E06.56 - Performance of Railing Systems and Glass for Floors and Stairs

ABSTRACT
This specification covers permanent metal railing systems (such as guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems) and rails (such as hand, wall, grab, and transfer rails) for use in agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings. Also covered in this specification are basic design requirements and considerations, and minimum criteria for load and deflections; however, it does not cover design criteria for specific field conditions. Railing systems and rails shall be manufactured with major structural components made of metal and secondary components made of metal, wood, plastics, or glass, and shall withstand forces that may potentially be exerted by building users. Tests for static loading and deflection shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Metal railing systems and rails for buildings usually are designed, manufactured, and installed to withstand forces potentially exerted by the building users.  
5.2 The metal railing systems and rails shall not be considered a part of the structural system of the building unless this is expressly provided for in the design.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems) and rails (hand, wall, grab, and transfer rails) installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings. However, this standard does not cover metal railing systems installed in and for industrial, commercial, and other non-residential workplace occupancies where normally only adults will be present or have access, and for which guardrail or handrail requirements are specified by occupational safety and health safety regulations and standards. This standard does not cover ballasted railing systems.  
1.2 This specification is intended to be applied to permanent metal railing systems for buildings and to such railing systems and rails having major structural components made of metal, with their secondary components made of metal or other materials such as wood, plastics, and glass.  
1.3 This specification considers that today's and tomorrow's overall outlook is based on the health and safety of all potential users of buildings. The criteria incorporated in this specification provide for normal and anticipated building uses, but not for abuses for which the building and its components are not designed.  
1.4 This specification establishes basic minimum requirements and criteria that lead to satisfactory products under normal use conditions and does not give consideration to design criteria for specific field conditions, the establishment of which is the prerogative and responsibility of the designer, specification writer, and code agencies.  
1.5 Sources of supportive information are listed in the Reference section (1-28).3  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the classification, design and performance requirements, and test methods for glass in permanent railing systems, guards, and balustrades installed in agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings. This specification considers that the overall outlook is based on the health and safety of all potential users of buildings, and establishes the basic minimum requirements and criteria that lead to satisfactory products under normal and anticipated building uses, and not for abuses for which the building and its components are not designed. Also, this specification does not give consideration to design criteria for specific field conditions, the establishment of which is the prerogative and responsibility of the designer, specification writer, and regulatory agencies.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
11.1 The significance and use of the test methods is contained in Test Methods E2353.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers glass in permanent railing systems, guards, and balustrades, including components such as rails and swing gates or other forms of required guardrail opening protection installed in agricultural, assembly, comme-
rcial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings, and other structures such as towers or elevated platforms.  
1.2 This specification is intended to be applied to permanent glass or other glazing railing systems for buildings and to such railing systems, rails, guards, and balustrades having major structural components made of glass or other glazing material, or the secondary components such as infill or balusters made of glass or other glazing material.  
1.3 This specification considers that the overall outlook is based on the health and safety of all potential users of buildings. The criteria incorporated in this specification provide for normal and anticipated building uses, but not for abuses for which the building and its components are not designed.  
1.4 This specification establishes basic minimum requirements and criteria that lead to satisfactory products under normal use conditions and does not give consideration to design criteria for specific field conditions, the establishment of which is the prerogative and responsibility of the designer, specification writer, and regulatory agencies.  
1.5  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended to provide data from which applicable design data can be derived for a given anchorage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures to be followed in testing the performance of the anchorage of all types of new and existing permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems), and rails (hand, grab, and transfer rails) installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to railing systems and rails having major structural components made of metal and secondary components made of metal or other materials such as wood, plastics, and glass.  
1.3 The test method described can be used to determine whether the anchorage of permanent metal railing systems and rails complies with anticipated performance requirements.  
1.4 Specifically, this test method covers procedures for determining the static tension, shear, and moment resistance of anchorages for permanent metal railing systems, and rails in structural elements made of concrete, masonry, wood, and metal as well as related products.  
1.5 No consideration is given in this test method to any possible deterioration of anchorage systems, resulting from adverse environmental conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.  
1.6 Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing may be employed for purposes of verification.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are intended to provide information from which applicable design and performance data can be derived for the performance of metal railing systems and rails installed and fastened to structural elements of concrete, masonry, wood, and metal as well as related products.  
4.2 These test methods may be used to determine whether railing systems comply with requirements of the applicable performance specifications.  
4.3 These test methods are intended for use in the buying and selling of railing systems and components according to performance specifications, for use in product development research, for use in quality assurance and manufacturing process control, for use in developing performance standards, and for use in field and laboratory compliance determination. Typical floor-mounted railings are shown in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Front Views of Sections of Three Typical Railing Systems
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures to be followed in testing the performance of permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems), including components such as rails (hand, wall, grab, and transfer rails) and swing gates or other forms of required guardrail opening protection, installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings and other structures, such as towers or elevated platforms.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to such railing systems and rails having major structural components made of metal, with their secondary components, including swing gates or other forms of guardrail opening protection, made of metal or other materials such as wood, plastic, and glass.  
1.3 These test methods can be used to determine whether permanent metal railing systems and rails,2 including components, comply with requirements of the applicable performance specifications, such as building codes, or performance standards such as those described in Specification E985, ANSI/ASSE A1264.1, and OSHA 1910.23.  
1.4 Specifically, these test methods cover procedures for determining the static strength of metal railing systems, rails and components as structural elements when installed and fastened to concrete, masonry, wood, and metal, as well as related products.  
1.5 No consideration is given in these test methods to any possible deterioration of metal railing systems, rails, and connections, resulting from adverse environmental conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.  
1.6 These test methods are limited to the application of the loads described herein.  
1.7 Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing can be employed for verification.  
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 11.2.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology consists of terms and definitions pertaining to railing systems and rails for buildings, and in particular, terms related to the standards generated by ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Building Constructions.  
1.2 The purpose of this terminology is to provide meanings and explanations of technical terms, written for both the technical expert and the non-expert user.  
1.3 This terminology is one of a group of special terminologies subsidiary to the comprehensive Terminology E631.  
1.4 Terms are listed in alphabetical sequence. Compound terms appear in the natural spoken order. Where definitions herein are adopted from other sources, they are exact copies. The source is identified at the right margin following the definition and is listed in Section 2.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures to be followed in testing the performance of glazing in permanent railing systems, guards and balustrades including components such as rails and swing gates or other forms of required guardrail opening protection installed in and for assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, stadiums, recreational, and residential buildings and other structures such as towers or elevated platforms.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to such railing, guard, and balustrade systems having glass or other glazing materials as the major structural component or the infill panel including swing gates and other forms of guardrail protection.  
1.3 These test methods can be used to determine whether permanent rails, guards and balustrades including components, having glass or other glazing material comply with requirements of performance specifications, codes, norms, and standards.  
1.4 Specifically, these test methods cover procedures for determining the static strength, impact performance, and post-breakage characteristics of railing systems, guards, and balustrades, including a component with glass or other glazing material installed in one, two, three and four-side support systems fastened to concrete, masonry, wood, metal, and related products.  
1.5 No consideration is given in these test methods to any possible deterioration of the railing, guard, or balustrade system or their connections and fasteners as resulting from adverse environmental or in-service conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.  
1.6 These test methods are limited to the application of loads and impact resistance described herein. Whenever uniformly distributed loads are to be resisted by a railing system, guard, or balustrade in accordance with governing specifications, codes, norms, and standards, the effects of such loads on the member stresses shall be determined by calculation and the corresponding concentrated and linear loads shall be tested. Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing can be employed for verification.  
1.7 These test methods address the capability of glass or other glazing material supported by rails, guards, or balustrades, or both, in one, two, three, and four-sided support systems to continue in their function as a barrier by remaining in the designed framing system after impact or glazing breakage. These test methods do not address structural limitation of glazed or glass rails, guards, and balustrades or vehicular guards except when in the area of a pedestrian walkway.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Certain values contained in reference documents cited and quoted herein may be stated in inch-pound units and must be converted by the user.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended to provide data from which applicable design data can be derived for a given anchorage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures to be followed in testing the performance of the anchorage of all types of new and existing permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems), and rails (hand, grab, and transfer rails) installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to railing systems and rails having major structural components made of metal and secondary components made of metal or other materials such as wood, plastics, and glass.  
1.3 The test method described can be used to determine whether the anchorage of permanent metal railing systems and rails complies with anticipated performance requirements.  
1.4 Specifically, this test method covers procedures for determining the static tension, shear, and moment resistance of anchorages for permanent metal railing systems, and rails in structural elements made of concrete, masonry, wood, and metal as well as related products.  
1.5 No consideration is given in this test method to any possible deterioration of anchorage systems, resulting from adverse environmental conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.  
1.6 Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing may be employed for purposes of verification.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the classification, design and performance requirements, and test methods for glass in permanent railing systems, guards, and balustrades installed in agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings. This specification considers that the overall outlook is based on the health and safety of all potential users of buildings, and establishes the basic minimum requirements and criteria that lead to satisfactory products under normal and anticipated building uses, and not for abuses for which the building and its components are not designed. Also, this specification does not give consideration to design criteria for specific field conditions, the establishment of which is the prerogative and responsibility of the designer, specification writer, and regulatory agencies.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
11.1 The significance and use of the test methods is contained in Test Methods E2353.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers glass in permanent railing systems, guards, and balustrades, including components such as rails and swing gates or other forms of required guardrail opening protection installed in agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings, and other structures such as towers or elevated platforms.  
1.2 This specification is intended to be applied to permanent glass or other glazing railing systems for buildings and to such railing systems, rails, guards, and balustrades having major structural components made of glass or other glazing material, or the secondary components such as infill or balusters made of glass or other glazing material.  
1.3 This specification considers that the overall outlook is based on the health and safety of all potential users of buildings. The criteria incorporated in this specification provide for normal and anticipated building uses, but not for abuses for which the building and its components are not designed.  
1.4 This specification establishes basic minimum requirements and criteria that lead to satisfactory products under normal use conditions and does not give consideration to design criteria for specific field conditions, the establishment of which is the prerogative and responsibility of the designer, specification writer, and regulatory agencies.  
1.5  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Glass is a brittle material with different time and temperature-dependent properties than other solid materials used as walkways surfaces. Therefore, the type of glass is an important consideration in the design and construction of glass treads and glass landings constructed with laminated glass.  
4.2 Post-breakage glass retention is an important consideration in the design of a glass walkway system as a means of minimizing tripping, cutting/piercing injuries, or fall-through or fallout of the glass.  
4.3 The structural design shall be confirmed by calculations by a licensed design professional in accordance with Section 5.  
4.4 If testing is required (see 4.4.1 – 4.4.3) to verify post-glass breakage behavior of the glass walkway, the testing shall be in accordance with Section 6.  
4.4.1 For laminates with two glass plies, verification testing is required.  
4.4.2 For laminates with more than two glass plies, verification testing is not required provided that calculations completed in accordance with 4.3 demonstrate that the glass assembly has sufficient strength to sustain the full design load with any one glass ply broken.  
4.4.3 When verifying post-breakage behavior by calculation, allowable glass stress for 10 min load duration in accordance with Table 1 shall be used for all load cases.  
4.5 The manufacturer or designer of glass walkway systems shall provide installation directions and fabrication and installation tolerances of their systems.  
4.6 The structural integrity of the glass walkway system after glass breakage shall be sufficient to support the design loads after any one glass ply is broken. If damage of any kind occurs, the walkway shall be cordoned off and the installation shall be inspected to ensure structural integrity and pedestrian safety of the system.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice addresses elements related to load-bearing glass walkways, glass treads, and glass landings constructed with laminated glass. This standard includes performance, design, and safe behavior considerations. It addresses the characteristics unique to glass and laminated glass. Issues that are common to all walkways, such as slip resistance, are addressed in existing referenced standards.  
1.2 This practice does not address glass walkways constructed with monolithic glass, glass block, insulating glass units, glass tiles that are directly bonded to a non-glass structural substrate, or glass walkways intended to support vehicular traffic.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures to be followed in testing the performance of glazing in permanent railing systems, guards and balustrades including components such as rails and swing gates or other forms of required guardrail opening protection installed in and for assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, stadiums, recreational, and residential buildings and other structures such as towers or elevated platforms.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to such railing, guard, and balustrade systems having glass or other glazing materials as the major structural component or the infill panel including swing gates and other forms of guardrail protection.  
1.3 These test methods can be used to determine whether permanent rails, guards and balustrades including components, having glass or other glazing material comply with requirements of performance specifications, codes, norms, and standards.  
1.4 Specifically, these test methods cover procedures for determining the static strength, impact performance, and post-breakage characteristics of railing systems, guards, and balustrades, including a component with glass or other glazing material installed in one, two, three and four-side support systems fastened to concrete, masonry, wood, metal, and related products.  
1.5 No consideration is given in these test methods to any possible deterioration of the railing, guard, or balustrade system or their connections and fasteners as resulting from adverse environmental or in-service conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.  
1.6 These test methods are limited to the application of loads and impact resistance described herein. Whenever uniformly distributed loads are to be resisted by a railing system, guard, or balustrade in accordance with governing specifications, codes, norms, and standards, the effects of such loads on the member stresses shall be determined by calculation and the corresponding concentrated and linear loads shall be tested. Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing can be employed for verification.  
1.7 These test methods address the capability of glass or other glazing material supported by rails, guards, or balustrades, or both, in one, two, three, and four-sided support systems to continue in their function as a barrier by remaining in the designed framing system after impact or glazing breakage. These test methods do not address structural limitation of glazed or glass rails, guards, and balustrades or vehicular guards except when in the area of a pedestrian walkway.  
1.8 All values are stated in SI units and are to be regarded as standard. Values given in parentheses are for information only. Certain values contained in reference documents cited and quoted herein may be stated in inch-pound units and must be converted by the user.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers permanent metal railing systems (such as guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems) and rails (such as hand, wall, grab, and transfer rails) for use in agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings. Also covered in this specification are basic design requirements and considerations, and minimum criteria for load and deflections; however, it does not cover design criteria for specific field conditions. Railing systems and rails shall be manufactured with major structural components made of metal and secondary components made of metal, wood, plastics, or glass, and shall withstand forces that may potentially be exerted by building users. Tests for static loading and deflection shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems) and rails (hand, wall, grab, and transfer rails) installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings.
1.2 This specification is intended to be applied to permanent metal railing systems for buildings and to such railing systems and rails having major structural components made of metal, with their secondary components made of metal or other materials such as wood, plastics, and glass.
1.3 This specification considers that today's and tomorrow's overall outlook is based on the health and safety of all potential users of buildings. The criteria incorporated in this specification provide for normal and anticipated building uses, but not for abuses for which the building and its components are not designed.
1.4 This specification establishes basic minimum requirements and criteria that lead to satisfactory products under normal use conditions and does not give consideration to design criteria for specific field conditions, the establishment of which is the prerogative and responsibility of the designer, specification writer, and code agencies.
1.5 Sources of supportive information are listed in the Reference section ().
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures to be followed in testing the performance of glazing in permanent railing systems, guards and balustrades including components such as rails and swing gates or other forms of required guardrail opening protection installed in and for assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, stadiums, recreational, and residential buildings and other structures such as towers or elevated platforms.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to such railing, guard, and balustrade systems having glass or other glazing materials as the major structural component or the infill panel including swing gates and other forms of guardrail protection.  
1.3 These test methods can be used to determine whether permanent rails, guards and balustrades including components, having glass or other glazing material comply with requirements of performance specifications, codes, norms, and standards.  
1.4 Specifically, these test methods cover procedures for determining the static strength, impact performance, and post-breakage characteristics of railing systems, guards, and balustrades, including a component with glass or other glazing material installed in one, two, three and four-side support systems fastened to concrete, masonry, wood, metal, and related products.  
1.5 No consideration is given in these test methods to any possible deterioration of the railing, guard, or balustrade system or their connections and fasteners as resulting from adverse environmental or in-service conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.  
1.6 These test methods are limited to the application of loads and impact resistance described herein. Whenever uniformly distributed loads are to be resisted by a railing system, guard, or balustrade in accordance with governing specifications, codes, norms, and standards, the effects of such loads on the member stresses shall be determined by calculation and the corresponding concentrated and linear loads shall be tested. Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing can be employed for verification.  
1.7 These test methods address the capability of glass or other glazing material rails, guards, and balustrades in one, two, three and four-sided support systems to continue in their function as a barrier by remaining in the designed framing system after impact or glass breakage. These test methods do not address structural limitation of glass rails, guards, and balustrades or vehicular guards except when in the area of a pedestrian walkway.  
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology consists of terms and definitions pertaining to railing systems and rails for buildings, and in particular, terms related to the standards generated by ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Building Constructions.  
1.2 The purpose of this terminology is to provide meanings and explanations of technical terms, written for both the technical expert and the non-expert user.  
1.3 This terminology is one of a group of special terminologies subsidiary to the comprehensive Terminology E631.  
1.4 Terms are listed in alphabetical sequence. Compound terms appear in the natural spoken order. Where definitions herein are adopted from other sources, they are exact copies. The source is identified at the right margin following the definition and is listed in Section 2.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Glass is a brittle material with different time and temperature-dependent properties than other solid materials used as walkways surfaces. Therefore, the type of glass is an important consideration in the design and construction of glass treads and glass landings constructed with laminated glass.  
4.2 Post-breakage glass retention is an important consideration in the design of a glass walkway system as a means of minimizing tripping, cutting/piercing injuries, or fall-through or fallout of the glass.  
4.3 The structural design shall be confirmed by calculations by a licensed design professional in accordance with Section 5.  
4.4 If testing is required (see 4.4.1-4.4.3) to verify post-glass breakage behavior of the glass walkway, the testing shall be in accordance with Section 6.  
4.4.1 For laminates with two glass plies, verification testing is required.  
4.4.2 For laminates with more than two glass plies, verification testing is not required provided that calculations completed in accordance with 4.3 demonstrate that the glass assembly has sufficient strength to sustain the full design load with any one glass ply broken.  
4.4.3 When verifying post-breakage behavior by calculation, allowable glass stress for 10 min load duration in accordance with Table 1 shall be used for all load cases.TABLE 1 Allowable Glass Stresses for Nominal Load ConditionsNote 1—An allowable stress reduction factor of 0.5 is recommended for disruptive surface treatments, for example, sandblasting, unless otherwise provided by the manufacturer. A glass stress reduction factor may be required for some acid etched or patterned glasses; consult the manufacturer.Note 2—Values derived from Practice E1300, Table X9.1 (seamed edges), factored for load duration using Practice E1300, Equation X7.1, using n = 16 for annealed glass, n = 32 for heat strengthened glass, and n = 48 for tempered glass.    
Glass Type  
3-sec
MPa [psi]  
10-min
MPa [psi]  
60-min
MPa [psi]  
Perman...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice addresses elements related to load-bearing glass walkways, glass treads, and glass landings constructed with laminated glass. This standard includes performance, design, and safe behavior considerations. It addresses the characteristics unique to glass and laminated glass. Issues that are common to all walkways, such as slip resistance, are addressed in existing referenced standards.  
1.2 This practice does not address glass walkways constructed with monolithic glass, glass block, insulating glass units, glass tiles that are directly bonded to a non-glass structural substrate, or glass walkways intended to support vehicular traffic.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are intended to provide information from which applicable design and performance data can be derived for the performance of metal railing systems and rails installed and fastened to structural elements of concrete, masonry, wood, and metal as well as related products.  
4.2 These test methods may be used to determine whether railing systems comply with requirements of the applicable performance specifications.  
4.3 These test methods are intended for use in the buying and selling of railing systems and components according to performance specifications, for use in product development research, for use in quality assurance and manufacturing process control, for use in developing performance standards, and for use in field and laboratory compliance determination. Typical floor-mounted railings are shown in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Front Views of Sections of Three Typical Railing Systems
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures to be followed in testing the performance of permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems), including components such as rails (hand, wall, grab, and transfer rails) and swing gates or other forms of required guardrail opening protection, installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings and other structures, such as towers or elevated platforms.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to such railing systems and rails having major structural components made of metal, with their secondary components, including swing gates or other forms of guardrail protection, made of metal or other materials such as wood, plastic, and glass.  
1.3 These test methods can be used to determine whether permanent metal railing systems and rails,2 including components, comply with requirements of the applicable performance specifications, such as building codes, or performance standards such as those described in Specification E985, ANSI/ASSE A1264.1, and OSHA 1910.23.  
1.4 Specifically, these test methods cover procedures for determining the static strength of metal railing systems, rails and components as structural elements when installed and fastened to concrete, masonry, wood, and metal, as well as related products.  
1.5 No consideration is given in these test methods to any possible deterioration of metal railing systems, rails, and connections, resulting from adverse environmental conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.  
1.6 These test methods are limited to the application of the loads described herein.  
1.7 Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing can be employed for verification.  
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 11.2.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are intended to provide information from which applicable design and performance data can be derived for the performance of metal railing systems and rails installed and fastened to structural elements of concrete, masonry, wood, and metal as well as related products.  
4.2 These test methods may be used to determine whether railing systems comply with requirements of the applicable performance specifications.  
4.3 These test methods are intended for use in the buying and selling of railing systems and components according to performance specifications, for use in product development research, for use in quality assurance and manufacturing process control, for use in developing performance standards, and for use in field and laboratory compliance determination. Typical floor-mounted railings are shown in Fig. 1.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures to be followed in testing the performance of permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems), including components such as rails (hand, wall, grab, and transfer rails) and swing gates or other forms of required guardrail opening protection, installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings and other structures, such as towers or elevated platforms.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to such railing systems and rails having major structural components made of metal, with their secondary components, including swing gates or other forms of guardrail opening protection, made of metal or other materials such as wood, plastic, and glass.  
1.3 These test methods can be used to determine whether permanent metal railing systems and rails,2 including components, comply with requirements of the applicable performance specifications, such as building codes, or performance standards such as those described in Specification E985, ANSI/ASSE A1264.1, and OSHA 1910.23.  
1.4 Specifically, these test methods cover procedures for determining the static strength of metal railing systems, rails and components as structural elements when installed and fastened to concrete, masonry, wood, and metal, as well as related products.  
1.5 No consideration is given in these test methods to any possible deterioration of metal railing systems, rails, and connections, resulting from adverse environmental conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.  
1.6 These test methods are limited to the application of the loads described herein.  
1.7 Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing can be employed for verification.  
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 11.2.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Glass is a brittle material with different time and temperature-dependent properties than other solid materials used as walkways surfaces. Therefore, the type of glass is an important consideration in the design and construction of glass treads and glass landings constructed with laminated glass.  
4.2 Post-breakage glass retention is an important consideration in the design of a glass walkway system as a means of minimizing tripping, cutting/piercing injuries, or fall-through or fallout of the glass.  
4.3 The structural design shall be confirmed by calculations by a licensed design professional in accordance with Section 5.  
4.4 If testing is required (see 4.4.1-4.4.3) to verify post-glass breakage behavior of the glass walkway, the testing shall be in accordance with Section 6.  
4.4.1 For laminates with two glass plies, verification testing is required.  
4.4.2 For laminates with more than two glass plies, verification testing is not required provided that calculations completed in accordance with 4.3 demonstrate that the glass assembly has sufficient strength to sustain the full design load with any one glass ply broken.  
4.4.3 When verifying post-breakage behavior by calculation, allowable glass stress for 10 min load duration in accordance with Table 1 shall be used for all load cases.TABLE 1 Allowable Glass Stresses for Nominal Load ConditionsNote 1—An allowable stress reduction factor of 0.5 is recommended for disruptive surface treatments, for example, acid etching or sandblasting, unless otherwise provided by the manufacturer. A glass stress reduction factor may be required for some patterned glasses; consult the manufacturer. Note 2—Values derived from Practice E1300, Table X9.1 (seamed edges), factored for load duration using Practice E1300, Equation X7.1, using n = 16 for annealed glass, n = 32 for heat strengthened glass, and n = 48 for tempered glass.    
Glass Type  
3-sec
MPa (psi)  
10-min
MPa (psi)  
60-min
MPa (psi)  
P...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice addresses elements related to load-bearing glass walkways, glass treads, and glass landings constructed with laminated glass. This standard includes performance, design, and safe behavior considerations. It addresses the characteristics unique to glass and laminated glass. Issues that are common to all walkways, such as slip resistance, are addressed in existing referenced standards.  
1.2 This practice does not address glass walkways constructed with monolithic glass, glass block, insulating glass units, glass tiles that are directly bonded to a non-glass structural substrate, or glass walkways intended to support vehicular traffic.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Glass is a brittle material with different time and temperature-dependent properties than other solid materials used as walkways surfaces. Therefore, the type of glass is an important consideration in the design and construction of glass treads and glass landings constructed with laminated glass.  
Post-breakage glass retention is an important consideration in the design of a glass walkway system as a means of minimizing tripping, cutting/piercing injuries, or fall-through or fallout of the glass.
The structural design shall be confirmed by calculations by a licensed design professional in accordance with Section 5.  
The post-breakage behavior of the glass walkway shall be verified by testing in accordance with Section 6.  
For laminates with two glass plies, verification testing is required.
For laminates with more than two glass plies, verification testing is not required provided that calculations completed in accordance with 4.3 demonstrate that the glass assembly has sufficient strength to sustain the full design load with any one glass ply broken.  
When verifying post-breakage behavior by calculation, allowable glass stress for 10 min load duration in accordance with Table 1 shall be used for all load cases.
The manufacturer or designer of glass walkway systems shall provide installation directions and fabrication and installation tolerances of their systems.
The structural integrity of the glass walkway system after glass breakage shall be sufficient to support the design loads after any one glass ply is broken. If damage of any kind occurs, the walkway shall be cordoned off and the installation shall be inspected to ensure structural integrity and pedestrian safety of the system.
TABLE 1 Allowable Glass Stresses for Nominal Load Conditions
Note 1—An allowable stress reduction factor of 0.5 is recommended for disruptive surface treatments, for example, acid etching or sandblasting, unless otherwise provided by the manufacturer. A glass stres...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice addresses elements related to load-bearing glass walkways, glass treads, and glass landings constructed with laminated glass. This standard includes performance, design, and safe behavior considerations. It addresses the characteristics unique to glass and laminated glass. Issues that are common to all walkways, such as slip resistance, are addressed in existing referenced standards.
1.2 This practice does not address glass walkways constructed with monolithic glass, glass block, insulating glass units, glass tiles that are directly bonded to a non-glass structural substrate, or glass walkways intended to support vehicular traffic.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the classification, design and performance requirements, and test methods for glass in permanent railing systems, guards, and balustrades installed in agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings. This specification considers that the overall outlook is based on the health and safety of all potential users of buildings, and establishes the basic minimum requirements and criteria that lead to satisfactory products under normal and anticipated building uses, and not for abuses for which the building and its components are not designed. Also, this specification does not give consideration to design criteria for specific field conditions, the establishment of which is the prerogative and responsibility of the designer, specification writer, and regulatory agencies.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The significance and use of the test methods is contained in Test Methods E2353..
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers glass in permanent railing systems, guards and balustrades installed in agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings.
1.2 This specification is intended to be applied to permanent glass railing systems for buildings and to such railing systems, rails, guards and balustrades having major structural components made of glass, or the secondary components such as infill or balusters made of glass.
1.3 This specification considers that the overall outlook is based on the health and safety of all potential users of buildings. The criteria incorporated in this specification provide for normal and anticipated building uses, but not for abuses for which the building and its components are not designed.
1.4 This specification establishes basic minimum requirements and criteria that lead to satisfactory products under normal use conditions and does not give consideration to design criteria for specific field conditions, the establishment of which is the prerogative and responsibility of the designer, specification writer, and regulatory agencies.
1.5  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
10.1 The scope of the test methods is contained in Test Methods E2353.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended to provide data from which applicable design data can be derived for a given anchorage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures to be followed in testing the performance of the anchorage of all types of new and existing permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems), and rails (hand, grab, and transfer rails) installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings.
1.2 This test method is applicable to railing systems and rails having major structural components made of metal and secondary components made of metal or other materials such as wood, plastics, and glass.
1.3 The test method described can be used to determine whether the anchorage of permanent metal railing systems and rails complies with anticipated performance requirements.
1.4 Specifically, this test method covers procedures for determining the static tension, shear, and moment resistance of anchorages for permanent metal railing systems, and rails in structural elements made of concrete, masonry, wood, and metal as well as related products.
1.5 No consideration is given in this test method to any possible deterioration of anchorage systems, resulting from adverse environmental conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.  
1.6 Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing may be employed for purposes of verification.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology consists of terms and definitions pertaining to railing systems and rails for buildings, and in particular, terms related to the standards generated by ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Building Constructions.
1.2 The purpose of this terminology is to provide meanings and explanations of technical terms, written for both the technical expert and the non-expert user.
1.3 This terminology is one of a group of special terminologies subsidiary to the comprehensive Terminology E 631.  
1.4 Terms are listed in alphabetical sequence. Compound terms appear in the natural spoken order. Where definitions herein are adopted from other sources, they are exact copies. The source is identified at the right margin following the definition and is listed in Section 2.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods are intended to provide information from which applicable design data can be derived for the performance of glass in rails, guards and balustrade systems as infill panels that are fastened to concrete, masonry, wood and metal as well as related products, and to the performance of glass as the structural element of the rail, guard, or balustrade system.
Specification E 329 abd Practice E 699 are standards that assist the user of these test methods to apply appropriate procedures and methods to ensure a quality result is provided.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures to be followed in testing the performance of glass in permanent railing systems, guards and balustrades installed in and for assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, stadiums, recreational, and residential buildings.
1.2 These test methods are applicable to such railing, guard, and balustrade systems having glass as the major structural component or the infill panel
1.3 These test methods can be used to determine whether permanent rails, guards and balustrades having a glass component comply with anticipated performance requirements of the applicable specifications, codes, and standards.
1.4 Specifically, these test methods cover procedures for determining the static strength, impact performance, and post breakage retention characteristics of railing systems, guards, and balustrades with a glass component installed in one, two, three and four side support systems that are fastened to concrete, masonry, wood, and metal as well as related products.
1.5 No consideration is given in these test methods to any possible deterioration of the railing, guard, or balustrade system or their connections and fasteners as resulting from adverse environmental or in-service conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.
1.6 These test methods are limited to the application of concentrated and linear loads and impact resistance described herein. Whenever uniformly distributed loads are to be resisted by a railing system, guard, or balustrade in accordance with governing specifications, codes and standards, the effects of such loads on the member stresses shall be determined by calculation and the corresponding concentrated and linear loads shall be tested. Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing can be employed for verification.
1.7 These test methods address the capability of glass rails, guards, and balustrades in one, two, three and four sided support systems to continue in their function as a barrier by remaining in the designed framing system after impact or glass breakage. This specification does not address structural limitation of glass rails, guards, and balustrades or vehicular guards except when in the area of a pedestrian walkway.
1.8 All values are stated in SI units and are to be regarded as standard. Values given in parentheses are for information only. Certain values contained in reference documents cited and quoted herein may be stated in inch-pound units and must be converted by the user.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods are intended to provide information from which applicable design data can be derived for the performance of metal railing systems and rails installed and fastened to structural elements of concrete, masonry, wood, and metal as well as related products. Typical floor-mounted railings are shown in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Front Views of Sections of Three Typical Railing Systems
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures to be followed in testing the performance of permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems) and rails (hand, wall, grab, and transfer rails) installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings.
1.2 These test methods are applicable to such railing systems and rails having major structural components made of metal, with their secondary components made of metal or other materials such as wood, plastic, and glass.
1.3 These test methods can be used to determine whether permanent metal railing systems and rails comply with anticipated performance requirements of the applicable specifications, codes, and standards, such as those described in Specification E 985.
1.4 Specifically, these test methods cover procedures for determining the static strength of metal railing systems and rails as structural elements when installed and fastened to concrete, masonry, wood, and metal as well as related products.
1.5 No consideration is given in these test methods to any possible deterioration of metal railing systems, rails, and connections, resulting from adverse environmental conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.
1.6 These test methods are limited to the application of concentrated loads described herein. Whenever given uniformly distributed loads are to be resisted by a railing system or rail in accordance with governing specifications, codes, and standards, the effects of such uniformly distributed loads on the member stresses shall be determined by calculation and the corresponding concentrated loads shall be given consideration during testing and data evaluation.
1.7 Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing can be employed for verification.
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Note 0.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the classification, design and performance requirements, and test methods for glass in permanent railing systems, guards, and balustrades installed in agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings. This specification considers that the overall outlook is based on the health and safety of all potential users of buildings, and establishes the basic minimum requirements and criteria that lead to satisfactory products under normal and anticipated building uses, and not for abuses for which the building and its components are not designed. Also, this specification does not give consideration to design criteria for specific field conditions, the establishment of which is the prerogative and responsibility of the designer, specification writer, and regulatory agencies.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers glass in permanent railing systems, guards and balustrades installed in agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings.
1.2 This specification is intended to be applied to permanent glass railing systems for buildings and to such railing systems, rails, guards and balustrades having major structural components made of glass, or the secondary components such as infill or balusters made of glass.
1.3 This specification considers that the overall outlook is based on the health and safety of all potential users of buildings. The criteria incorporated in this specification provide for normal and anticipated building uses, but not for abuses for which the building and its components are not designed.
1.4 This specification establishes basic minimum requirements and criteria that lead to satisfactory products under normal use conditions and does not give consideration to design criteria for specific field conditions, the establishment of which is the prerogative and responsibility of the designer, specification writer, and regulatory agencies.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is intended to provide data from which applicable design data can be derived for a given anchorage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures to be followed in testing the performance of the anchorage of all types of new and existing permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems), and rails (hand, grab, and transfer rails) installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to railing systems and rails having major structural components made of metal and secondary components made of metal or other materials such as wood, plastics, and glass.  
1.3 The test method described can be used to determine whether the anchorage of permanent metal railing systems and rails complies with anticipated performance requirements.  
1.4 Specifically, this test method covers procedures for determining the static tension, shear, and moment resistance of anchorages for permanent metal railing systems, and rails in structural elements made of concrete, masonry, wood, and metal as well as related products.  
1.5 No consideration is given in this test method to any possible deterioration of anchorage systems, resulting from adverse environmental conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.  
1.6 Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing may be employed for purposes of verification.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe procedures to be followed in testing the performance of glass in permanent railing systems, guards and balustrades installed in and for assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, stadiums, recreational, and residential buildings.
1.2 These test methods are applicable to such railing, guard, and balustrade systems having glass as the major structural component or the infill panel
1.3 These test methods can be used to determine whether permanent rails, guards and balustrades having a glass component comply with anticipated performance requirements of the applicable specifications, codes, and standards.
1.4 Specifically, these test methods cover procedures for determining the static strength, impact performance, and post breakage retention characteristics of railing systems, guards, and balustrades with a glass component installed in one, two, three and four side support systems that are fastened to concrete, masonry, wood, and metal as well as related products.
1.5 No consideration is given in these test methods to any possible deterioration of the railing, guard, or balustrade system or their connections and fasteners as resulting from adverse environmental or in-service conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.
1.6 These test methods are limited to the application of concentrated and linear loads and impact resistance described herein. Whenever uniformly distributed loads are to be resisted by a railing system, guard, or balustrade in accordance with governing specifications, codes and standards, the effects of such loads on the member stresses shall be determined by calculation and the corresponding concentrated and linear loads shall be tested. Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing can be employed for verification.
1.7 These test methods address the capability of glass rails, guards, and balustrades in one, two, three and four sided support systems to continue in their function as a barrier by remaining in the designed framing system after impact or glass breakage. This specification does not address structural limitation of glass rails, guards, and balustrades or vehicular guards except when in the area of a pedestrian walkway.
1.8 All values are stated in SI units and are to be regarded as standard. Values given in parentheses are for information only. Certain values contained in reference documents cited and quoted herein may be stated in inch-pound units and must be converted by the user.
1.9 is standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification  describes permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems) and rails (hand, wall, grab, and transfer rails) installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings.
1.2 This specification is intended to be applied to permanent metal railing systems for buildings and to such railing systems and rails having major structural components made of metal, with their secondary components made of metal or other materials such as wood, plastics, and glass.
1.3 This specification considers that today's and tomorrow's overall outlook is based on the health and safety of all potential users of buildings. The criteria incorporated in this specification provide for normal and anticipated building uses, but not for abuses for which the building and its components are not designed.
1.4 This specification establishes basic minimum requirements and criteria that lead to satisfactory products under normal use conditions and does not give consideration to design criteria for specific field conditions, the establishment of which is the prerogative and responsibility of the designer, specification writer, and code agencies.
1.5 Sources of supportive information are listed in the Reference section (1-28)

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe procedures to be followed in testing the performance of permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems) and rails (hand, wall, grab, and transfer rails) installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to such railing systems and rails having major structural components made of metal, with their secondary components made of metal or other materials such as wood, plastic, and glass.  
1.3 These test methods can be used to determine whether permanent metal railing systems and rails comply with anticipated performance requirements of the applicable specifications, codes, and standards, such as those described in Specification E985.  
1.4 Specifically, these test methods cover procedures for determining the static strength of metal railing systems and rails as structural elements when installed and fastened to concrete, masonry, wood, and metal as well as related products.  
1.5 No consideration is given in these test methods to any possible deterioration of metal railing systems, rails, and connections, resulting from adverse environmental conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.  
1.6 These test methods are limited to the application of concentrated loads described herein. Whenever given uniformly distributed loads are to be resisted by a railing system or rail in accordance with governing specifications, codes, and standards, the effects of such uniformly distributed loads on the member stresses shall be determined by calculation and the corresponding concentrated loads shall be given consideration during testing and data evaluation.  
1.7 Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing can be employed for verification.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Note 1.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology consists of terms and definitions pertaining to railing systems and rails for buildings, and in particular, terms related to the standards generated by ASTM Committee E-6 on Performance of Building Constructions.
1.2 The purpose of this terminology is to provide meanings and explanations of technical terms, written for both the technical expert and the non-expert user.
1.3 This terminology is one of a group of special terminologies subsidiary to the comprehensive Terminology E631.
1.4 Terms are listed in alphabetical sequence. Compound terms appear in the natural spoken order. Where definitions herein are adopted from other sources, they are exact copies. The source is identified at the right margin following the definition and is listed in Section 2.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures to be followed in testing the performance of the anchorage of all types of new and existing permanent metal railing systems (guard, stair, and ramp-rail systems), and rails (hand, grab, and transfer rails) installed in and for agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to railing systems and rails having major structural components made of metal and secondary components made of metal or other materials such as wood, plastics, and glass.  
1.3 The test method described can be used to determine whether the anchorage of permanent metal railing systems and rails complies with anticipated performance requirements.  
1.4 Specifically, this test method covers procedures for determining the static tension, shear, and moment resistance of anchorages for permanent metal railing systems, and rails in structural elements made of concrete, masonry, wood, and metal as well as related products.  
1.5 No consideration is given in this test method to any possible deterioration of anchorage systems, resulting from adverse environmental conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.  
1.6 Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing may be employed for purposes of verification.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.