ASTM A677-05
(Specification)Standard Specification for Nonoriented Electrical Steel Fully Processed Types
Standard Specification for Nonoriented Electrical Steel Fully Processed Types
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the detailed requirements to which flat-rolled nonoriented fully processed electrical steel shall conform.
1.2 This steel is produced to specified maximum core-loss values and is intended primarily for commercial power frequency (50- and 60-Hz) applications in magnetic devices. Desirable core-loss and permeability characteristics are developed during mill processing, so additional heat treatment by the user is usually not necessary.
1.3 These nonoriented fully processed electrical steels are low-carbon, silicon-iron, or silicon-aluminum-iron alloys containing up to about 3.5 % silicon and a small amount of aluminum.
1.4 The values stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: A 677 – 05
Standard Specification for
Nonoriented Electrical Steel Fully Processed Types
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 677; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope A 700 Practices for Packaging, Marking, and Loading
Methods for Steel Products for Domestic Shipment
1.1 This specification covers the detailed requirements to
A 717/A 717M Test Method for Surface Insulation Resis-
which flat-rolled nonoriented fully processed electrical steel
tivity of Single-Strip Specimens
shall conform.
A 719/A 719M Test Method for Lamination Factor of Mag-
1.2 This steel is produced to specified maximum core-loss
netic Materials
values and is intended primarily for commercial power fre-
A 720/A 720M Test Method for Ductility of Nonoriented
quency (50- and 60-Hz) applications in magnetic devices.
Electrical Steel
Desirable core-loss and permeability characteristics are devel-
A 937/A 937M Test Method for Determining Interlaminar
oped during mill processing, so additional heat treatment by
Resistance of Insulating Coatings Using Two Adjacent
the user is usually not necessary.
Test Surfaces
1.3 These nonoriented fully processed electrical steels are
A 971 Test Method for Measuring Edge Taper and Crown
low-carbon, silicon-iron, or silicon-aluminum-iron alloys con-
of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steel Coils
taining up to about 3.5 % silicon and a small amount of
A 976 Classification of Insulating Coatings by Composi-
aluminum.
tion, Relative Insulating Ability and Application
1.4 The values stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell
pound) units are to be regarded as standard. The values given
Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
inparenthesesaremathematicalconversionstoSIunitsthatare
E92 Test Method for Vickers Hardness of Metallic Mate-
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
rials
2. Referenced Documents E 140 Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, and
A 34/A 34M Practice for Sampling and Procurement Test-
Scleroscope Hardness
ing of Magnetic Materials
A 340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to
3. Terminology
Magnetic Testing
3.1 Definitions: The terms and symbols used in this speci-
A 343/A 343M Test Method for Alternating-Current Mag-
fication are defined in Terminology A 340.
netic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using
Wattmeter-Ammeter-VoltmeterMethodand25-cmEpstein
4. Classification
Test Frame
4.1 The nonoriented electrical steel types described by this
A 664 Practice for Identification of Standard Electrical
specification are as shown in Table 1.
Steel Grades in ASTM Specifications
5. Ordering Information
5.1 Orders for material under this specification shall include
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on
as much of the following information as necessary to describe
Magnetic Properties and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.02 on
the desired material adequately:
Material Specifications.
5.1.1 ASTM specification number.
Current edition approved June 15, 2005. Published July 2005. Originally
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as A 677/A 677M – 99.
5.1.2 Core-loss type number.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1.3 Surface coating type.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1.4 Thickness, width, and length (if in cut lengths instead
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. of coils).
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
A677–05
A B C
TABLE 1 Core-Loss Types and Maximum Core Losses at a Magnetic Flux Density of 15 kG (1.5 T) and 60 Hz
D
for As-Sheared Epstein Specimens
0.0140-in. (0.36-mm) Thickness 0.0185-in. (0.47-mm) Thickness 0.0250-in. (0.64-mm) Thickness
Maximum Core Loss, Maximum Core Loss, Maximum Core Loss,
Core-Loss Type Core-Loss Type Core-Loss Type
W/lb (W/kg) W/lb (W/kg) W/lb (W/kg)
36F145 1.45 (3.20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
36F155 1.55 (3.42) 47F165 1.65 (3.64) 64F200 2.00 (4.41)
36F165 1.65 (3.64) 47F180 1.80 (3.97) 64F210 2.10 (4.63)
36F175 1.75 (3.86) 47F190 1.90 (4.19) 64F225 2.25 (4.96)
36F185 1.85 (4.08) 47F200 2.00 (4.41) 64F235 2.35 (5.18)
36F195 1.95 (4.30) 47F210 2.10 (4.63) 64F250 2.50 (5.51)
36F205 2.05 (4.52) 47F240 2.40 (5.29) 64F275 2.75 (6.06)
. . . . . . . . . 47F280 2.80 (6.17) 64F320 3.20 (7.05)
. . . . . . . . . 47F400 4.00 (8.82) 64F500 5.00 (11.02)
. . . . . . . . . 47F450 4.50 (9.92) 64F550 5.50 (12.13)
A
See Practice A 664.
B
The test density shall be the correct ASTM assumed density (in accordance with 14.2) for the chemistry used by the producer to meet the property requirements of
the specification.
C
Maximum core losses at a magnetic flux density of 15 kG (1.5 T) and 50 Hz are 0.79 times maximum core losses at 60 Hz.
D
One half of strips cut parallel to the steel rolling direction, one half of strips cut perpendicular to the steel rolling direction.
5.1.5 Total weight of ordered item. obtained in the specified end use, the producer shall notify the
5.1.6 Limitations in coil size or lift weights. user before shipment is made so the user has an opportunity to
5.1.7 End Use—The user shall disclose as much pertinent evaluate the effects.
information as possible about the intended application to
7. Magnetic Properties
enable the producer to provide material characteristics most
suitable for specific fabricating practices.
7.1 Specific Core Loss—Each core-loss type of electrical
5.1.8 Special requirements or exceptions to the provisions
steel is identified by a maximum core-loss limit as shown in
of this specification.
Table 1.
7.2 Permeability—The permeability at all inductions shall
6. Manufacture
be as high as possible, consistent with the required core-loss
limits that govern the grade.Typical relative peak permeability
6.1 Typical Melting and Casting:
(µ ) values are given in Appendix X1.
6.1.1 Thesefullyprocessedelectricalsteelsmaybemadeby
p
7.3 Specific Exciting Power—The rms exciting power re-
basic-oxygen, electric-furnace, or other steelmaking practice.
quired for the excitation of a particular type of electrical steel
6.1.2 These electrical steels are characterized by low car-
is frequently useful to the user. Typical values of specific
bon, usually less than 0.020 %. The principal alloying element
exciting power are given in Appendix X1.
is commonly silicon, but aluminum up to about 0.8 % is
7.4 Magnetic Aging—Although steel sold to this specifica-
sometimes used instead of or in addition to silicon, depending
tion is considered non-aging, the maximum core-loss values of
on mill-processing practice for the desired magnetic grade.
Table 1 are based on tests of freshly sheared specimens. The
Individual producers will often have different silicon or alumi-
guarantee of magnetic properties after an aging treatment is
num contents for a particular grade because of intrinsic
subject to negotiation between the user and the producer. The
mill-processing procedures.
definition of aging coefficient and the aging treatments usually
6.1.3 Sulfur content is typically less than 0.025 % and is
specified are given in Terminology A 340.
usually lowest in the numbered types representing lowest core
loss. Manganese is typically present in amounts between 0.10
8. Surface Insulation Characteristics
and 0.40 %. Phosphorus, copper, nickel, chromium, molybde-
num, antimony, and tin are usually present only in residual 8.1 Unless otherwise specified, fully processed nonoriented
amounts except in the higher numbered core-loss types in electrical steels are supplied with a smooth surface finish and
which phosphorus up to 0.15 % and tin or antimony up to a thin, tightly adherent surface oxide (Coating Type C-0 in
0.10 % may be present. ClassificationA 976) which has sufficient insulating ability for
6.1.4 The producer is not required to report chemical most small cores.
composition of each lot except when a clear need for such 8.2 Applied Coatings:
information has been shown. In such cases, the analyses to be 8.2.1 Several types of thin, tightly adherent applied coatings
reported shall be negotiated between the producer and the user. (CoatingTypes C-3, C-4, C-5, and C-6 in ClassificationA 976)
6.2 Typical Rolling and Annealing—The processing se- with higher levels of insulating ability are available on fully
quence for fully processed, nonoriented electrical steel com- processed nonoriented electrical steels. If an applied coating is
prises hot-rolling, annealing, pickling, cold-rolling, and decar- needed, the user shall specify the coating type.
burizing annealing. 8.2.2 If the insulating ability of the applied coating is
6.3 When changes in the manufacture of the material are unusually critical to the application, the user shall specify not
believed to exert possible significant effects upon the user’s only the coating type, but also the test method (either Test
fabricating practices and upon the magnetic performance to be Method A 717/A 717M or Test Method A 937/A 937M) and
A677–05
test conditions to be used to evaluate the insulating ability of perpendicular to the mill edge within the first 3 in. (76 mm) or
the coating, as well as the corresponding minimum value of less from either edge of the ordered width will apply:
insulating ability.
Ordered Thickness, in. (mm) Maximum Taper, in. (mm)
8.2.3 Athinner-than-usual applied coating may be preferred
0.0140 (0.36) 0.0010 (0.025)
when the core-fabricating practice involves welding or die
0.0185 (0.47) 0.0012 (0.030)
casting. In such cases, the coating type shall be suffixed by the
0.0250 (0.64) 0.0014 (0.036)
letter “A.”
10.4 Width Tolerances—Maximum deviations from the or-
dered width shall be as shown in Table 3.
9. Mechanical Requirements
10.5 Length Tolerances—The maximum deviations from
9.1 Lamination Factor—The lamination factor shall be as
the ordered length shall be as shown in Table 4.
highaspracticable.Itisgreatestforthickergagesandwhenthe
10.6 Camber—Camber is the greatest deviation of a side
surface is smooth, uncoated, and without significant amounts
edge from a straight line, the measurement being taken on the
of oxide. Lamination factors can be determined using Test
concavesidewithastraightedge.Itislimitedto ⁄4in.(6.4mm)
MethodA 719/A 719M.Typicalvaluesoflaminationfactorare
per 96 in. (2.4 m) of length.
given in Appendix X1.
10.7 Out of Square—This tolerance applies to cut lengths
9.2 Ductility—The material shall be as ductile as possible.
onlyandrepresentsthedeviationofanedgefromastraightline
Whenrequired,theductilitycanbedeterminedbythebendtest
placed at a right angle to the side, touching one corner and
for ductility as described in Test Method A 720/A 720M.
extending to the other side. It shall not exceed ⁄16 in. (1.6 mm)
Ductility is a function of microstructure and may differ
per 6 in. (152 mm) of width or fraction thereof.
between producers. The user’s anneal may also affect ductility.
Typical values for ductility are given in Appendix X1.
11. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance
9.3 Hardness—The hardness of these materials can be
11.1 Flatness—Adequately defining the degree of flatness
determined using Test Methods E18 or Test Method E92.
necessary for the general application of fully processed elec-
Hardness is affected by chemistry and by the grain size and
trical steel sheets is extremely difficult; therefore, no specific
microstructure of the final product. Typical values for the
limits for flatness have been established.
hardnessof“as-produced”materialsaregiveninAppendixX1.
11.1.1 It is intended that flatness shall be suitable for the
intended application, and consequently, the user should inform
10. Dimensions and Permissible Variations
the producer of any requirements for a degree of flatness more
10.1 Thickness—Specified thickness should be one of the
critical than that obtained from usual commercial practices.
common thicknesses as follows:
Processes used to improve flatness may affect magnetic and
Thickness, in. (mm)
mechanical properties.
11.1.2 Commercial practices recognize that sharp, short
0.0140 (0.36)
0.0185 (0.47) waves and buckles are objectionable.
0.0250 (0.64)
11.1.3 Procedures for judging the degree of critical flatness
necessary shall be subject to negotiation between user and
10.2 Thickness Variations—The average thickness of the
producer.
material supplied shall be as close as possible to the ordered
11.2 Surface Imperfections—The surface shall be reason-
thickness. Measurements made with a contacting micrometer
ablycleanandessentiallyfreeofmanufacturingdefectssuchas
at points no closer than ⁄8 in. (10 mm) from the edge of a sheet
holes, blisters, slivers, indentations, and so forth, which would
or coil of specified width shall not differ from the specified
interfere with its effective use in the intended application.
thickness by more than the values (which include taper) shown
in Table 2.
12. Sampling
10.3 Taper—The rolling of flat-rolled sheets inherently
produces an edge which is thinner than the rest of the sheet. 12.1 The producer shall assign a number to each test lot for
This characteristic is termed “tapered edge,” “feather,” or identification. The test lot shall not exceed 20 000 lbs (9100
gamma and occurs primarily within 1 to 2 in. (25 to 51 mm) kg) in weight.
from the as-rolled edge of the material.The thickness variation 12.2 Test samples shall be obtained after final mill heat
involved in edge taper sometimes is the major portion of the treatmentorotheroperationwhichisthefinaloperationtohave
total overall thickness variation permitted by 10.2. Edge taper significant influence on the magnetic properties of fully pro-
is defined and may be measured in accordance with Test cessed electrical steel.
MethodA 971. It may be expected that the following limits on 12.3 The full width coil identified as a test lot shall be
the differences in thickness measured along a straight line sampled in accordance with Practice A 34/A 34M.
TABLE 2 Thickness Tolerances
Thickness Tolerances, Over or Under, in. (mm) for Specified Width, in. (mm)
Specified Thickness, in. (mm) Over 6 (0.15) to Over 12 (0.30) to Over 36 (0.91) to
6 (0.15) and Under
12 (0.30), incl. 36 (0.91), i
...
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