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ASTM E213-98

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe and Tubing

Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe and Tubing

SCOPE
1.1 This practice  covers a procedure for detecting discontinuities in metal pipe and tubing using pulse-reflection ultrasonic contact or immersion angle beam techniques. Artificial discontinuities consisting of longitudinal reference notches are employed as the primary means of calibrating the ultrasonic system. If transverse as well as longitudinal examination is desired, a procedure for employing transverse notches is provided.  
1.2 This practice is intended for use with tubular products having outside diameters approximately 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) and larger, provided that the examination parameters comply with and satisfy the requirements of Section 12. These procedures have been used successfully for smaller sizes, however, and may be specified upon contractural agreement between the using parties. Note 1-Exercise caution when examining pipe or tubes near or below the 1/2-in. specified limit. Certain combinations of search unit size, frequency, thin wall thicknesses, and small diameters could cause generation of unwanted sound waves that may produce erroneous test results.
1.3 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria; they must be specified by the using party or parties.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI equivalents are in parentheses and may be approximate.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-May-1998
ICS
23.040.10 - Iron and steel pipes
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.06 - Ultrasonic Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E213-98 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe and TubingASTM E213-98 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe and Tubing
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ASTM E213-98 - Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe and Tubing
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Designation: E 213 – 98 An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
1
Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe and Tubing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 213; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 ASNT Documents:
2
Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for Nondestructive
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for detecting discon-
4
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification
tinuities in metal pipe and tubing using pulse-reflection ultra-
ANSI/ASNT CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-
sonic contact or immersion angle beam techniques. Artificial
4
fication of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
discontinuities consisting of longitudinal reference notches are
2.3 Military Standards:
employed as the primary means of standardizing the ultrasonic
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualifica-
system. If transverse as well as longitudinal examination is
5
tion and Certification
desired, a procedure for employing transverse notches is
provided.
3. Terminology
1.2 This practice is intended for use with tubular products
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
1
having outside diameters approximately ⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) and
tice, see Terminology E 1316.
larger, provided that the examination parameters comply with
and satisfy the requirements of Section 12. These procedures
4. Summary of Practice
have been used successfully for smaller sizes, however, and
4.1 A pulsed ultrasonic angle beam by either the surface
may be specified upon contractural agreement between the
contact or immersion method shall be used. Fig. 1 illustrates
using parties.
the characteristic angle beam sound entry into the pipe wall for
NOTE 1—Caution: Exercise caution when examining pipe or tubes
both contact and immersion testing using a single search unit.
1
near or below the ⁄2-in. specified limit. Certain combinations of search
NOTE 2—Immersion test method may include tanks, wheel search units,
unit size, frequency, thin wall thicknesses, and small diameters could
or systems that use liquid streams.
cause generation of unwanted sound waves that may produce erroneous
test results.
4.2 Variations of the single-search unit method using
1.3 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria; they multiple-search units with the same or various angles and
must be specified by the using party or parties.
special gating are sometimes desirable and may be necessary
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded for efficient examination of thicker wall material.
as standard. The SI equivalents are in parentheses and may be
5. Significance and Use
approximate.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 5.1 The purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure for
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the detecting and locating significant discontinuities such as pits,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- voids, inclusions, cracks, splits, and the like, by the ultrasonic
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- pulse-reflection method.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6. Basis of Application
2. Referenced Documents
6.1 The following are items that must be decided upon by
2.1 ASTM Standards: the using party or parties.
E 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform Non- 6.1.1 Size and type of tubing to be examined,
3
destructive Testing 6.1.2 Extent of examination, that is, scanning in one or both
3
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations circumferential directions, scanning in one or both axial
directions, weld zone only if welded, pitch of feed helix during
scanning, etc.,
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-7 on Nonde-
6.1.3 The point(s) in the manufacturing process at which the
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on
material will be examined,
Ultrasonic Method.
Current edition approved May 10, 1998. Published December 1998. Originally
4
published as E 213 – 63 T. Last previous edition E 213 – 93. Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., 1711
2
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Practice Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228.
5
SE-213 in the Code. Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E 213
FIG. 1 Circumferential Propagation of Sound in Tube Wall
6.1.4 Surface condition, fied by the employer or certifying agency, as appl
...

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5.1 The purpose of RFT is to evaluate the condition of the tubing. The evaluation results may be used to assess the likelihood of tube failure during service, a task which is not covered by this practice.  
5.2 Principle of Probe Operation—In a basic RFT probe, the electromagnetic field emitted by an exciter travels outwards through the tube wall, axially along the outside of tube, and back through the tube wall to a detector3 (Fig. 2a).
FIG. 2 RFT Probes  
Note 1: Arrows indicate flow of electromagnetic energy from exciter to detector. Energy flow is perpendicular to lines of magnetic flux.  
5.2.1 Flaw indications are created when (1) in thin-walled areas, the field arrives at the detector with less attenuation and less time delay, (2) discontinuities interrupt the lines of magnetic flux, which are aligned mainly axially, or (3) discontinuities interrupt the eddy currents, which flow mainly circumferentially. A discontinuity at any point on the through-transmission path can create a perturbation; thus RFT has approximately equal sensitivity to flaws on the inner and outer walls of the tube.3  
5.3 Warning Against Errors in Interpretation.Characterizing flaws by RFT may involve measuring changes from nominal (or baseline), especially for absolute coil data. The choice of a nominal value is important and often requires judgment. Practitioners should exercise care to use for nominal reference a section of tube that is free of damage (see definition of “nominal tube” in 3.2.3). In particular, bends used as nominal reference must be free of damage, and tube support plates used as nominal reference should be free of metal loss in the plate and in adjacent tube material. If necessary, a complementary technique (as described in 11.12) may be used to verify the condition of areas used as nominal reference.  
5.4 Probe Configuration—The detector is typically placed two to three tube diameters from the exciter, in a location where the remote field dominates the direc...
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1.1 This practice describes procedures to be followed during remote field examination of installed ferromagnetic heat-exchanger tubing for baseline and service-induced discontinuities.  
1.2 This practice is intended for use on ferromagnetic tubes with outside diameters from 0.500 to 2.000 in. [12.70 to 50.80 mm], with wall thicknesses in the range from 0.028 to 0.134 in. [0.71 to 3.40 mm].  
1.3 This practice does not establish tube acceptance criteria; the tube acceptance criteria must be specified by the using parties.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and Tubing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure for detecting and locating significant discontinuities such as pits, voids, inclusions, cracks, splits, etc., by the ultrasonic pulse-reflection method.
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1.1 This practice2 covers a procedure for detecting discontinuities in metal pipe and tubing during a volumetric examination using ultrasonic methods. Specific techniques of the ultrasonic method to which this practice applies include pulse-reflection techniques, both contact and non-contact (for example, as described in Guide E1774 and Practice E1816), and angle beam immersion techniques, both conventional and phased array. Artificial reflectors consisting of longitudinal, and, when specified by the using party or parties, transverse reference notches placed on the surfaces of a reference standard are employed as the primary means of standardizing the ultrasonic system.  
1.2 This practice is intended for use with tubular products having outside diameters approximately 1/2 in. (12.7 mm) and larger, provided that the examination parameters comply with and satisfy the requirements of Section 11. These procedures have been successful with smaller sizes. These may be specified upon contractual agreement between the using parties. These procedures are intended to ensure that proper beam angles and beam shapes are used to provide full volume coverage of pipes and tubes, including those with low ratios of outside diameter-to-wall thickness, and to avoid spurious signal responses when examining small-diameter, thin-wall tubes.  
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ASTM E426-16(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Examination of Seamless and Welded Tubular Products, Titanium, Austenitic Stainless Steel and Similar Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Eddy current testing is a nondestructive method of locating discontinuities in a product. Changes in electromagnetic response caused by the presence of discontinuities are detected by the sensor, amplified and modified in order to actuate audio or visual indicating devices, or both, or a mechanical marker. Signals can be caused by outer surface, inner surface, or subsurface discontinuities. The eddy current examination is sensitive to many factors that occur as a result of processing (such as variations in conductivity, chemical composition, permeability, and geometry) as well as other factors not related to the tubing. Thus, all received indications are not necessarily indicative of defective tubing.
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ASTM E309-16(Practice)
Standard Practice for Eddy Current Examination of Steel Tubular Products Using Magnetic Saturation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure for the detection and location of discontinuities such as pits, voids, inclusions, cracks, or abrupt dimensional variations in ferromagnetic tubing using the electromagnetic (eddy current) method. Furthermore, the relative severity of a discontinuity may be indicated, and a rejection level may be set with respect to the magnitude of the indication.  
5.2 The response from natural discontinuities can be significantly different than that from artificial discontinuities such as drilled holes or notches. For this reason, sufficient work should be done to establish the sensitivity level and set-up required to detect natural discontinuities of consequence to the end use of the product.  
5.3 Eddy current testing systems are generally not sensitive to discontinuities adjacent to the ends of the tube. The extent of the end effect region can be determined in accordance with 8.6.  
5.4 Since the density of eddy currents decreases nearly exponentially as the distance from the external surface increases, the response to deep-seated discontinuities decreases and some deep-seated discontinuities may give no detectable repsonse.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers metal-arc-welded steel pipe for use with high pressure transmission systems. The pipe is intended for fabrication of fittings and accessories for compressor or pump-station piping. The required chemical compositions for carbon steel, and the tensile properties of finished pipes are presented. Mechanical testing requirements namely transverse body tension test and transverse weld tension test shall be performed on each length of pipe from each lot of 100 lengths, and transverse guided-bend weld test cut from a length of pipe from each lot of 50 length, also hydrostatic test from each length of pipes shall be performed. A radiographic examination shall also be performed to ensure that the welding equipment is consistently producing the required quality.
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1.1 This specification covers straight seam, double-submerged-arc-welded carbon or high-strength low-alloy steel pipe (Note 1) suitable for high-pressure service, 16 in. [400 mm] and larger in outside diameter, with wall thicknesses from 5/16 to 11/2 in. [8 to 40 mm]. The pipe is intended for fabrication of fittings and accessories for compressor or pump-station piping. Pipe ordered to this specification shall be suitable for bending, flanging, corrugating, and similar operations.  
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Note 2: The term “double welded” is commonly used in the gas and oil transmission industry, for which this pipe is primarily intended, to indicate welding with at least two weld passes, of which one is on the outside of the pipe and one on the inside. For some sizes of the pipe covered by this specification, it becomes expedient to use manual welding, in which case the provisions of Note 3 shall be followed.  
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the applicable inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
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Standard Specification for General Requirements for Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Tubes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers carbon and low alloy steel tubes. Steel samples shall be melt processed and shall either be ingot cast or strand cast. Heat and product analyses shall be performed on the steel materials. Steel specimens shall also undergo tensile tests and shall conform to required values of yield strength and elongation. Flattening test, reverse flattening test, flaring test, flange test, hardness test, hydrostatic test, air underwater pressure test, and nondestructive tests shall be performed on the steel materials.
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1.1 This specification2 covers a group of requirements which, with the exceptions of 6.3 and Sections 7, 8, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25, are mandatory requirements to the following ASTM tubular product specifications:3    
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1.2 One or more of Sections 6.3, 7, 8, 19, 20, 21, 22, 22.1, 24, and 25 apply when the product specification or purchase order has a requirement for the test or analysis described by these sections.  
1.3 In case of conflict between a requirement of the product specification and a requirement of this general requirement specification only the requirement of the product specification need be satisfied.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation (SI) of the product specification is specified in the order.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A999/A999M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for General Requirements for Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe

SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers a group of general requirements that, unless otherwise specified in an individual specification, shall apply to the ASTM product specifications noted below.  
1.2 In the case of conflict between a requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail.    
Title of Specification  
ASTM Desig-
nation3  
Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes  
A312/A312M  
Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature
Service and Other Applications with Required Notch
Toughness  
A333/A333M  
Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High Temperature
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A335/A335M  
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Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service and General
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Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe for High-Temperature
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Spray-Formed Seamless Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes  
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Spray-Formed Seamless Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe  
A949/A949M  
Austenitic Chromium-Nickel-Silicon Alloy Steel Seamless
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A954  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units apply unless the “M” designation (SI) of the product specification is specified in the order.
Note 1: The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) is used in this standard for such traditional terms as “nominal diameter,” “size,” “nominal bore,” and “nominal size.”  
1.4 The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test method portion, Section 21, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing

ABSTRACT
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers several grades of carbon and alloy steel seamless mechanical tubing. The grades are listed in Tables 1-3. When welding is used for joining the weldable mechanical tube grades, the welding procedure shall be suitable for the grade, the condition of the components, and the intended service.    
1.2 This specification covers both seamless hot-finished mechanical tubing and seamless cold-finished mechanical tubing in sizes up to and including 12 3/4 in. [325 mm] outside diameter for round tubes with wall thicknesses as required.  
1.3 The tubes shall be furnished in the following shapes, as specified by the purchaser: round, square, rectangular, and special sections.  
1.4 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided and when desired shall be so stated in the order.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets or parentheses. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order. In this specification hard or rationalized conversions apply to diameter, lengths and tensile properties. Soft conversion applies to other SI measurements.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A213/A213M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater, and Heat-Exchanger Tubes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers seamless ferritic and austenitic steel boiler, superheater, and heat-exchanger tubes. Grades containing the letter H in their designation have requirements different from those of similar grades not containing the letter H. These different requirements provide higher creep-rupture strength than normally achievable in similar grades without these different requirements. The tubes shall be made by the seamless process and shall be either hot finished or cold finished, as specified. Grade TP347HFG shall be cold finished. Heat treatment shall be done separately and in addition to heating for hot forming. The ferritic alloy and ferritic stainless steels shall be reheated. On the other hand, austenitic stainless steel tubes shall be furnished in the heat-treated condition. Alternatively, immediately after hot forming, while the temperature of the tubes is not less than the minimum solution temperature, tubes may be individually quenched in water or rapidly cooled by other means. Tension test, hardness test, flattening test, and flaring test shall be done to each tube. Also, each tube shall be subjected to the nondestructive electric test or hydrostatic test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers seamless ferritic and austenitic steel boiler, superheater, and heat-exchanger tubes, designated Grades T5, TP304, etc. These steels are listed in Tables 1 and 2.    
1.2 Grades containing the letter, H, in their designation, have requirements different from those of similar grades not containing the letter, H. These different requirements provide higher creep-rupture strength than normally achievable in similar grades without these different requirements.  
1.3 The tubing sizes and thicknesses usually furnished to this specification are 1/8 in. [3.2 mm] in inside diameter to 5 in. [127 mm] in outside diameter and 0.015 to 0.500 in. [0.4 to 12.7 mm], inclusive, in minimum wall thickness or, if specified in the order, average wall thickness. Tubing having other diameters may be furnished, provided such tubes comply with all other requirements of this specification.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A369/A369M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Carbon and Ferritic Alloy Steel Forged and Bored Pipe for High-Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This guide specifies standard specification for heavy-wall carbon and alloy steel pipe made from turned and bored forgings and is intended for high-temperature service. Heat and product analysis shall be conducted on several grades of ferritic steels, wherein the material shall conform to the required chemical composition for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, and molybdenum. The steel pipe shall conform to the required tensile properties like tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. Required mechanical tests for the steel pipe include transverse or longitudinal tension test, flattening test, and bend test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers heavy-wall carbon and alloy steel pipe (Note 1) made from turned and bored forgings and is intended for high-temperature service. Pipe ordered under this specification shall be suitable for bending and other forming operations and for fusion welding. Selection will depend on design, service conditions, mechanical properties and high-temperature characteristics.
Note 1: The use of the word “pipe” throughout the several sections of this specification is used in the broad sense and intended to mean pipe headers, or leads.
Note 2: The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) has been substituted in this standard for such traditional terms as “nominal diameter,” “size,” and “nominal size.”  
1.2 Several grades of ferritic steels are covered. Their compositions are given in Table 1.    
1.3 Supplementary requirements (S1 to S7) of an optional nature are provided. Supplementary requirements S1 to S5 call for additional tests to be made, and when desired shall be so stated in the order, together with the number of such tests required as applicable.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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