ASTM D8093-19
(Guide)Standard Guide for Nondestructive Evaluation of Nuclear Grade Graphite
Standard Guide for Nondestructive Evaluation of Nuclear Grade Graphite
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Nuclear grade graphite is a composite material made from petroleum or a coal-tar-based coke and a pitch binder. Manufacturing graphite is an iterative process of baking and pitch impregnation of a formed billet prior to final graphitization, which occurs at temperatures greater than 2500 °C. The impregnation and rebake step is repeated several times until the desired product density is obtained. Integral to this process is the use of isotropic cokes and a forming process (that is, isostatically molded, vibrationally molded, or extruded) that is intended to obtain an isotropic or near isotropic material. However, the source, size, and blend of the starting materials as well as the forming process of the green billet will impart unique material properties as well as variations within the final product. There will be density variations from the billet surface inward and different physical properties with and transverse to the grain direction. Material variations are expected within individual billets as well as billet-to-billet and lot-to-lot. Other manufacturing defects of interest include large pores, inclusions, and cracks. In addition to the material variation inherent to the manufacturing process, graphite will experience changes in volume, mechanical strength, and thermal properties while in service in a nuclear reactor along with the possibility of cracking due to stress and oxidation resulting from constituents in the gas coolant or oxygen ingress. Therefore, there is the recognized need to be able to nondestructively characterize a variety of material attributes such as uniformity, isotropy, and porosity distributions as a means to assure consistent stock material. This need also includes the ability to detect isolated defects such as cracks, large pores and inclusions, or distributed material damage such as material loss due to oxidation. The use of this guide is to acquire a basic understanding of the unique attributes of nuclear grade graphite and its a...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides general tutorial information regarding the application of conventional nondestructive evaluation technologies (NDE) to nuclear grade graphite. An introduction will be provided to the characteristics of graphite that defines the inspection technologies that can be applied and the limitations imposed by the microstructure. This guide does not provide specific techniques or acceptance criteria for end-user examinations but is intended to provide information that will assist in identifying and developing suitable approaches.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.2.1 Exception—Alternative units provided in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8093 − 19
Standard Guide for
1
Nondestructive Evaluation of Nuclear Grade Graphite
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8093; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiography
1.1 This guide provides general tutorial information regard-
E1441Guide for Computed Tomography (CT)
ing the application of conventional nondestructive evaluation
technologies (NDE) to nuclear grade graphite.An introduction
3. Summary of Guide
will be provided to the characteristics of graphite that defines
3.1 This guide describes the impact specific material prop-
the inspection technologies that can be applied and the limita-
erties have on the application of three nondestructive evalua-
tions imposed by the microstructure. This guide does not
tion technologies: Eddy current/electromagentic testing (ET)
provide specific techniques or acceptance criteria for end-user
(surface/near surface interrogation), ultrasonic testing (UT)
examinations but is intended to provide information that will
(volumetric interrogation), radiographic (X-ray) testing (RT)
assist in identifying and developing suitable approaches.
(volumetric interrogation), to nuclear grade graphite.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard.
4. Significance and Use
1.2.1 Exception—Alternative units provided in parentheses
4.1 Nuclear grade graphite is a composite material made
are for information only.
from petroleum or a coal-tar-based coke and a pitch binder.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Manufacturing graphite is an iterative process of baking and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
pitch impregnation of a formed billet prior to final
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
graphitization, which occurs at temperatures greater than
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
2500°C.The impregnation and rebake step is repeated several
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
times until the desired product density is obtained. Integral to
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
thisprocessistheuseofisotropiccokesandaformingprocess
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
(that is, isostatically molded, vibrationally molded, or ex-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
truded) that is intended to obtain an isotropic or near isotropic
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
material. However, the source, size, and blend of the starting
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
materialsaswellastheformingprocessofthegreenbilletwill
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
impart unique material properties as well as variations within
the final product. There will be density variations from the
2. Referenced Documents
billet surface inward and different physical properties with and
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
transverse to the grain direction. Material variations are ex-
D7219 Specification for Isotropic and Near-isotropic
pected within individual billets as well as billet-to-billet and
Nuclear Graphites
lot-to-lot.Othermanufacturingdefectsofinterestincludelarge
E94Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial
pores, inclusions, and cracks. In addition to the material
Radiographic Film
variation inherent to the manufacturing process, graphite will
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
experience changes in volume, mechanical strength, and ther-
mal properties while in service in a nuclear reactor along with
the possibility of cracking due to stress and oxidation resulting
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
from constituents in the gas coolant or oxygen ingress.
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
Therefore, there is the recognized need to be able to nonde-
mittee D02.F0 on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products.
structively characterize a variety of material attributes such as
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019. Published December 2019. Originally
uniformity, isotropy, and porosity distributions as a means to
approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D8093–16. DOI:
10.1520/D8093-19.
assure consistent stock material. This need also includes the
2
For
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D8093 − 16 D8093 − 19 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
Nondestructive Evaluation of Nuclear Grade Graphite
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8093; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This guide provides general tutorial information regarding the application of conventional nondestructive evaluation
technologies (NDE) to nuclear grade graphite. An introduction will be provided to the characteristics of graphite that defines the
inspection technologies that can be applied and the limitations imposed by the microstructure. This guide does not provide specific
techniques or acceptance criteria for end-user examinations but is intended to provide information that will assist in identifying
and developing suitable approaches.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.2.1 Exception—Alternative units provided in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3
C709 Terminology Relating to Manufactured Carbon and Graphite (Withdrawn 2017)
D7219 Specification for Isotropic and Near-isotropic Nuclear Graphites
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiography
E1441 Guide for Computed Tomography (CT)
3. Summary of Guide
3.1 This guide describes the impact specific material properties have on the application of three nondestructive evaluation
technologies: Eddy current/electromagentic testing (ET) (surface/near surface interrogation), ultrasonic testing (UT) (volumetric
interrogation), radiographic (X-ray) testing (RT) (volumetric interrogation), to nuclear grade graphite.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Nuclear grade graphite is a composite material made from petroleum or a coal-tar-based coke and a pitch binder.
Manufacturing graphite is an iterative process of baking and pitch impregnation of a formed billet prior to final graphitization,
which occurs at temperatures greater than 2500 °C. The impregnation and rebake step is repeated several times until the desired
product density is obtained. Integral to this process is the use of isotropic cokes and a forming process (that is, isostatically molded,
vibrationally molded, or extruded) that is intended to obtain an isotropic or near isotropic material. However, the source, size, and
blend of the starting materials as well as the forming process of the green billet will impart unique material properties as well as
variations within the final product. There will be density variations from the billet surface inward and different physical properties
with and transverse to the grain direction. Material variations are expected within individual billets as well as billet-to-billet and
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.F0 on Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Products.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016Nov. 1, 2019. Published March 2017December 2019. Originally approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as
D8093 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/D8093-16.10.1520/D8093-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
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