ASTM D3981-09a(2016)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Polyethylene Films Made from Medium-Density Polyethylene for General Use and Packaging Applications
Standard Specification for Polyethylene Films Made from Medium-Density Polyethylene for General Use and Packaging Applications
ABSTRACT
This specification covers unpigmented, unsupported, sheet or tubular, medium-density polyethylene films intended for general uses and packaging applications. The film shall be made from homopolymer polyethylene, copolymer polyethylene commonly referred to as low-pressure polyethylene, or blends of homopolymers and copolymers that include ethylene/vinyl-acetate copolymers. The specimens shall be conditioned before testing in the standard laboratory temperature. Tests shall be conducted to determine the physical properties of the specimens which shall conform to the following physical requirements: secant modulus or stiffness; kinetic coefficient of friction; optical properties such as clarity, gloss, and haze; surface treatment level or wetting tension; impact resistance; tensile strength and elongation at break; heat sealability; and odor level.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers unpigmented, unsupported, sheet or tubular, medium-density polyethylene films (hereafter referred to as film or films) from resins having densities in the range from 926.0 to 938.0 kg/m3 (0.926 to 0.938 g/cm3), inclusive, as measured on molded plaques.
1.2 This specification is applicable to homopolymer polyethylene but is not restricted to it.
1.3 This specification is also applicable to films made from copolymer polyethylene commonly referred to in industry as low-pressure polyethylene.
1.4 This specification is also applicable to films made from blends of homopolymers and copolymers, including ethylene/vinyl-acetate copolymers.
1.5 This specification allows for the use of recycled polyethylene film or resin as feedstock, in whole or in part, as long as all the requirements of this specification are met and as long as any specific requirements as governed by the producer and end user are also met (see Note 1).
Note 1: Guide D7209 contains terminology and definitions relating to recycled plastics.
1.6 Special care must be exercised if this specification is applied to colored or pigmented films. This specification does not address specific problems associated with coloring, such as, quantity and quality of pigment dispersion, optical properties, and increase in density. These and other areas must be taken into account by mutual agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.
1.7 The thickness of the films covered by this specification range from 25 to 100 μm (0.001 to 0.004 in.), inclusive. The maximum width of the sheet or lay-flat is 3.05 m (120 in.).
1.8 This specification does not cover oriented heat-shrinkable films.
1.9 This specification defines the levels of various physical properties from which specifications for specific films are to be described. The levels of physical properties required by a film for a given application are selected from Section 6 and the corresponding tables. However, Sections 7.2 – 7.5 relating to tolerances shall apply without change to all film falling within the scope indicated by the title and 1.1 – 1.4.
1.10 This specification covers dimensional tolerances, classification, intrinsic quality requirements, and test methods. The dimensional tolerances include thickness, width, and length or yield. Classification defines types, classes, surfaces, and finishes. The intrinsic quality requirements include density, workmanship, impact strength, tensile strength, heat sealability, and odor, as well as the classification properties for stiffness, coefficient of friction, optical properties, and surface treatment. A sampling method is included.
1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.
1.12 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 10, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate s...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D3981 −09a (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Specification for
Polyethylene Films Made from Medium-Density Polyethylene
for General Use and Packaging Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.9 This specification defines the levels of various physical
properties from which specifications for specific films are to be
1.1 This specification covers unpigmented, unsupported,
described. The levels of physical properties required by a film
sheet or tubular, medium-density polyethylene films (hereafter
for a given application are selected from Section 6 and the
referred to as film or films) from resins having densities in the
3 3 corresponding tables. However, Sections 7.2 – 7.5 relating to
range from 926.0 to 938.0 kg/m (0.926 to 0.938 g/cm ),
tolerances shall apply without change to all film falling within
inclusive, as measured on molded plaques.
the scope indicated by the title and 1.1 – 1.4.
1.2 This specification is applicable to homopolymer poly-
1.10 This specification covers dimensional tolerances,
ethylene but is not restricted to it.
classification, intrinsic quality requirements, and test methods.
1.3 This specification is also applicable to films made from
The dimensional tolerances include thickness, width, and
copolymer polyethylene commonly referred to in industry as
length or yield. Classification defines types, classes, surfaces,
low-pressure polyethylene.
andfinishes.Theintrinsicqualityrequirementsincludedensity,
1.4 This specification is also applicable to films made from workmanship, impact strength, tensile strength, heat
sealability, and odor, as well as the classification properties for
blends of homopolymers and copolymers, including ethylene/
vinyl-acetate copolymers. stiffness, coefficient of friction, optical properties, and surface
treatment. A sampling method is included.
1.5 This specification allows for the use of recycled poly-
ethylene film or resin as feedstock, in whole or in part, as long 1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values in parentheses are given for information
as all the requirements of this specification are met and as long
as any specific requirements as governed by the producer and only.
end user are also met (see Note 1).
1.12 Thefollowingprecautionarycaveatpertainsonlytothe
test methods portion, Section 10, of this specification: This
NOTE 1—Guide D7209 contains terminology and definitions relating to
recycled plastics. standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
1.6 Special care must be exercised if this specification is
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
applied to colored or pigmented films. This specification does
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
notaddressspecificproblemsassociatedwithcoloring,suchas,
tions prior to use.
quantity and quality of pigment dispersion, optical properties,
and increase in density. These and other areas must be taken
NOTE 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
into account by mutual agreement between the supplier and the
2. Referenced Documents
purchaser.
1.7 The thickness of the films covered by this specification 2.1 ASTM Standards:
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
range from 25 to 100 µm (0.001 to 0.004 in.), inclusive. The
maximum width of the sheet or lay-flat is 3.05 m (120 in.). tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
1.8 This specification does not cover oriented heat-
Sheeting
shrinkable films.
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on
Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting,
and Molded Products. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D3981 – 09a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D3981-09AR16. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3981−09a (2016)
NOTE 5—From a polyethylene, polyethylene plastic, or an ethylene
of Transparent Plastics
plastic as defined in Terminology D883.
D1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-
Gradient Technique 5.2 The film shall be made from resins having a density
3 3
D1709 Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film between 926.0 and 938.0 kg/m (0.926 and 0.938 g/cm ),
by the Free-Falling Dart Method inclusive.
D1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of
5.3 The film shall be natural in color (essentially colorless)
Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
unless a color has been agreed upon between the supplier and
D1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics (Withdrawn 1998)
thepurchaser.Ifcolored,thequalityanduniformityofcoloring
D2103 Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting
shall be by agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.
D2457 Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and
Also, if added colorants or pigments are used in an amount
Solid Plastics
such that some film properties are affected, this shall be taken
D2578 TestMethodforWettingTensionofPolyethyleneand
into account by mutual agreement between the supplier and the
Polypropylene Films
purchaser.
D4321 Test Method for Package Yield of Plastic Film
D4703 Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic
6. Physical Requirements
Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets
6.1 Classification Properties:
D4883 Test Method for Density of Polyethylene by the
6.1.1 Type—The 1 % secant modulus for all thicknesses of
Ultrasound Technique
film shall be as specified in Table 1 for Types 0, 1, 2, and 3.
D4976 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and
6.1.2 Surface—The kinetic coefficient of friction shall be as
Extrusion Materials
specified in Table 2 for Surfaces 0, 1, 2, and 3.
D6988 GuideforDeterminationofThicknessofPlasticFilm
6.1.3 Class—The optical properties shall be as specified in
Test Specimens
Table 3 of Classes 0, 1, 2, and 3. The three optical properties
D7209 Guide for Waste Reduction, Resource Recovery, and
of clarity, gloss, and haze do not always correlate. The
Use of Recycled Polymeric Materials and Products (With-
particular property of most importance for the specific appli-
drawn 2015)
cation shall be established and the value for this property shall
E1870 Test Method for Odor and Taste Transfer from
then govern, in case of any inconsistency.
Polymeric Packaging Film
6.1.4 Finish—The surface treatment level of the film shall
NOTE 3—Relevant government regulations also apply to this specifica-
be as specified in Table 4 for Finishes 1, 2, 3, and 4.
tion.
6.2 Other Physical Properties:
NOTE 4—If this product is intended for packaging foods, medicines,
6.2.1 Impact Resistance—Impact resistance of the film shall
drugs, and cosmetics itissubjecttoapplicableregulationsof theFoodand
Drug Administration or the Department of Agriculture and must comply
be established by mutual agreement between the supplier and
withsuchregulations.Ifitisnecessarytocomplywithregulationsofother
the purchaser if this property is required.
government agencies, such as the Consumer Product Safety Commission,
Environmental ProtectionAgency, Department of Transportation, Federal
NOTE 6—Dart-impact resistance of medium-density polyethylene films
Trade Commission, etc., such compliance shall be arranged between the
can be substantially less than that of low-density polyethylene films.
purchaser and the seller prior to placing an order.
6.2.2 Tensile Properties—The tensile strength and elonga-
F88 Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier
tion at break for all thicknesses shall be as specified in Table 5.
Materials
6.2.3 Heat Sealability—The minimum ratio of heat-seal
strengthtothefilmstrengthinthetwoprincipaldirectionsshall
3. Terminology
be as specified in Table 6.
3.1 Unless otherwise indicated the terminology used in this
6.2.4 Odor—The odor level of the film shall average no
specification is in accordance with definitions given in Termi-
more than a 3.5 rating level.
nology D883.
7. Dimensions
4. Classification
7.1 Size—The nominal thickness, width, length per roll or
4.1 The medium-density film is, by this specification, clas-
roll diameter, and yield of the film shall be established by
sified byTypes: 0, 1, 2, and 3; Surfaces: 0, 1, 2, and 3; Classes:
mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.
0, 1, 2, and 3; and Finishes: 1, 2, 3, and 4.These classifications
7.2 Thickness Tolerance—The average thickness and the
are described in detail in 6.1.
thickness variation across the film shall be within the toler-
ances given in Table 7.
5. Materials
5.1 The film shall be made from a homopolymer
polyethylene, copolymer polyethylene (see Note 5), or blends
TABLE 1 Classification for Type
of homopolymers or copolymers, or both, so that it meets the
Type 1 % Secant Modulus, MPa (psi)
density and other film requirements listed herein.
0 170 (25 000) or less
1 >170 to 240 (25 000 to 35 000)
2 >240 to 345 (35 000 to 50 000)
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on 3 greater than 345 (50 000)
www.astm.org.
D3981−09a (2016)
TABLE 2 Classification for Surface
8.2 Roll Formation:
Surface Coefficient of Friction 8.2.1 The diameter of cores upon which film is wound shall
0 greater than 0.7 be established by mutual agreement between the purchaser and
1 >0.4to0.7
the supplier. Cores upon which film is wound must not be
2 >0.2to0.4
recessed at either edge of the roll and shall not extend more
3 0.2 or less
than6mm( ⁄4 in.) beyond either edge of the roll.
8.2.2 Ridge
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D3981 − 09a (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Specification for
Polyethylene Films Made from Medium-Density Polyethylene
for General Use and Packaging Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.9 This specification defines the levels of various physical
properties from which specifications for specific films are to be
1.1 This specification covers unpigmented, unsupported,
described. The levels of physical properties required by a film
sheet or tubular, medium-density polyethylene films (hereafter
for a given application are selected from Section 6 and the
referred to as film or films) from resins having densities in the
3 3 corresponding tables. However, Sections 7.2 – 7.5 relating to
range from 926.0 to 938.0 kg/m (0.926 to 0.938 g/cm ),
tolerances shall apply without change to all film falling within
inclusive, as measured on molded plaques.
the scope indicated by the title and 1.1 – 1.4.
1.2 This specification is applicable to homopolymer poly-
1.10 This specification covers dimensional tolerances,
ethylene but is not restricted to it.
classification, intrinsic quality requirements, and test methods.
1.3 This specification is also applicable to films made from
The dimensional tolerances include thickness, width, and
copolymer polyethylene commonly referred to in industry as
length or yield. Classification defines types, classes, surfaces,
low-pressure polyethylene.
and finishes. The intrinsic quality requirements include density,
workmanship, impact strength, tensile strength, heat
1.4 This specification is also applicable to films made from
blends of homopolymers and copolymers, including ethylene/ sealability, and odor, as well as the classification properties for
stiffness, coefficient of friction, optical properties, and surface
vinyl-acetate copolymers.
treatment. A sampling method is included.
1.5 This specification allows for the use of recycled poly-
1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
ethylene film or resin as feedstock, in whole or in part, as long
as all the requirements of this specification are met and as long standard. The values in parentheses are given for information
only.
as any specific requirements as governed by the producer and
end user are also met (see Note 1).
1.12 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the
test methods portion, Section 10, of this specification: This
NOTE 1—Guide D7209 contains terminology and definitions relating to
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
recycled plastics.
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
1.6 Special care must be exercised if this specification is
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
applied to colored or pigmented films. This specification does
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
not address specific problems associated with coloring, such as,
tions prior to use.
quantity and quality of pigment dispersion, optical properties,
and increase in density. These and other areas must be taken
NOTE 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
into account by mutual agreement between the supplier and the
purchaser. 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.7 The thickness of the films covered by this specification
range from 25 to 100 µm (0.001 to 0.004 in.), inclusive. The D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
maximum width of the sheet or lay-flat is 3.05 m (120 in.).
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
1.8 This specification does not cover oriented heat-
Sheeting
shrinkable films.
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on
Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting,
and Molded Products. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2016. Published May 2016. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D3981 – 09a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D3981-09AR16. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3981 − 09a (2016)
NOTE 5—From a polyethylene, polyethylene plastic, or an ethylene
of Transparent Plastics
plastic as defined in Terminology D883.
D1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-
Gradient Technique 5.2 The film shall be made from resins having a density
3 3
D1709 Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film between 926.0 and 938.0 kg/m (0.926 and 0.938 g/cm ),
by the Free-Falling Dart Method inclusive.
D1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of
5.3 The film shall be natural in color (essentially colorless)
Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
unless a color has been agreed upon between the supplier and
D1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics (Withdrawn 1998)
the purchaser. If colored, the quality and uniformity of coloring
D2103 Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting
shall be by agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.
D2457 Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and
Also, if added colorants or pigments are used in an amount
Solid Plastics
such that some film properties are affected, this shall be taken
D2578 Test Method for Wetting Tension of Polyethylene and
into account by mutual agreement between the supplier and the
Polypropylene Films
purchaser.
D4321 Test Method for Package Yield of Plastic Film
D4703 Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic
6. Physical Requirements
Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets
6.1 Classification Properties:
D4883 Test Method for Density of Polyethylene by the
6.1.1 Type—The 1 % secant modulus for all thicknesses of
Ultrasound Technique
film shall be as specified in Table 1 for Types 0, 1, 2, and 3.
D4976 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and
6.1.2 Surface—The kinetic coefficient of friction shall be as
Extrusion Materials
specified in Table 2 for Surfaces 0, 1, 2, and 3.
D6988 Guide for Determination of Thickness of Plastic Film
6.1.3 Class—The optical properties shall be as specified in
Test Specimens
Table 3 of Classes 0, 1, 2, and 3. The three optical properties
D7209 Guide for Waste Reduction, Resource Recovery, and
of clarity, gloss, and haze do not always correlate. The
Use of Recycled Polymeric Materials and Products (With-
particular property of most importance for the specific appli-
drawn 2015)
cation shall be established and the value for this property shall
E1870 Test Method for Odor and Taste Transfer from
then govern, in case of any inconsistency.
Polymeric Packaging Film
6.1.4 Finish—The surface treatment level of the film shall
NOTE 3—Relevant government regulations also apply to this specifica-
be as specified in Table 4 for Finishes 1, 2, 3, and 4.
tion.
6.2 Other Physical Properties:
NOTE 4—If this product is intended for packaging foods, medicines,
drugs, and cosmetics it is subject to applicable regulations of the Food and 6.2.1 Impact Resistance—Impact resistance of the film shall
Drug Administration or the Department of Agriculture and must comply
be established by mutual agreement between the supplier and
with such regulations. If it is necessary to comply with regulations of other
the purchaser if this property is required.
government agencies, such as the Consumer Product Safety Commission,
Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Transportation, Federal
NOTE 6—Dart-impact resistance of medium-density polyethylene films
Trade Commission, etc., such compliance shall be arranged between the
can be substantially less than that of low-density polyethylene films.
purchaser and the seller prior to placing an order.
6.2.2 Tensile Properties—The tensile strength and elonga-
F88 Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier
tion at break for all thicknesses shall be as specified in Table 5.
Materials
6.2.3 Heat Sealability—The minimum ratio of heat-seal
strength to the film strength in the two principal directions shall
3. Terminology
be as specified in Table 6.
3.1 Unless otherwise indicated the terminology used in this
6.2.4 Odor—The odor level of the film shall average no
specification is in accordance with definitions given in Termi-
more than a 3.5 rating level.
nology D883.
7. Dimensions
4. Classification
7.1 Size—The nominal thickness, width, length per roll or
4.1 The medium-density film is, by this specification, clas-
roll diameter, and yield of the film shall be established by
sified by Types: 0, 1, 2, and 3; Surfaces: 0, 1, 2, and 3; Classes:
mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.
0, 1, 2, and 3; and Finishes: 1, 2, 3, and 4. These classifications
7.2 Thickness Tolerance—The average thickness and the
are described in detail in 6.1.
thickness variation across the film shall be within the toler-
5. Materials ances given in Table 7.
5.1 The film shall be made from a homopolymer
polyethylene, copolymer polyethylene (see Note 5), or blends
TABLE 1 Classification for Type
of homopolymers or copolymers, or both, so that it meets the
Type 1 % Secant Modulus, MPa (psi)
density and other film requirements listed herein.
0 170 (25 000) or less
1 >170 to 240 (25 000 to 35 000)
2 >240 to 345 (35 000 to 50 000)
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on 3 greater than 345 (50 000)
www.astm.org.
D3981 − 09a (2016)
TABLE 2 Classification for Surface
8.2 Roll Formation:
Surface Coefficient of Friction 8.2.1 The diameter of cores upon which film is wound shall
0 greater than 0.7 be established by mutual agreement between the purchaser and
1 >0.4 to 0.7
the supplier. Cores upon which film is wound must not be
2 >0.2 to 0.4
recessed at either edge of the roll and shall not extend more
3 0.2 or less
than 6 mm ( ⁄4 in.) beyond either edge of the roll.
8.2.2 Ridges and soft spots that result in bagginess and
TABLE 3 Cla
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3981 − 09a D3981 − 09a (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Specification for
Polyethylene Films Made from Medium-Density Polyethylene
for General Use and Packaging Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*Scope
1.1 This specification covers unpigmented, unsupported, sheet or tubular, medium-density polyethylene films (hereafter referred
3 3
to as film or films) from resins having densities in the range from 926.0 to 938.0 kg/m (0.926 to 0.938 g/cm ), inclusive, as
measured on molded plaques.
1.2 This specification is applicable to homopolymer polyethylene but is not restricted to it.
1.3 This specification is also applicable to films made from copolymer polyethylene commonly referred to in industry as
low-pressure polyethylene.
1.4 This specification is also applicable to films made from blends of homopolymers and copolymers, including ethylene/
vinyl-acetate copolymers.
1.5 This specification allows for the use of recycled polyethylene film or resin as feedstock, in whole or in part, as long as all
the requirements of this specification are met and as long as any specific requirements as governed by the producer and end user
are also met (see Note 1).
NOTE 1—Guide D7209 contains terminology and definitions relating to recycled plastics.
1.6 Special care must be exercised if this specification is applied to colored or pigmented films. This specification does not
address specific problems associated with coloring, such as, quantity and quality of pigment dispersion, optical properties, and
increase in density. These and other areas must be taken into account by mutual agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.
1.7 The thickness of the films covered by this specification range from 25 to 100 μm (0.001 to 0.004 in.), inclusive. The
maximum width of the sheet or lay-flat is 3.05 m (120 in.).
1.8 This specification does not cover oriented heat-shrinkable films.
1.9 This specification defines the levels of various physical properties from which specifications for specific films are to be
described. The levels of physical properties required by a film for a given application are selected from Section 6 and the
corresponding tables. However, Sections 7.2 – 7.5 relating to tolerances shall apply without change to all film falling within the
scope indicated by the title and 1.1 – 1.4.
1.10 This specification covers dimensional tolerances, classification, intrinsic quality requirements, and test methods. The
dimensional tolerances include thickness, width, and length or yield. Classification defines types, classes, surfaces, and finishes.
The intrinsic quality requirements include density, workmanship, impact strength, tensile strength, heat sealability, and odor, as
well as the classification properties for stiffness, coefficient of friction, optical properties, and surface treatment. A sampling method
is included.
1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.
1.12 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 10, of this specification:This standard
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.19 on Film, Sheeting, and Molded
Products.
Current edition approved May 1, 2009May 1, 2016. Published June 2009May 2016. Originally approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 20082009 as
D3981 – 09.D3981 – 09a. DOI: 10.1520/D3981-09A.10.1520/D3981-09AR16.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3981 − 09a (2016)
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics
D1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique
D1709 Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastic Film by the Free-Falling Dart Method
D1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
D1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics (Withdrawn 1998)
D2103 Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting
D2457 Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
D2578 Test Method for Wetting Tension of Polyethylene and Polypropylene Films
D4321 Test Method for Package Yield of Plastic Film
D4703 Practice for Compression Molding Thermoplastic Materials into Test Specimens, Plaques, or Sheets
D4883 Test Method for Density of Polyethylene by the Ultrasound Technique
D4976 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Molding and Extrusion Materials
D6988 Guide for Determination of Thickness of Plastic Film Test Specimens
D7209 Guide for Waste Reduction, Resource Recovery, and Use of Recycled Polymeric Materials and Products (Withdrawn
2015)
E1870 Test Method for Odor and Taste Transfer from Polymeric Packaging Film
NOTE 3—Relevant government regulations also apply to this specification.
NOTE 4—If this product is intended for packaging foods, medicines, drugs, and cosmetics it is subject to applicable regulations of the Food and Drug
Administration or the Department of Agriculture and must comply with such regulations. If it is necessary to comply with regulations of other government
agencies, such as the Consumer Product Safety Commission, Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Transportation, Federal Trade
Commission, etc., such compliance shall be arranged between the purchaser and the seller prior to placing an order.
F88 Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Unless otherwise indicated the terminology used in this specification is in accordance with definitions given in Terminology
D883.
4. Classification
4.1 The medium-density film is, by this specification, classified by Types: 0, 1, 2, and 3; Surfaces: 0, 1, 2, and 3; Classes: 0,
1, 2, and 3; and Finishes: 1, 2, 3, and 4. These classifications are described in detail in 6.1.
5. Materials
5.1 The film shall be made from a homopolymer polyethylene, copolymer polyethylene (see Note 5), or blends of
homopolymers or copolymers, or both, so that it meets the density and other film requirements listed herein.
NOTE 5—From a polyethylene, polyethylene plastic, or an ethylene plastic as defined in Terminology D883.
3 3
5.2 The film shall be made from resins having a density between 926.0 and 938.0 kg/m (0.926 and 0.938 g/cm ), inclusive.
5.3 The film shall be natural in color (essentially colorless) unless a color has been agreed upon between the supplier and the
purchaser. If colored, the quality and uniformity of coloring shall be by agreement between the supplier and the purchaser. Also,
if added colorants or pigments are used in an amount such that some film properties are affected, this shall be taken into account
by mutual agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.
6. Physical Requirements
6.1 Classification Properties:
6.1.1 Type—The 1 % secant modulus for all thicknesses of film shall be as specified in Table 1 for Types 0, 1, 2, and 3.
6.1.2 Surface—The kinetic coefficient of friction shall be as specified in Table 2 for Surfaces 0, 1, 2, and 3.
6.1.3 Class—The optical properties shall be as specified in Table 3 of Classes 0, 1, 2, and 3. The three optical properties of
clarity, gloss, and haze do not always correlate. The particular property of most importance for the specific application shall be
established and the value for this property shall then govern, in case of any inconsistency.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
D3981 − 09a (2016)
TABLE 1 Classification for Type
Type 1 % Secant Modulus, MPa (psi)
0 170 (25 000) or less
1 >170 to 240 (25 000 to 35 000)
2 >240 to 345 (35 000 to 50 000)
3 greater than 345 (50 000)
TABLE 2 Classification for Surface
Surface Coefficient of Friction
0 greater than 0.7
1 >0.4 to 0.7
2 >0.2 to 0.4
3 0.2 or less
TABLE 3 Classification for Class
A
Class Clarity Gloss Units Haze %
0 — 30 or less greater than 25
1 low >30 to 50 >10 to 25
2 moderate >50 to 70 >5 to 10
3 high greater than 70 0 to 5
A
As yet undefined but refers to degree of see-through visual acuity.
6.1.4 Finish—The surface treatment level of the film shall be as specified in Table 4 for Finishes 1, 2, 3, and 4.
6.2 Other Physical Properties:
6.2.1 Impact Resistance—Impact resistance of the film shall be established by mutual agreement between the supplier and the
purchaser if this property is required.
NOTE 6—Dart-impact resistance of medium-density polyethylene films can be substantially less than that of low-density polyethylene films.
6.2.2 Tensile Properties—The tensile strength and elongation at break for all thicknesses shall be as specified in Table 5.
6.2.3 Heat Sealability—The minimum ratio of heat-seal strength to the film strength in the two principal directions shall be as
specified in Table 6.
6.2.4 Odor—The odor level of the film shall average no more than a 3.5 rating level.
7. Dimensions
7.1 Size—The nominal thickness, width, length per roll or roll diameter, and yield of the film shall be established by mutual
agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.
7.2 Thickness Tolerance—The average thickness and the thickness variation across the film shall be within the tolerances given
in Table 7.
7.3 Width Tolerance—The width shall be within the tolerances given in Table 8.
7.4 Yield Tolerance—The deviation of the actual yield from nominal yield shall be within the tolerances given in Table 9.
7.5 Flatness—The flatness of the film shall be within limits as mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.
8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
8.1 Film—The film shall have workmanship qualities conforming to good commercial practice. The quality of film with regard
to gels, streaks, pinholes, particles of foreign matter, undispersed raw materials, holes, tears, and blisters shall be mutually
established between the purchaser and the supplier.
8.2 Roll Formation:
TABLE 4 Classification for Finish
Finish Wetting Tension, dynes/cm
1 32, 33, 34
2 35, 36, 37
3 38, 39, 40
4 41 and over
D3981 − 09a (2016)
TABLE 5 Tensile Properties
Transverse
Property Units Machine Direction
Direction
Minimum tensile MPa (psi) 14.1 (2000) 10.5 (1500)
strength
Minimum % 100 300
elongation
TABLE 6 Heat Sealability
Minimum Ratio of Heat Seal
A
Finish of Contact Surfaces
B
Strengths
2 to 2 0.60
1 to 2 0.60
1 to 1 0.75
A
Heat sealability is not applicable to films with finish greater than 2.
B
The ratio is:
average stress sforce/unit widthd for seal break
average stress force/unit width for film break
s d
in the same film orientation.
Care shall be taken that the film samples for the ratio measurement are repre-
sentative of each other.
8.2.1 The diameter of cores upon which film is wound shall be established by mutual agreement between the purchaser and the
supplier. Cores upon which film is wound must not be recessed at either edge of the roll and shall not extend more than 6 mm ( ⁄4
in.) beyond either edge of the roll.
8.2.2 Ridges and soft spots that result in bagginess and looseness of the unwound film are grounds for rejection by the purchaser
on a roll-to-roll basis if the conditions contribute to poor performance of the film and end-use application.
8.2.3 The edges of the roll must be free of nicks and cuts, and the general condition of roll edges must not interfere with the
unwinding of the rolls.
8.2.4 The type and number of splices and flaggings of splices or breaks (if unspliced) in rolls of more than one piece shall be
established by mutual agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.
9. Sampling
9.1 Statistically based sampling plans that are appropriate for each particular product or quantity shall be used to obtain samples
for use in determining compliance with this specification. Refer to Practice D1898 for guidance.
9.2 For the purposes of developing supplier or purchaser specifications a lot size generally refers to the number of rolls in a lot.
Sampling units are those rolls selected by random numbers from the lot. A unit sample is the sample of film taken from the roll.
Take care in taking unit samples. Unwind and discard several turns from the roll and then take more than enough sample to run
all specified tests. Do not allow the sample to become soiled. Ensure that the sample is not folded or creased excessively.
10. Test Methods
10.1 Conditioning—Condition the test specimens at 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) for not less than 40 h prior to test in accordance
with Specification D4976 or as otherwise specified by agreement. In cases of disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61°C (61.8°F)
10.2 Test Conditions—Conduct tests at 23 6 2°C (73.4 6 3.6°F) in accordance with Specification D4976 or as otherwise
specified by agreement. In cases of disagreement, the tolerances shall be 61°C (61.8°F).
10.3 In addition, for films containing hydrophilic fillers, co-monomers, pigments or other modifiers, conditioning and testing
shall be done at 50 6 10 % relative humidity. In cases of disagreement, the tolerance shall be 65 % relative humidity.
10.4 Width—Measure the width with a metal rule capable of measuring to an accuracy of 61 mm (or ⁄16 in.).
10.5 Thickness—Measure the thickness in acco
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