ASTM D934-80(2003)

Standard Practices for Identification of Crystalline Compounds in Water-Formed Deposits By X-Ray Diffraction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The identification of the crystalline structures in water-formed deposits assists in the determination of the deposit sources and mode of deposition. This information may lead to measures for the elimination or reduction of the water-formed deposits.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices provide for X-ray diffraction analysis of powdered crystalline compounds in water-formed deposits. Two are given as follows: SectionsPractice A-Camera 12 to 21Practice B-Diffractometer22 to 30
1.2 Both practices yield qualitative identification of crystalline components of water-formed deposits for which X-ray diffraction data are available or can be obtained. Greater difficulty is encountered in identification when the number of crystalline components increases.
1.3 Amorphous phases cannot be identified without special treatment. Oils, greases, and most organic decomposition products are not identifiable.
1.4 The sensitivity for a given component varies with a combination of such factors as density, degree of crystallization, particle size, coincidence of strong lines of components and the kind and arrangement of the atoms of the components. Minimum percentages for identification may therefore range from 1 to 40 %.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8 and Note 20.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 02-Jul-1980
• ICS: 13.060.30 - Sewage water
• Technical Committee: D19 - Water
• Drafting Committee: D19.03 - Sampling Water and Water-Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use, On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D934-80(1999) - Standard Practices for Identification of Crystalline Compounds in Water-Formed Deposits By X-Ray Diffraction
• Effective Date: 03-Jul-1980
• Replaced By: ASTM D934-08 - Standard Practices for Identification of Crystalline Compounds in Water-Formed Deposits By X-Ray Diffraction
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Referred By: ASTM E3294-22 - Standard Guide for Forensic Analysis of Geological Materials by Powder X-Ray Diffraction
• Effective Date: 03-Jul-1980
• Referred By: ASTM D887-13(2022) - Standard Practices for Sampling Water-Formed Deposits
• Effective Date: 03-Jul-1980
• Referred By: ASTM D2331-08(2022) - Standard Practices for Preparation and Preliminary Testing of Water-Formed Deposits
• Effective Date: 03-Jul-1980

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 934 – 80 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Practices for
Identification of Crystalline Compounds in Water-Formed
1
Deposits By X-Ray Diffraction
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 934; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Analysis of Water-Formed Deposits
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
1.1 These practices provide for X-ray diffraction analysis of
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
powdered crystalline compounds in water-formed deposits.
D2331 Practices for Preparation and Preliminary Testing of
Two are given as follows:
Water-Formed Deposits
Sections
E11 Specification for Wire Cloth Sieves for Testing Pur-
Practice A—Camera 12 to 21
Practice B—Diffractometer 22 to 30
poses
1.2 Both practices yield qualitative identification of crystal-
3. Terminology
line components of water-formed deposits for which X-ray
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these
diffraction data are available or can be obtained. Greater
practices, refer to Terminology D 1129.
difficulty is encountered in identification when the number of
crystalline components increases.
4. Summary of Practices
1.3 Amorphous phases cannot be identified without special
4.1 Powdered samples are irradiated with a monochromatic
treatment. Oils, greases, and most organic decomposition
X-ray beam of short wavelength (from about 0.05 to 0.25 nm).
products are not identifiable.
The X rays interact with the atoms in the crystal and are
1.4 The sensitivity for a given component varies with a
scattered in a unique diffraction pattern which produces a
combination of such factors as density, degree of crystalliza-
fingerprint of the crystal’s atomic or molecular structure. The
tion, particle size, coincidence of strong lines of components
analytical instrumentation used in X-ray diffraction includes
and the kind and arrangement of the atoms of the components.
the powder camera and the diffractometer (1), (2), (3), (4),
Minimum percentages for identification may therefore range
3
(5).
from1to40%.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5.1 The identification of the crystalline structures in water-
responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and
formed deposits assists in the determination of the deposit
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
sources and mode of deposition. This information may lead to
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
measures for the elimination or reduction of the water-formed
Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8 and
deposits.
Note 20.
6. Purity of Reagents
2. Referenced Documents
2 6.1 Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in all tests.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents shall
D887 Practices for Sampling Water-Formed Deposits
conform to the specifications of the Committee on Analytical
D933 Practice for Reporting Results of Examination and
Reagents of the American Chemical Society, where such
4
specifications are available. Other grades may be used,
1
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water
and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.03 on Sampling ofWater and
3
Water-Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use, The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the references listed at the end of
On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water. these practices.
4
Current edition approved July 3, 1980. Published November 1980. Originally Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
approved in 1947. Last previous edition approved in 1980 as D 934 – 80. Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
the ASTM website. MD.
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D 934 – 80 (2003)
provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently (45-µm) si
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