ASTM D924-15
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor) and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electrical Insulating Liquids
Standard Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor) and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electrical Insulating Liquids
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)—This is a measure of the dielectric losses in an electrical insulating liquid when used in an alternating electric field and of the energy dissipated as heat. A low dissipation factor or power factor indicates low ac dielectric losses. Dissipation factor or power factor may be useful as a means of quality control, and as an indication of changes in quality resulting from contamination and deterioration in service or as a result of handling.
4.1.1 The loss characteristic is commonly measured in terms of dissipation factor (tangent of the loss angle) or of power factor (sine of the loss angle) and may be expressed as a decimal value or as a percentage. For decimal values up to 0.05, dissipation factor and power factor values are equal to each other within about one part in one thousand. In general, since the dissipation factor or power factor of insulating oils in good condition have decimal values below 0.005, the two measurements (terms) may be considered interchangeable.
4.1.2 The exact relationship between dissipation factor (D) and power factor (PF ) is given by the following equations:
The reported value of D or PF may be expressed as a decimal value or as a percentage. For example:
4.2 Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)—Insulating liquids are used in general either to insulate components of an electrical network from each other and from ground, alone or in combination with solid insulating materials, or to function as the dielectric of a capacitor. For the first use, a low value of relative permittivity is often desirable in order to have the capacitance be as small as possible, consistent with acceptable chemical and heat transfer properties. However, an intermediate value of relative permittivity may sometimes be advantageous in achieving a better voltage distribution of ac electric fields between the liquid and solid insulating materials with which the liquid may be in series. When ...
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1.1 This test method describes testing of new electrical insulating liquids as well as liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus.
1.2 This test method provides a procedure for making referee tests at a commercial frequency of between 45 and 65 Hz.
1.3 Where it is desired to make routine determinations requiring less accuracy, certain modifications to this test method are permitted as described in Sections 16 to 24.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warnings are given in 11.3.3.
1.6 Mercury has been designated by the EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and the EPA's website: http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state may be prohibited by state law.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D924 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor) and Relative
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electrical Insulating
1
Liquids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D924; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method describes testing of new electrical
insulating liquids as well as liquids in service or subsequent to D150 Test Methods forAC Loss Characteristics and Permit-
tivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation
service in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other
electrical apparatus. D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
D2864 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liq-
1.2 This test method provides a procedure for making
uids and Gases
referee tests at a commercial frequency of between 45 and 65
D2865 Practice for Calibration of Standards and Equipment
Hz.
for Electrical Insulating Materials Testing
1.3 Where it is desired to make routine determinations
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
requiring less accuracy, certain modifications to this test
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
method are permitted as described in Sections 16 to 24.
2.2 IEEE Standard:
Standard 4 IEEE Standard Techniques for High-Voltage
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3
Testing
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3. Terminology
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms used in this test
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
method are given in Terminology D2864. Also refer to Test
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Methods D150 for detailed discussion of terms.
priate safety and health practices and to determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific
4. Significance and Use
warnings are given in 11.3.3.
4.1 Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)—This is a mea-
1.6 Mercury has been designated by the EPA and many state
sure of the dielectric losses in an electrical insulating liquid
agencies as a hazardous material that can cause nervous
when used in an alternating electric field and of the energy
system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be
dissipated as heat. A low dissipation factor or power factor
hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should
indicates low ac dielectric losses. Dissipation factor or power
be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing
factor may be useful as a means of quality control, and as an
products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data
indication of changes in quality resulting from contamination
Sheet (MSDS) for details and the EPA’s website: http://
and deterioration in service or as a result of handling.
www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm for additional information. Us-
4.1.1 The loss characteristic is commonly measured in
ers should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury
terms of dissipation factor (tangent of the loss angle) or of
containing products into your state may be prohibited by state
power factor (sine of the loss angle) and may be expressed as
law.
a decimal value or as a percentage. For decimal values up to
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mittee D27.05 on Electrical Test. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published November 2015. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1947 as D924 – 47 T. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane,
D924 – 08. DOI: 10.1520/D0924-15. Piscataway, NJ 08854, www.ieee.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D924 − 15
0.05, dissipation factor and power factor values are equal to 6.3 The design of test cells
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D924 − 08 D924 − 15
Standard Test Method for
Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor) and Relative
Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electrical Insulating
1
Liquids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D924; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes testing of new electrical insulating liquids as well as liquids in service or subsequent to service
in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus.
1.2 This test method provides a procedure for making referee tests at a commercial frequency of between 45 and 65 Hz.
1.3 Where it is desired to make routine determinations requiring less accuracy, certain modifications to this test method are
permitted as described in Sections 16 to 24.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific warnings are given in 11.3.3.
1.6 Mercury has been designated by the EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause nervous system,
kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken
when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for
details and the EPA’s website: http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm for additional information. Users should be aware that selling
mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state may be prohibited by state law.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D150 Test Methods for AC Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Solid Electrical Insulation
D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
D2864 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
D2865 Practice for Calibration of Standards and Equipment for Electrical Insulating Materials Testing
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2.2 IEEE Standard:
3
Standard 4 IEEE Standard Techniques for High-Voltage Testing
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms used in this test method are given in Terminology D2864. Also refer to Test Methods D150
for detailed discussion of terms.D150
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)—This is a measure of the dielectric losses in an electrical insulating liquid when used
in an alternating electric field and of the energy dissipated as heat. A low dissipation factor or power factor indicates low ac
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D27.05
on Electrical Test.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008Oct. 1, 2015. Published December 2008November 2015. Originally approved in 1947 as D924 – 47 T. Last previous edition
approved in 20042008 as D924 – 04.D924 – 08. DOI: 10.1520/D0924-08.10.1520/D0924-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 08854.08854, www.ieee.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D924 − 15
dielectric losses. Dissipation factor or power factor may be useful as a means of quality control, and as an indication of changes
in quality resulting from contamination and deterioration in service or as a result of handling.
4.1.1 The loss characteristic is commonly measured in terms of dissipation factor (tangent of the loss angle) or of power factor
(sine of the lo
...
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