 180 g
At 7 days, 130 6 3°F (54 6 2°C) 600 (4.1)
Pozzolan (dry basis) 360 g
After additional 21 days, 736 3°F (23 6 2°C) 600 (4.1)
Graded standard sand 1480 g
9.5.1 The amount of mixing water, measured in millilitres,
shall be such as to produce a flow of 65 to 75 as determined in
5. Sampling
accordance with 9.6, and shall be expressed as weight percent
5.1 Sample pozzolan in accordance with the applicable
of the combined lime and pozzolan. The lime and pozzolan
provisions of Test Methods C311, except take one 10-lb
shall be blended together in a closed container. Mixing shall be
(4.5-kg) sample from approximately each 400 tons (350 metric
done in accordance with the procedure described in Practice
tons) of pozzolan.
C 305, except that it shall be amended to read “Add the
5.2 The sampling procedures and techniques shall be con-
blendedlimeandpozzolantothewaterandallowittostandfor
sistent from original sample to project completion.
1 min. Then start the mixer and mix at slow speed (140 6 5
rpm) for 30 s.”
TEST METHODS
9.6 Determination of Flow—Determine the flow in accor-
dancewithTestMethodC 109,exceptthatthenumberofdrops
6. Significance and Use
of the flow table shall be 10 drops in 6 s instead of 25 drops in
6.1 This test method states various procedures that are
15 s. If the flow is less than the specified limit, the material
recommended to quantify various aspects of the lime enhanced
used for the flow test may be returned to the mixing bowl and
pozzolanic reaction. These tests are intended to qualify or
additionalwateradded,thebatchmixedfor1 ⁄2min,andanew
quantify sources of fly ash and other pozzolans to meet
flow taken. This operation may be repeated until a flow within
specified job or project criteria.
the specified range is obtained. If the flow exceeds the range
specified, discard the batch and give a new batch a new trial
7. Water-Soluble Fraction
until a flow within range is obtained.
7.1 Procedure—Place 10 g of a dried pozzolan sample
9.7 Molding Test Specimens—Immediately after the
(dried to constant weight in an oven at 221 to 230°F (105 to
completion of the flow test, mold mortar specimens in accor-
110°C)) in a 200-mL Erlenmeyer flask and add 100 mL of
dance with Test Method C 109.
distilled water at 73 6 3°F (23 6 2°C). Shake well by hand
9.8 Storage of Test Specimens—When molding is com-
until no lumps can be observed; then with a mechanical shaker
pleted, place the filled mold in the vapor immediately above
or stirring device, agitate at laboratory room temperature for a
water at 130 6 3°F (54 6 2°C) in a closed vapor oven with the
period of 1 h. Pour the material into a weighed Gooch or
top surface protected from the drip.Allow the specimens in the
sintered-glass crucible, and wash all residue from the flask into
molds to remain in the vapor for a period of 7 days, after which
the crucible with distilled water from a wash bottle. Wash the
remove them from the vapor and cool to 73 6 3°F (23 6 2°C)
residue in the crucible free of adhering solution by repeated
inairsaturatedsufficientlythatnodryingtakesplaceduringthe
washings with distilled water. Dry the crucible to constant
cooling. When the specimens are cool, remove them from the
weight in an oven at 221°F (105°C).
molds, and store them at 73 6 3°F (23 6 2°C) at 95 to 100 %
7.2 Calculation—Calculate the percentage of water-soluble
relative humidity until time of the compressive strength test.
fraction by multiplying the loss in weight in grams by 10.
10. Compressive Strength Development and Freeze-Thaw
8. Fineness
Resistance of Nonplastic Mixtures
8.1 Test in accordance withTest MethodsC110, except that
the sample shall be 100 g of the dried pozzolan. 10.1 Materials:
C 593 – 95 (2000)
10.1.1 Hydrated Lime—Where possible, the lime shall be 10.5 Curing of Test Specimens—Immediately after the
the same as that to be used on the job, or shall meet the specimens are removed from the mold, reweigh the specimens
applicable requirements of Specification C 207, Type N. Prior and place in a sealed container ( ⁄2-gal (2-L) or 1-gal (4-L) can
to usage, the lime shall be stored in a sealed container to with double friction lids) to prevent loss of moisture. Place the
prevent carbonation. specimens in the sealed containers carefully in a room or
cabinetwithforced-aircirculationmaintainedat100 63°F(38
10.1.2 Pozzolan—The pozzolan used in this test shall be the
6 2°C) for a 7-day period. After this period, remove the
same as intended for use on the job.
specimens from the container, reweigh, and allow to cool to
10.1.3 Aggregate—Where possible, the aggregate used in
room temperature. Submerge the specimens for compressive
this test shall be the same as intended for use on the job. When
strength testing in water for 4 h, remove, allow to drain on a
using job aggregates, discard the material, if any, retained on
nonabsorbent surface, and cap and test within1hofthe time
the ⁄4-in. (19.0-mm) sieve. If the aggregate fraction between
3 of removal from the water.
the ⁄4-in. and No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve does not contain free
10.6 Number of Test Specimens:
surface moisture, then that fraction of the aggregate shall be
10.6.1 Three specimens shall be tested in accordance with
soaked for 24 h and towel dried to obtain a saturated surface
Test MethodC39;no l/d correction will be considered in the
dry condition. If job aggregates are not available, graded
computation of the compressive strength.
standard sand as specified in Test Method C 109 shall be used.
10.6.2 Three specimens shall be tested for freeze-thaw
10.2 Number of Specimens—Three specimens shall consti-
resistance after being cured in accordance with 10.5 (without
tute one test for the compressive strength test with three
the 4-h soaking period) by means of the vacuum saturation
additional specimens for the freeze-thaw test.
strength testing procedure described in Section 11.
10.3 Proportioning—The proportion of dry materials by
weight shall be, where possible, the same proportions as
11. Vacuum Saturation Strength Testing Procedure
intended for use on the job. If graded standard sand is used as
11.1 Equipment:
the aggregate, the proportions of dry materials by weight shall
be as follows:
11.1.1 Vacuum Saturation Chamber—The vacuum satura-
Hydrated lime 4 % tion chamber is a 12-in. (305-mm) high by 12-in. inside
Pozzolan 24 % 1
diameter stainless steel cylindrical section welded to a ⁄2-in.
Graded standard sand 72 %
(12.7-mm) thick by 14-in. (356-mm) diameter stainless steel
baseplate.Thewallthicknessofthecylindricalsectionis ⁄8in.
The amount of mixing water shall be the optimum moisture
(9.5 mm). The lid of the vacuum saturation chamber is a
content as determined by Method C of Test Methods D 1557,
poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) plate 1 in. (13 mm) thick
except that the 5-lift requirement is replaced with 3 lifts and
and 14 in. in diameter. Both the PMMA lid and top of the
Note 1 is not to be used. In determining the moisture-density
vacuum cylinder are grooved for a ⁄4-in. (6.4-mm) circular
relationship, mix dry materials in a Lancaster PC Mixer, or its
equivalent, for 1 min, or until the mixture is uniform in color O-ring seal having an inside diameter of 12 ⁄8 in. (308 mm).
The lid is fastened to the chamber by six equally spaced
and texture, plus an additional 3 min after the water is added in
order to obtain the first point on the moisture-density curve. threaded ⁄4-in. rods which pass along the outside wall of the
cylindrical section and thread into the base plate.
The original sample may be reused for subsequent trials. The
batch shall be mixed for an additional minute after the water
11.1.1.1 A sketch of the vacuum saturation chamber de-
has been added for each subsequent trial. scribed above is shown in Fig. 1.Avacuum saturation chamber
of equivalent size and capability is permitted under this
10.4 Mixing and Molding Test Specimens— After the opti-
specification. Vacuum desiccators can also be used for this
mum moisture content is obtained by the above procedure, a
purpose.
batch large enough to make three 4.0 by 4.6-in. (102 by
11.1.1.2 A ⁄
...
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