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ASTM G81-97a(2018)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test

Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A number of types of jaw crushers have been used for laboratory abrasion tests, see Refs (1-5)4 and a limited amount of data has been published (6-10). With emphasis on the crusher described in Section 6, this test method ranks materials and also indicates differences in wear life for that type of abrasion defined as gouging abrasion, as is found in crushing equipment and in many mining and earthmoving applications. This test method is considered useful for research and development purposes, but not to specify universal wear ratios, since the wear ranking and severity of wear may change dramatically with a change of the characteristics (chemistry, shape, angularity, etc.) of the crushed material or type of machinery.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure to determine the relative gouging abrasion resistance of materials. Materials homogeneous in structure and properties are the most appropriate test materials; however, surface-treated and composite materials can also be tested. The test involves a small laboratory jaw crusher that crushes presized hard rock materials, such as a hard morainal gravel, or some other crushable substance.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.1 on Safety Precautions.)  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Nov-2018
ICS
17.040.20 - Properties of surfaces
Technical Committee
G02 - Wear and Erosion
Drafting Committee
G02.30 - Abrasive Wear
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM G40-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
Effective Date
01-Nov-2015
Refers
ASTM E18-17 - Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
Refers
ASTM E18-18 - Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials
Effective Date
01-Jul-2018
Refers
ASTM A128/A128M-93(2017) - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese
Effective Date
15-Mar-2017
Refers
ASTM A128/A128M-19 - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese
Effective Date
01-May-2019
Refers
ASTM A514/A514M-18 - Standard Specification for High-Yield-Strength, Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding
Effective Date
15-Nov-2018

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ASTM G81-97a(2018) - Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion TestASTM G81-97a(2018) - Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test
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ASTM G81-97a(2018) - Standard Test Method for Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: G81 − 97a (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Test Method for
1
Jaw Crusher Gouging Abrasion Test
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG81;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E30TestMethodsforChemicalAnalysisofSteel,CastIron,
3
Open-Hearth Iron, and Wrought Iron (Withdrawn 1995)
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure to
E140Hardness Conversion Tables for Metals Relationship
determinetherelativegougingabrasionresistanceofmaterials.
Among Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness, Rockwell
Materialshomogeneousinstructureandpropertiesarethemost
Hardness, Superficial Hardness, Knoop Hardness, Sclero-
appropriate test materials; however, surface-treated and com-
scope Hardness, and Leeb Hardness
posite materials can also be tested. The test involves a small
E350Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Carbon Steel,
laboratory jaw crusher that crushes presized hard rock
Low-Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron, and
materials, such as a hard morainal gravel, or some other
Wrought Iron
crushable substance.
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
G40Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3. Terminology
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions:
(See 8.1 on Safety Precautions.)
3.1.1 gouging abrasion—severe form of abrasive wear in
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
which the force between an abrading body and the wearing
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
surface is sufficiently large that a macroscopic gouge, groove,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
deep scratch, or indentation can be produced in a single
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
contact.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.2 The definitions of some other related terms may be
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
found in Terminology G40.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2
3.2.1 cheek plates—wear liners that protect the sides of the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
crusher adjacent to the movable and stationary jaws.
A128/A128MSpecification for Steel Castings, Austenitic
Manganese
3.2.2 movable jaw—part of the crusher that moves against
A514/A514M Specification for High-Yield-Strength, the material being crushed.
Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for
3.2.3 reference plate—jawplatemadeofamaterialuniform
Welding
in microstructure and hardness and not varying significantly
A517/A517MSpecificationforPressureVesselPlates,Alloy
from one piece to another; such a plate will give highly
Steel, High-Strength, Quenched and Tempered
reproducible results, to which other materials to be tested may
E10Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
be compared.
E18Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
3.2.4 stationary jaw—part of the crusher that does not
terials
articulate, but is directly opposite the movable jaw and is in
direct crushing contact.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
3.2.5 test plate—jaw plate made of a material for which the
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.30 on Abrasive
gouging abrasion resistance is to be measured.
Wear.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. Originally
3.2.6 toggle plate—plate that holds the bottom edge of the
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as G81–97a (2013).
movable jaw relative to the stationary jaw.
DOI: 10.1520/G0081-97AR18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G81 − 97a (2018)
4. Summary of Test Method ducible positioning of the bottom of each test plate for e
...

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1.1.1 Steel balls on a surface plate were used in interlaboratory tests (see Appendix X1). Golf balls on a green, soccer and lacrosse balls on playing surfaces, bowling balls on an a lane, basketballs on hardwood, and marbles on composite surface were tested in the development of this test method, but the test applies to any sphere rolling on any flat horizontal surface.  
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1.1.3 This test method produces a rolling resistance number on a specific spherical shape on a specific surface. It is intended for comparing similar tribosystems. For example, the rolling resistances of marbles on a particular surface are not to be compared with the rolling resistance of soccer balls on grass, because their masses and diameters are very different as are the counterface surfaces on which they roll.  
1.1.4 Different launch ramps are appropriate for different types of spherical shapes. If a sphere of interest cannot be accommodated with using one of the launch ramps discussed in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2, a different launch ramp can be developed and added with future revisions to this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measu...

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5.1 In this guide, factors that shall be considered in conducting a valid test for the determination of the coefficient of friction of a tribosystem are covered, and the use of a standard reporting format for friction data is encouraged.  
5.2 The factors that are important for a valid test may not be obvious to non-tribologists, and the friction tests referenced will assist in selecting the apparatus and test technique that is most appropriate to simulate a tribosystem of interest.  
5.3 The tribology literature is replete with friction data that cannot readily be used by others because specifics are not presented on the tribosystem that was used to develop the data. The overall goal of this guide is to provide a reporting format that will enable computer databases to be readily established. These databases can be searched for material couples and tribosystems of interest. Their use will significantly reduce the need for each laboratory to do its own testing. Sufficient information on test conditions will be available to determine applicability of the friction data to the engineer's specific needs.
SCOPE
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1.2 This guide applies to most solid materials and to most friction measuring techniques and test equipment.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM G171-03(2017)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Scratch Hardness of Materials Using a Diamond Stylus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to measure the resistance of solid surfaces to permanent deformation under the action of a single point (stylus tip). It is a companion method to quasi-static hardness tests in which a stylus is pressed into a surface under a certain normal load and the resultant depth or impression size is used to compute a hardness number. Scratch hardness numbers, unlike quasi-static hardness numbers, involve a different combination of properties of the surface because the indenter, in this case a diamond stylus, moves tangentially along the surface. Therefore, the stress state under the scratching stylus differs from that produced under a quasi-static indenter. Scratch hardness numbers are in principle a more appropriate measure of the damage resistance of a material to surface damage processes like two-body abrasion than are quasi-static hardness numbers.  
5.2 This test method is applicable to a wide range of materials. These include metals, alloys, and some polymers. The main criteria are that the scratching process produces a measurable scratch in the surface being tested without causing catastrophic fracture, spallation, or extensive delamination of surface material. Severe damage to the test surface, such that the scratch width is not clearly identifiable or that the edges of the scratch are chipped or distorted, invalidates the use of this test method to determine a scratch hardness number. Since the degree and type of surface damage in a material may vary with applied load, the applicability of this test to certain classes of materials may be limited by the maximum load at which valid scratch width measurements can be made.  
5.3 The resistance of a material to abrasion by a single point may be affected by its sensitivity to the strain rate of the deformation process. Therefore, this test is conducted under low stylus traversing speeds. Use of a slow scratching speed also minimizes the possible effects of frictional heating.  
5.4 This...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the scratch hardness of the surfaces of solid materials. Within certain limitations, as described in this guide, this test method is applicable to metals, ceramics, polymers, and coated surfaces. The scratch hardness test, as described herein, is not intended to be used as a means to determine coating adhesion, nor is it intended for use with other than specific hemispherically-tipped, conical styli.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM G99-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The amount of wear in any system will, in general, depend upon the number of system factors such as the applied load, machine characteristics, sliding speed, sliding distance, the environment, and the material properties. The value of any wear test method lies in predicting the relative ranking of material combinations. Since the pin-on-disk test method does not attempt to duplicate all the conditions that may be experienced in service (for example; lubrication, load, pressure, contact geometry, removal of wear debris, and presence of corrosive environment), there is no insurance that the test will predict the wear rate of a given material under conditions differing from those in the test.  
4.2 The use of this test method will fall in one of two categories: (1) the test(s) will follow all particulars of the standard, and the results will have been compared to the ILS data (Table 2), or (2) the test(s) will have followed the procedures/methodology of Test Method G99 but applied to other materials or using other parameters such as load, speed, materials, etc., or both. In this latter case, the results cannot be compared to the ILS data (Table 2). Further, it must be clearly stated what choices of test parameters/materials were chosen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for determining the wear of materials during sliding using a pin-on-disk apparatus. Materials are tested in pairs under nominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas of experimental attention in using this type of apparatus to measure wear are described. The coefficient of friction may also be determined.  
1.2 This test method standard uses a specific set of test parameters (load, sliding speed, materials, etc.) that were then used in an interlaboratory study (ILS), the results of which are given here (Tables 1 and 2). (This satisfies the ASTM form in that “The directions for performing the test should include all of the essential details as to apparatus, test specimen, procedure, and calculations needed to achieve satisfactory precision and bias.”) Any user should report that they “followed the requirements of ASTM G99,” where that is true.  
1.3 Now it is often found in practice that users may follow all instructions given here, but choose other test parameters, such as load, speed, materials, environment, etc., and thereby obtain different test results. Such a use of this standard is encouraged as a means to improve wear testing methodology. However, it must be clearly stated in any report that, while the directions and protocol in Test Method G99 were followed (if true), the choices of test parameters were different from Test Method G99 values, and the test results were therefore also different from the Test Method G99 results. This use should be described as having “followed the procedure of ASTM G99.” All test parameters that were used in such case must be stated.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM
ASTM G223-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Friction and Adhesive Wear Properties of Lubricated and Nonlubricated Materials Using the Twist Compression Test (TCT)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to rank material couples, surface treatments, and lubricants by CFT and in their resistance to adhesive wear. Since adhesive wear is a complex phenomenon and stochastic in nature, it is essential to evaluate surfaces to confirm the presence of adhesion.  
5.2 This test method should be considered when evaluating the impact of changes in a process or application that is prone to adhesive wear, including any combination of scoring, galling, and plowing. These modes of failure commonly occur under sliding contact, at high contact stress, and, when applicable, at lubricant starvation.  
5.3 The TCT is often used to evaluate the ability of material couples, surface treatments, coatings, and lubricants to prevent or reduce adhesive wear in metalworking operations including deep drawing, extrusion, and pipe bending. Other applications in which the test may be effective are loader bucket bushings, gear teeth at startup, and low-clearance pumps.  
5.4 This test method is best used as a comparative screening tool. The ranking of performance produced by the TCT correlates well with the ranking in many applications.3 However, since the test is a bench test and not directly reproducing any specific application, TCT results should be only used as an indicator of the tendency for adhesive wear to occur. TCT is a useful screening test for comparing the effectiveness of material couples, surface treatments, coatings, and lubricant formulations before process testing and field trials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the coefficient of friction (COF) and resistance of materials to adhesion under flat sliding using the twist compression test (TCT). This test method ranks material couples, surface treatments, coatings, and lubricant combinations by COF and their resistance to adhesion.  
1.2 The time until adhesion for the materials under the test conditions are reported and used to quantify the tribocouple’s adhesion resistance and susceptibility to galling or scuffing. Systems of higher adhesion resistance will give longer time until failure.  
1.3 The coefficient of friction values averaged between the test reaching full test pressure and the time of the onset of adhesion or the end of tests run for a predetermined time period are recorded. Systems are ranked by their average coefficients of friction before adhesion occurs.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard except psi and pounds in Table 1.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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