ASTM G40-15
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
Standard Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
SCOPE
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, impingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical action and other related technical fields as, for instance, lubrication.
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply that its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the terms given herein are the recommended terms for the concepts they represent unless otherwise noted.
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly applicable to the scope as defined herein.
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage uniformity and accuracy in the description of test methods and devices and in the reporting of test results in relation to wear and erosion.
Note 1: All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.
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Designation: G40 − 15
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Wear and Erosion
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationG40;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope abrasion, n—in tribology, the process by which relative
motion between a surface and hard particles or protuber-
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent
ancesonanopposingsurfaceproducesabrasivewearofthat
terminologyrelatingtowearanderosionofsolidbodiesdueto
surface. (See also abrasive wear.)
mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, im-
pingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or
abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protu-
relative motion against contacting solid surfaces or fluids.This
berances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes
abrasion-corrosion, n—a synergistic process involving both
where material loss is wholly or principally due to chemical
abrasivewearandcorrosioninwhicheachoftheseprocesses
action and other related technical fields as, for instance,
is affected by the simultaneous action of the other and, in
lubrication.
many cases, is thereby accelerated.
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any
abrasivity, n—the ability of a material or substance to cause
particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply
abrasive wear.
that its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the
termsgivenhereinaretherecommendedtermsfortheconcepts
absolute impact velocity—See impact velocity.
they represent unless otherwise noted.
acceleration period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted
erosion, the stage following the incubation period during
and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly appli- which the erosion rate increases from near zero to a
cable to the scope as defined herein.
maximum value. (See also erosion rate-time pattern.)
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage unifor-
accumulation period, n—in cavitation and liquid impinge-
mity and accuracy in the description of test methods and
ment erosion, a less-preferred term for acceleration period.
devices and in the reporting of test results in relation to wear
adhesive wear, n—wear due to localized bonding between
and erosion.
contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer be-
NOTE 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is
tween the two surfaces or loss from either surface.
defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an
alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.
angle of attack, n—in impingement erosion,theanglebetween
the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or solid
2. Referenced Documents
particle and the tangent to the surface at the point of impact.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
angle of incidence, n—in impingement erosion, the angle
C242Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related
Products between the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or
solid particle and the normal to the surface at the point of
3. Terminology
impact.
abradant, n—a material that is producing, or has produced,
apparent area of contact, n—in tribology, the area of contact
abrasive wear.
betweentwosolidsurfacesdefinedbytheboundariesoftheir
macroscopic interface. (Contrast with real area of contact.)
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.91 on Terminol-
asperity, n—in tribology, a protuberance in the small-scale
ogy.
topographical irregularities of a solid surface.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2015. Published November 2015. Originally
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as G40–13. DOI:
attenuation period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement
10.1520/G0040-15.
2 erosion, a less-preferred term for deceleration period.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
average erosion rate, n—a less preferred term for cumulative
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. erosion rate. (See also interval erosion rate.)
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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G40−15
DISCUSSION—Cavitation originates from a local decrease in hydro-
Beilby layer, n—an altered surface layer of supposedly amor-
static pressure in the liquid,
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: G40 − 13 G40 − 15
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Wear and Erosion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G40; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 The terms and their definitions given herein represent terminology relating to wear and erosion of solid bodies due to
mechanical interactions such as occur with cavitation, impingement by liquid jets or drops or by solid particles, or relative motion
against contacting solid surfaces or fluids. This scope interfaces with but generally excludes those processes where material loss
is wholly or principally due to chemical action and other related technical fields as, for instance, lubrication.
1.2 This terminology is not exhaustive; the absence of any particular term from this collection does not necessarily imply that
its use within this scope is discouraged. However, the terms given herein are the recommended terms for the concepts they
represent unless otherwise noted.
1.3 Certain general terms and definitions may be restricted and interpreted, if necessary, to make them particularly applicable
to the scope as defined herein.
1.4 The purpose of this terminology is to encourage uniformity and accuracy in the description of test methods and devices and
in the reporting of test results in relation to wear and erosion.
NOTE 1—All terms are listed alphabetically. When a subsidiary term is defined in conjunction with the definition of a more generic term, an
alphabetically-listed cross-reference is provided.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
3. Terminology
abradant, n—a material that is producing, or has produced, abrasive wear.
abrasion, n—in tribology, the process by which relative motion between a surface and hard particles or protuberances on an
opposing surface produces abrasive wear of that surface. (See also abrasive wear.)
abrasive wear, n—wear due to hard particles or hard protuberances forced against and moving along a solid surface.
abrasion-corrosion, n—a synergistic process involving both abrasive wear and corrosion in which each of these processes is
affected by the simultaneous action of the other and, in many cases, is thereby accelerated.
abrasivity, n—the ability of a material or substance to cause abrasive wear.
absolute impact velocity—See impact velocity.
acceleration period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion, the stage following the incubation period during which the
erosion rate increases from near zero to a maximum value. (See also erosion rate-time pattern.)
accumulation period, n—in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion, a less-preferred term for acceleration period.
adhesive wear, n—wear due to localized bonding between contacting solid surfaces leading to material transfer between the two
surfaces or loss from either surface.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.91 on Terminology.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013Nov. 1, 2015. Published June 2013November 2015. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 20122013 as
G40 – 12.G40 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/G0040-13.10.1520/G0040-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G40 − 15
angle of attack, n—in impingement erosion, the angle between the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or solid particle and
the tangent to the surface at the point of impact.
angle of incidence, n—in impingement erosion, the angle between the direction of motion of an impinging liquid or solid particle
and the normal to the surface at the point of impact.
apparent area of contact, n—in tribology, the area of contact between two solid surfaces defined by the boundaries of their
macroscopic interface. (Contrast with real area of contact.)
asperity, n—in tribology, a protuberance in the small-scale topograph
...
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