ASTM E894-88(2010)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Anchorage of Permanent Metal Railing Systems and Rails for Buildings
Standard Test Method for Anchorage of Permanent Metal Railing Systems and Rails for Buildings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended to provide data from which applicable design data can be derived for a given anchorage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures to be followed in testing the performance of the anchorage of all types of new and existing permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems), and rails (hand, grab, and transfer rails) installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings.
1.2 This test method is applicable to railing systems and rails having major structural components made of metal and secondary components made of metal or other materials such as wood, plastics, and glass.
1.3 The test method described can be used to determine whether the anchorage of permanent metal railing systems and rails complies with anticipated performance requirements.
1.4 Specifically, this test method covers procedures for determining the static tension, shear, and moment resistance of anchorages for permanent metal railing systems, and rails in structural elements made of concrete, masonry, wood, and metal as well as related products.
1.5 No consideration is given in this test method to any possible deterioration of anchorage systems, resulting from adverse environmental conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.
1.6 Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing may be employed for purposes of verification.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: E894 − 88 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Method for
Anchorage of Permanent Metal Railing Systems and Rails
for Buildings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This test method describes procedures to be followed in
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
testing the performance of the anchorage of all types of new
statements, see Section 6.
and existing permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and
ramp-rail systems), and rails (hand, grab, and transfer rails)
2. Referenced Documents
installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residen-
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
tial buildings.
E488/E488MTest Methods for Strength of Anchors in
1.2 This test method is applicable to railing systems and
Concrete Elements
rails having major structural components made of metal and
E575Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests of
secondary components made of metal or other materials such
Building Constructions, Elements, Connections, and As-
as wood, plastics, and glass.
semblies
1.3 The test method described can be used to determine E631Terminology of Building Constructions
whether the anchorage of permanent metal railing systems and
E985Specification for Permanent Metal Railing Systems
rails complies with anticipated performance requirements. and Rails for Buildings (Withdrawn 2015)
1.4 Specifically, this test method covers procedures for
3. Terminology
determining the static tension, shear, and moment resistance of
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
anchorages for permanent metal railing systems, and rails in
method, see Terminology E631 and Specification E985.
structural elements made of concrete, masonry, wood, and
metal as well as related products.
4. Significance and Use
1.5 No consideration is given in this test method to any
4.1 This test method is intended to provide data from which
possible deterioration of anchorage systems, resulting from
applicable design data can be derived for a given anchorage.
adverse environmental conditions. The performance of special
tests covering this aspect may be desirable.
5. Apparatus
1.6 Should computations make it possible to provide the
5.1 Testing Machine—Any testing machine or loading sys-
needed information, testing may be employed for purposes of
temcapableofimposingforcesaccuratetowithin 61%,when
verification.
calibrated in accordance with Practice E4, is suitable and may
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as be used, provided the requirements of specified rate of loading
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical and recovery are met. The testing device shall be of sufficient
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa- capacity to prevent yielding of its various components and
tion only and are not considered standard. shallensurethattheappliedtensionloadremainsparalleltothe
relevant axis of the anchorage assembly and that the applied
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
shear load remains essentially parallel to the surface of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
structural anchorage element or component during testing.
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.56 contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
on Performance of Railing Systems and Glass for Floors and Stairs. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E894–88(2004). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/E0894-88R10. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E894 − 88 (Reapproved 2010)
5.1.1 Tension Test—Suitable systems for applying tension
forces to the anchorage assembly are shown in Fig. 1 for
laboratory testing and in Fig. 2 for field testing. The bearing
plates shall be of sufficient size to prevent failure of the
surrounding structural members or components. The loading
device shall be attached to the assembly by means of pins or a
swivel connector to prevent the direct transfer of bending
stresses through the connection.
5.1.2 Shear Test—A suitable system for applying shear
forces to the anchorage assembly normal to the plane or major
axis of the railing is shown in Fig. 3. The loading device shall
be of sufficient strength to prevent its yielding during the
ultimate capacity tests on the assembly.The bearing plates and
connectionsshallbeofsufficientsizetopreventlocalfailureof
the structural member. The load shall be distributed by means
of a load-distribution device which makes it possible for the
force to be applied perpendicular to the long axes of the
anchors. The bearing plate and other tie-down devices provide
ameansofholdingtheanchoragememberorcomponentatthe
required elevation throughout the test. The loading devices
shall be of such material as to reduce any damage to the
loading contact area of the device to a minimum during
application of the shear force and shall be replaced when
damaged.
5.1.3 Flexural Test—A suitable system for applying tensile
forces to the top of the rail post is shown in Fig. 4. The
FIG. 2 Diagrammatic Test Set-up for Applying Tensile Force to
necessary test devices shall fulfill the requirements given in
Rail, Rail Post, Flange Plate, and Flange-Plate Anchors with
5.1.2 and be applicable to the flexural test. Field-testing Device
5.2 Anchorage Slip and Railing-System or Rail Deflection
Measurements:
5.2.1 Tension Test—Two dial gages, having a smallest
nents.Thepurposeoftheinstrumentsistomeasurethevertical
divisionofnotmorethan0.025mm(0.001in.),oranysuitable
movement of the anchored system with respect to such points
measurementdeviceorcalibratedsensorofatleastcomparable
on the structural members or components which can serve as
accuracy and sensitivity shall be used to measure slip of the
reference points without being influenced by the force applied
anchored system relative to the anchorage elements or compo-
by the anchoring system (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). The slip to be
used for the evaluation of the findings shall be the average
deformation indicated by the two dial gages, measurement
devices, or sensors.
5.2.2 Shear Test—A single dial gage, having a smallest
divisionofnotmorethan0.025mm(0.001in.),oranysuitable
measurementdeviceorcalibratedsensorofatleastcomparable
accuracy and sensitivity shall be used to measure slip of the
anchored system relative to the anchorage elements or compo-
nents.
5.2.3 Flexural Test—Asingledialgageforthetestshownin
Fig. 4, having a smallest division of not more than 0.25 mm
(0.01 in.), or any suitable measurement device or calibrated
sensor of at least comparable accuracy and sensitivity shall be
used to measure the horizontal displacement of the top of the
rail post relative to its original location prior to load applica-
tion.
6. Hazards
6.1 Possible injury to personnel and damage to the test
equipment and instrumentation prior to, during, and after load
NOTE 1—See Test Method E488/E488M, Fig. 1 for alternative test
application by any unexpected release of potential strain
set-up with a testing machine in the laboratory.
energyaccumulatedduringtestingcanoccurandmustbegiven
FIG. 1 Diagrammatic Test Set-up for Applying Tensile Force to
Rail, Rail Post, Flange Plate, and Flange-Plate Anchors consideration.
E894 − 88 (Reapproved 2010)
NOTE 1—See Test Methods E488/E488M, Fig. 2, for an alternative test set-up with a testing machine in the laboratory.
FIG. 3 Diagrammatic Test Set-up for Applying Shear Force to Rail Flange, Rail-Post Flange, and Flange Anchors
6.2 If tests are conducted in a structure and not in a testing
laboratory, exercise caution against unwanted damage to the
building, its components, and its finish.
7. Anchorage Considerations
7.1 Anchorage requirements should be based on design and
performance requirements. The fastenings and fasteners used
for the anchorage to be tested shall be designed in accordance
with the specified materials and applicable specifications and
shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s or
designer’s specification or, where specific deviations are
justified, in accordance with good field practice. Typical
anchorages are shown in Appendix X1 in diagrammatic form.
8. Test Selection
8.1 Only that particular test needs to be performed that is
considered necessary to provide information required by the
requestingparty,testingagency,andregulatorybodyinvolved.
9. Test Specimens
9.1 Structural System—The structural elements and compo-
nents of the structural assembly to be tested shall be in
accordancewithandtypicalofthematerialsandconfigurations
specified,exceptthattheoverallsizeofthetestspecimensmay
FIG. 4 Diagrammatic Test Set-up for Applying Force to Top of
bereducedtosuchanextentthatthereductioninsizeisproven
Rail Post to be Tested in Flexure for Determination of Tensile
Load Reactions for Rail-Post Anchors to be of no influence on the interpretation of the test data and
findings.
E894 − 88 (Reapproved 2010)
9.2 Anchored System—The anchored railings and rails to be way that the bearing plates are equidistant from the center of
tested shall be representative of the type and lot to be used in the anchorage devices and spaced apart so as not to be of any
the actual structure. influence on the test findings. Thus, the failure plane of the
anchorage system will not intersect with the area below the
9.3 Anchorage System—The structural anchorage elements
bearingplates.Positiontheloadingdevicesothatitiscentered
and components to be tested shall be representative of the
over the anchorage devices to be tested. Provide uniform
construction to be used in the field.
contact between the surface of the structural members or
9.4 Anchoring System—The anchoring devices to be tested
components and the support system. If unusual irregularities
shall be representative of the type and lot to be used in field
are present on the surface of the structural element or
constructionandshallinclude,insofarasfeasible,allaccessory
component, provide a suitable bearing medium between the
devices and hardware normally required for design and use.
structural element or component and the support system, such
9.5 Anchorage Installation—Installtheanchoringdevicesto asapasteofcalcinedgypsum(plasterofparis)orhigh-strength
gypsum. Permit sufficient time before testing to develop the
be tested in accordance with field installation procedures to be
used in the building for which the data are applicable. necessary compressive strength of the bearing medium. For all
types of bearing media, follow the manufacturer’s recommen-
9.6 Anchorage Placement—Test all individual anchoring
dations as to their use. In the final alignment of the test
devices and systems used in a given installation individually.
specimen, ensure that the force to be applied through the
Simultaneously test as a complete unit closely spaced anchor-
loading rod is perpendicular to the surface of the structural
ing devices and systems that may interact.
members or components.
12.1.2 Shear Test (see Fig. 3)—Position and fasten the
10. Number of Test Specimens
structural members or components in the support system in
10.1 Determine suitable statistical parameters to evaluate
such a way that their test surfaces are parallel to the long axis
thecompositevariabilityandtoselectthenumberofspecimens
of the shearing devices. For structural members with unusual
required to make a realistic determination of the performance
coarse-textured or finished surfaces, provide a suitable bearing
characteristics of the anchorage under examination. Consider
layer between the structural element or component and the
triplicatetestspecimensaminimumforeachtypeofanchorage
support system with a suitable bearing material as described in
system to be tested under given conditions.Alarger number of
12.1.1.
specimens may be specified depending upon the design and
12.1.3 Flexural Test (seeFig.4)—Positiontherailingpostin
variability in the quality of the anchorage devices and the
such a way that the load is applied to the structural member
anchoring elements and components.
horizontally and essentially perpendicular to the rail without
causing any local failure at the point of load application.
11. Conditioning
12.2 Mounting of Instruments:
11.1 Conditioning and Curing—If aging, seasoning, or cur-
12.2.1 Tension Test—Mount the two dial gages, measure-
ing conditions affect the performance and capacity of the
ment devices, or sensors as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Place the
anchorage system, take appropriate measures in accordance
sensingelementsoftheinstrumentsincontactwithandnormal
with the recommendations of the anchor manufacturer, to age,
to the surface of the structural anchorage element or compo-
season, or cure the anchorage and anchoring system prior to
nent being tested in such a way as to measure displacement in
testing.Reportsuchconditionsindetail.Observetheirphysical
the direction of the applied load.
effects and fully describe them in the test report.
12.2.2 Shear Test—Mount the single dial gage, measure-
11.2 Moisture and Temperature Conditions (applicable only
ment device, or sensor as shown in Fig. 3. Place the sensing
to hygroscopic products)—If the prevailing moisture and tem-
elementoftheinstrumentagainstaplatefastenedtothesurface
perature conditions can affect the performance of anchorage
of the structural anchorage element or component in such a
systems, hold these parameters constant for a given series of
way as to measure displacement in the direction of the applied
testsonagivenanchoragesystem.Thechoiceofthecontrolled
load.
conditions depends on the environment of the field conditions
12.2.3 Flexural Test—Attach
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