ASTM A456/A456M-08
(Specification)Standard Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft Forgings
Standard Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft Forgings
ABSTRACT
This test method deals with the acceptance criteria for the magnetic particle examination of forged steel crankshafts and forgings having large main bearing journal or crankpin diameters. Covered here are three classes of forgings, which shall be evaluated under two areas of inspection, namely: major critical areas, and minor critical areas. During inspection, magnetic particle indications shall be classified as: surface indications, which include nonmetallic inclusions or stringers, open or twist cracks, flakes, or pipes; open or pinpoint indications; and non-open indications. Procedures for dimpling, depressing, inspection, and product marking are also mentioned.
SCOPE
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the magnetic particle inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [200 mm] or larger in diameter.
1.2 There are three classes, with acceptance standards of increasing severity:
1.2.1 Class 1.
1.2.2 Class 2 (originally the sole acceptance standard of this specification).
1.2.3 Class 3 (formerly covered in Supplementary Requirement S1 of Specification A 456 – 64 (1970)).
1.3 This specification is not intended to cover continuous grain flow crankshafts (see Specification A 983/A 983M); however, Specification A 986/A 986M may be used for this purpose.
Note 1—Specification A 668/A 668M is a product specification which may be used for slab-forged crankshaft forgings that are usually twisted in order to set the crankpin angles, or for barrel forged crankshafts where the crankpins are machined in the appropriate configuration from a cylindrical forging.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch units.
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Designation:A456/A456M −08
StandardSpecification for
Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft
1
Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA456/A456M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the magnetic
particle inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
bearing journals or crankpins 4 in. [200 mm] or larger in Steel Forgings
diameter. A668/A668M Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and
Alloy, for General Industrial Use
1.2 There are three classes, with acceptance standards of
A966/A966M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
increasing severity:
Steel Forgings Using Alternating Current
1.2.1 Class 1.
A983/A983M Specification for Continuous Grain Flow
1.2.2 Class 2 (originally the sole acceptance standard of this
Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium
specification).
Speed Diesel Engines
1.2.3 Class 3 (formerly covered in Supplementary Require-
A986/A986M Specification for Magnetic Particle Examina-
ment S1 of Specification A456 – 64 (1970)).
tion of Continuous Grain Flow Crankshaft Forgings
E1417 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing
1.3 This specification is not intended to cover continuous
grain flow crankshafts (see Specification A983/A983M);
3. Classification of Indications
however, Specification A986/A986M may be used for this
purpose.
3.1 Magnetic particle indications on the surface of the
crankshaft shall be classified as follows:
NOTE 1—Specification A668/A668M is a product specification which
may be used for slab-forged crankshaft forgings that are usually twisted in 3.1.1 Open cracks, flake, or pipe.
order to set the crankpin angles, or for barrel forged crankshafts where the
3.1.2 Nonmetallic inclusions or stringers occurring in a
crankpins are machined in the appropriate configuration from a cylindrical
longitudinal direction.
forging.
3.1.3 Twist cracks or nonmetallic inclusions usually occur-
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
ring at 45 to 70° from the axis of the journal.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.2 They shall also be classified as follows:
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.2.1 Open indications are visible after removal of the
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
magnetic particles or can be detected by the use of contrast dye
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
penetrant, as described in Type II of Practice E1417.
with the standard.
1
3.2.1.1 Pinpointindicationsareopenindications ⁄16 in.[1.5
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specifica-
mm] in maximum dimension, as detected by application of
tion designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch
Type II of Practice E1417.
units.
3.2.2 Non-open indications are indications which are not
visually detectable as described in 3.2.1.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as A456/A456M – 99 Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
(2003). DOI: 10.1520/A0456_A0456M-08. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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A456/A456M−08
4. Ordering Information
4.1 The inquiry and purchase agreement shall contain a
statement that the crankshaft(s) is (are) to be subject to
acceptance according to this specification. If reference to class
is omitted, Class 2 shall apply.
4.2 The use of Supplementary Requirements S1 and S2
should be specified if required.
5. Procedure
5.1 Magnetic particle inspection shall be conducted accord-
ing to Practice A966/A966M, except when Supplementary
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A456/A456M−08
1 1
Requirement S1 is to be used. The use of prod type contacts is mm]. Open indications over ⁄16 to ⁄4 in. [1.5 to 6 mm] in
not permitted on finished crankshafts. Magn
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:A456/A456M–99 (Reapproved 2003) Designation: A 456/A 456M – 08
Standard Specification for
Magnetic Particle Examination of Large Crankshaft
1
Forgings
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 456/A 456M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This is an acceptance specification for the magnetic particle inspection of forged steel crankshafts having main bearing
journals or crankpins 4 in. [200 mm] or larger in diameter.
1.2 There are three classes, with acceptance standards of increasing severity:
1.2.1 Class 1.
1.2.2 Class 2 (originally the sole acceptance standard of Specification A456).this specification).
1.2.3 Class 3 (formerly covered in Supplementary Requirement S1 of Specification A 456 – 64 (1970)).
1.3 This specification is not intended to cover continuous grain flow crankshafts, however, Test Method A 983/A
983Mcrankshafts (see Specification A 983/A 983M); however, Specification A 986/A 986M may be used for this purpose.
NOTE1—Specification A668/A688M is a product specification which may be used for crankshaft forgings.
1.4ThevaluesstatedineitherinchesorSI(metric)unitsaretoberegardedseparatelyasthestandard.Withinthetextandfigures,
the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used
independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
1—SpecificationA 668/A 668M is a product specification which may be used for slab-forged crankshaft forgings that are usually
twisted in order to set the crankpin angles, or for barrel forged crankshafts where the crankpins are machined in the appropriate
configuration from a cylindrical forging.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch units.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 275/A 275M Test Method Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings
A 668/A 668M Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use
A 966/A 966M Test Method Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings Using Alternating Current
A 983/A 983M Specification for Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon andAlloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium Speed Diesel
Engines
A 986/A 986M Specification for Magnetic Particle Examination of Continuous Grain Flow Crankshaft Forgings
E 1417 Practice for Liquid Penetrant ExaminationTesting
3. Classification of Indications
3.1 Magnetic particle indications on the surface of the crankshaft shall be classified as follows:
3.1.1 Open cracks, flake, or pipe.
3.1.2 Nonmetallic inclusions or stringers occurring in a longitudinal direction.
3.1.3 Twist cracks or nonmetallic inclusions usually occurring at 45 to 70° from the axis of the journal.
3.2 They shall also be classified as follows:
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeA01 on Steel, Stainless Steel,Steel and RelatedAlloys , and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2003.2008. Published November 2003.October 2008. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 19992003 as
A 456/A 456M – 99 (2003).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book ofASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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A 456/A 456M – 08
3.2.1 Openindicationsarevisibleafterremovalofthemagneticparticlesorcanbedetectedbytheuseofcontrastdyepenetrant,
as described in Type II of Practice E 1417.
1
3.2.1.1 Pinpoint indications are open indications ⁄1
...
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