ASTM F1216-22

Standard Practice for Rehabilitation of Existing Pipelines and Conduits by the Inversion and Curing of a Resin-Impregnated Tube

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is for use by designers and specifiers, regulatory agencies, owners, and inspection organizations who are involved in the rehabilitation of conduits through the use of a resin-impregnated tube inverted through the existing conduit. As for any practice, modifications may be required for specific job conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures for the reconstruction of pipelines and conduits (2 in. to 108 in. diameter) by the installation of a resin-impregnated, flexible tube which is inverted into the existing conduit by use of a hydrostatic head or air pressure. The resin is cured by circulating hot water, introducing controlled steam within the tube, or by photoinitiated reaction. When cured, the finished pipe will be continuous and tight-fitting. This reconstruction process is used in a variety of gravity and pressure applications such as sanitary sewers, storm sewers, process piping, electrical conduits, and ventilation systems.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 7.4.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Aug-2022
• ICS: 23.040.20 - Plastics pipes
• Technical Committee: F17 - Plastic Piping Systems
• Drafting Committee: F17.67 - Trenchless Plastic Pipeline Technology

Relations

• Refers: ASTM F412-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2020
• Refers: ASTM D3839-14(2019) - Standard Guide for Underground Installation of “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2019
• Refers: ASTM F412-19 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2019
• Refers: ASTM D5813-04(2018) - Standard Specification for Cured-In-Place Thermosetting Resin Sewer Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2018
• Refers: ASTM D1600-18 - Standard Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics (Withdrawn 2024)
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2018
• Refers: ASTM D903-98(2017) - Standard Test Method for Peel or Stripping Strength of Adhesive Bonds
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Refers: ASTM F412-17a - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2017
• Refers: ASTM D790-17 - Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2017
• Refers: ASTM F412-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2017
• Refers: ASTM F412-16a - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2016
• Refers: ASTM F412-16 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2016
• Refers: ASTM D790-15e1 - Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2015
• Refers: ASTM D790-15 - Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2015
• Refers: ASTM F412-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2015
• Refers: ASTM D1600-14 - Standard Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2014

Overview

ASTM F1216-22 is the Standard Practice for Rehabilitation of Existing Pipelines and Conduits by the Inversion and Curing of a Resin-Impregnated Tube, developed by ASTM International. This standard provides comprehensive procedures for reconstructing pipelines and conduits ranging from 2 inches to 108 inches in diameter using trenchless rehabilitation methods. The process, often referred to as cured-in-place pipe (CIPP), involves inserting a resin-impregnated, flexible tube into an existing conduit. The tube is inverted into place by water or air pressure and then cured using hot water, steam, or photoinitiation, resulting in a continuous, tight-fitting new pipe within the host structure.

The standard is essential for engineers, project designers, regulatory agencies, infrastructure owners, and inspection professionals who manage the rehabilitation of gravity or pressure pipelines, sanitary sewers, storm sewers, process piping, electrical conduits, and ventilation systems.

Key Topics

• Scope and Applicability: Covers procedures for rehabilitation of pipes and conduits using resin-impregnated tubes. Applicable to a wide diameter range (2 in. - 108 in.) and a variety of pipeline applications.
• Materials: Details requirements for the flexible tube (nonwoven or woven fabric, or a combination) and compatible resin systems (styrene-based thermoset, epoxy).
• Installation Procedures: Outlines step-by-step processes, including cleaning and inspection of the pipeline, resin impregnation, tube inversion using water or air pressure, and controlled curing of the liner.
• Curing Methods: Specifies curing can occur via circulating heated water, steam, or photoinitiated processes, each requiring careful temperature and pressure monitoring.
• Quality Control: Details inspection requirements for bond integrity, pipe fit, thickness measurements, and leak tests for both gravity and pressure pipes.
• Design Considerations: Addresses partially and fully deteriorated host pipes and provides guidance for liner thickness and structural performance.
• Safety and Regulatory Compliance: Reminds users to establish safe work practices, hazard mitigation, and compliance with applicable environmental regulations.

Applications

ASTM F1216-22 supports a trenchless pipe rehabilitation technique commonly known as cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining. This method delivers significant practical benefits, including:

• Minimizing Disruption: Avoids extensive excavation and street closures, ideal for urban and populated areas.
• Asset Longevity: Extends the service life of pipelines and conduits by providing a structurally sound, corrosion-resistant interior.
• Versatile Uses: Suitable for potable water mains, sanitary and storm sewers, process and industrial pipelines, electrical and ventilation conduits.
• Adaptability: Works with a wide range of pipe conditions, from partially to fully deteriorated structures, handling bends and irregular diameters.
• Efficiency: Allows for faster project completion and re-connection of lateral services, often without direct excavation.

CIPP lining is widely utilized by municipalities, utilities, and industrial operators seeking cost-effective pipeline rehabilitation solutions while reducing environmental and community impact.

Related Standards

For organizations implementing or specifying ASTM F1216-22, it is important to consider additional referenced and related standards addressing plastic piping materials, testing, and installation:

• ASTM D5813: Specification for Cured-In-Place Thermosetting Resin Sewer Piping Systems
• ASTM D638: Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
• ASTM D790: Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Plastics
• ASTM D903: Test Method for Peel/Stripping Strength of Adhesives
• ASTM D543: Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics to Chemical Reagents
• ASTM D3567: Practice for Determining Dimensions of Fiberglass Pipe and Fittings
• ASTM E797/E797M: Practice for Manual Ultrasonic Thickness Measurement
• NASSCO Specifications: Guidelines for sewer collection system rehabilitation
• AWWA M28: Manual on Cleaning and Lining Water Mains

These related documents complement the requirements and guidance found in ASTM F1216-22 for a holistic approach to pipeline renewal projects.

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Keywords: ASTM F1216-22, cured-in-place pipe, CIPP, resin-impregnated tube, pipeline rehabilitation, trenchless technology, sewer lining, pipe inversion, pipe curing, ASTM standards, pipe relining.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F1216 − 22
Standard Practice for
Rehabilitation of Existing Pipelines and Conduits by the
1,2
Inversion and Curing of a Resin-Impregnated Tube
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1216; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This practice describes the procedures for the recon-
struction of pipelines and conduits (2in. to 108in. diameter)
2. Referenced Documents
by the installation of a resin-impregnated, flexible tube which
2.1 ASTM Standards:
is inverted into the existing conduit by use of a hydrostatic
D543Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics to
headorairpressure.Theresiniscuredbycirculatinghotwater,
Chemical Reagents
introducing controlled steam within the tube, or by photoini-
D638Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
tiated reaction. When cured, the finished pipe will be continu-
D790Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced
ous and tight-fitting. This reconstruction process is used in a
and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-
variety of gravity and pressure applications such as sanitary
als
sewers, storm sewers, process piping, electrical conduits, and
D903Test Method for Peel or Stripping Strength of Adhe-
ventilation systems.
sive Bonds
1.2 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
D1600TerminologyforAbbreviatedTermsRelatingtoPlas-
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
tics
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
D3567PracticeforDeterminingDimensionsof“Fiberglass”
and are not considered standard.
(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Pipe and
Fittings
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
D3839Guide for Underground Installation of “Fiberglass”
whichprovideexplanatorymaterial.Thesenotesandfootnotes
(Glass-Fiber Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
D5813 Specification for Cured-In-Place Thermosetting
as requirements of the standard.
Resin Sewer Piping Systems
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E797/E797MPractice for Measuring Thickness by Manual
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Contact Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
F412Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
2.2 AWWA Standard:
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
M28Rehabilitation of Water Mains, Third Ed.
For specific precautionary statements, see 7.4.2.
2.3 NASSCO Standard:
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
Sewer Pipe Cleaning Specification Guideline
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3. Terminology
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology F412
and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology D1600,
unless otherwise specified.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.67 on
Trenchless Plastic Pipeline Technology.
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 2022. Published August 2022. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved 2021 as F1216–21. DOI: contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
10.1520/F1216-22. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
The following report has been published on one of the processes: Driver, F.T., the ASTM website.
and Olson, M. R., “Demonstration of Sewer Relining by the Insituform Process, Available fromAmericanWaterWorksAssociation (AWWA), 6666W. Quincy
Northbrook, Illinois,” EPA-600/2-83-064, Environmental ProtectionAgency, 1983. Ave., Denver, CO 80235, http://www.awwa.org.
Interested parties can obtain copies from the Environmental Protection Agency or Available from the National Association of Sewer Service Companies, 5285
from a local technical library. Westview Drive, Suite 202, Frederick, MD 21703. http://www.nassco.org/
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1216 − 22
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 6. Design Considerations
3.2.1 cured-in-place pipe (CIPP)—a hollow cylinder con-
6.1 General Guidelines—The design thickness of the CIPP
taining a nonwoven or a woven material, or a combination of
is largely a function of the condition of the existing pipe.
nonwoven and woven material surrounded by a cured thermo-
Design equations and details are given in Appendix X1.
setting resin. Plastic coatings may be included. This pipe is
formedwithinanexistingpipe.Therefore,ittakestheshapeof
7. Installation
and fits tightly to the existing pipe.
7.1 Cleaning and Inspection:
3.2.2 inversion—the process of turning the resin-
7.1.1 Prior to entering access areas such as manholes, and
impregnated tube inside out by the use of water pressure or air
performing inspection or cleaning operations, an evaluation of
pressure.
theatmospheretodeterminethepresenceoftoxicorflammable
3.2.3 lift—a portion of the CIPPthat has cured in a position
vapors or lack of oxygen must be undertaken in accordance
such that it has pulled away from the existing pipe wall.
with local, state, or federal safety regulations.
3.2.4 photoinitiated reaction—the polymerization of a resin
7.1.2 Cleaning of Pipeline—All internal debris that will
system initiated by light or other electromagnetic radiation.
interfere with the installation or adversely affect the perfor-
manceoftheCIPPshallberemovedfromtheoriginalpipeline.
4. Significance and Use
Gravity pipes are cleaned with hydraulically powered
equipment, high-velocity jet cleaners, mechanically powered
4.1 This practice is for use by designers and specifiers,
equipment,orotherapplicablemethod(s)(seeNASSCOSewer
regulatory agencies, owners, and inspection organizations who
Pipe Cleaning Specification Guideline). Pressure pipelines are
areinvolvedintherehabilitationofconduitsthroughtheuseof
cleanedwithcable-attacheddevices,fluid-propelleddevices,or
aresin-impregnatedtubeinvertedthroughtheexistingconduit.
other applicable method(s) (see Chapter 3 “Pipe Cleaning
As for any practice, modifications may be required for specific
Methods” in AWWA, M28 Rehabilitation of Water Mains,
job conditions.
Third Ed.).
7.1.3 Inspection of Pipelines—Inspection of pipelines shall
5. Materials
be performed by experienced personnel trained in locating
5.1 Tube—The tube shall consist of one or more layers of
breaks, obstacles, and service connections by closed-circuit
flexible needled felt or an equivalent nonwoven or woven
television or worker entry. The interior of the pipeline shall be
material, or a combination of nonwoven and woven materials,
carefully inspected to determine the location of any conditions
capable of carrying resin, withstanding installation pressures
that may prevent proper installation of the impregnated tube,
and curing temperatures. The tube and any non-structural
such as protruding service taps, collapsed or crushed pipe, and
plastic coating or flexible membrane included in the tube
reductionsinthecross-sectionalareaofmorethan40%.These
construction shall be compatible with the resin system used.
conditions shall be noted and corrected prior to installation of
Thematerialshallbeabletostretchtofitirregularpipesections
CIPP.
and negotiate bends.The tube shall be fabricated to a size that,
7.1.4 Line Obstructions—The original pipeline shall be
when installed, will tightly fit the internal circumference and
clear of obstructions such as solids, dropped joints, protruding
thelengthoftheoriginalconduit.Allowanceshallbemadefor
service connections, crushed or collapsed pipe, and reductions
circumferential stretching during inversion.
in the cross-sectional area of more than 40% to ensure proper
5.2 Resin—A general purpose, unsaturated, styrene-based,
installation of the resin-impregnated tube. If inspection reveals
thermoset resin and catalyst system or an epoxy resin and
an obstruction that cannot be removed by conventional sewer
hardener that is compatible with the inversion process shall be
cleaning equipment, then a point repair excavation shall be
used. The resin must be able to cure in the presence of water
made to uncover and remove or repair the obstruction prior to
and the initiation temperature for cure should be less than
the installation of the CIPP.
180°F(82.2°C).TheCIPPsystemshallbeexpectedtohaveas
7.2 Resin Impregnation—The tube shall be vacuum-
a minimum the initial structural properties given in Table 1.
impregnated with resin (wet-out) under controlled conditions.
These physical strength properties shall be determined in
The volume of resin used shall be sufficient to fill all the void
accordance with Section 8.
space present in the tube material at nominal thickness and
diameter. The volume shall be adjusted by adding excess resin
for the change in resin volume due to polymerization and to
A
TABLE 1 CIPP Initial Structural Properties allowforanymigrationofresinintothecracksandjointsinthe
Minimum Value original pipe.
Property Test Method psi (MPa)
NOTE 1—In pipelines 8in. diameter and less, 5% to 10% excess resin
Flexural strength D790 4500 (31)
should be added.
Flexural modulus D790 250 000 (1724)
Tensile strength (for D638 3000 (21)
7.3 Bypassing—If bypassing of the flow is required around
pressure pipes
the sections of pipe designated for reconstruction, the pump
only)
and bypass lines shall be of adequate capacity and size to
A
The values in Table 1 are for field inspection. The purchaser should consult the
handle the flow. Services within this reach will be temporarily
manufacturer for the long-term structural properties.
out of service.
F1216 − 22
7.3.1 Public advisory services will be required to notify all 7.6 Curing:
partieswhoseservicelateralswillbeoutofcommissionandto
7.6.1 Using Circulating Heated Water—After inversion is
adviseagainstwaterusageuntilthemainlineisbackinservice.
completed, a suitable heat source and water recirculation
equipmentarerequiredtocirculateheatedwaterthroughoutthe
7.4 Inversion:
pipe. The equipment shall be capable of delivering hot water
7.4.1 Using Hydrostatic Head—The wet-out tube shall be
throughoutthesectiontouniformlyraisethewatertemperature
inserted through an existing manhole or other approved access
above the temperature required to effect a cure of the resin.
by means of an inversion process and the application of a
Watertemperatureinthelineduringthecureperiodshallbeas
hydrostatic head sufficient to fully extend it to the next
recommended by the resin manufacturer.
designated manhole or termination point. The tube shall be
7.6.1.1 Theheatsourceshallbefittedwithsuitablemonitors
inserted into the vertical inversion standpipe with the imper-
meable plastic membrane side out. At the lower end of the to gauge the temperature of the incoming and outgoing water
supply. Another such gauge shall be placed between the
inversion standpipe, the tube shall be turned inside out and
attachedtothestandpipesothataleakproofsealiscreated.The impregnated tube and the pipe invert at the termination to
determine the temperatures during cure.
inversion head shall be adjusted to be of sufficient height to
causetheimpregnatedtubetoinvertfrompointofinversionto
7.6.1.2 Initial cure will occur during temperature heat-up
point of termination and hold the tube tight to the pipe wall,
and is completed when exposed portions of the new pipe
producing dimples at side connections. Care shall be taken
appeartobehardandsoundandtheremotetemperaturesensor
during the inversion so as not to over-stress the felt fiber.
indicates that the temperature is of a magnitude to realize an
7.4.1.1 An alternative method of installation is a top inver-
exotherm or cure in the resin.After initial cure is reached, the
sion. In this case, the tube is attached to a top ring and is
temperature shall be raised to the post-cure temperature rec-
inverted to form a standpipe from the tube itself or another
ommended by the resin manufacturer. The post-cure tempera-
method accepted by the engineer. ture shall be held for a period as recommended by the resin
manufacturer, during which time the recirculation of the water
NOTE 2—The tube manufacturer should provide information on the
andcyclingoftheboilertomaintainthetemperaturecontinues.
maximum allowable tensile stress for the tube.
ThecuringoftheCIPPmusttakeintoaccounttheexistingpipe
7.4.2 Using Air Pressure—The wet-out tube shall be in-
material,theresinsystem,andgroundconditions(temperature,
sertedthroughanexistingmanholeorotherapprovedaccessby
moisture level, and thermal conductivity of soil).
means of an inversion process and the application of air
7.6.2 Using Steam—After inversion is completed, suitable
pressure sufficient to fully extend it to the next designated
steam-generatingequipmentisrequiredandshallbecapableof
manhole or termination point. The tube shall be connected by
producingasufficientamountofthermalenergythroughoutthe
an attachment at the upper end of the guide chute so that a
section to uniformly raise the temperature within the pipe
leakproof seal is created and with the impermeable plastic
abovethetemperaturerequiredtoeffectacureoftheresin.The
membranes side out. As the tube enters the guide chute, the
volume of air being sent through the pipe shall be sufficient to
tube shall be turned inside out.The inversion air pressure shall
minimize condensation of the steam occurring during the
be adjusted to be of sufficient pressure to cause the impreg-
curing.Thetemperatureinthelineduringthecureperiodshall
nated tube to invert from point of inversion to point of
be as recommended by the resin manufacturer.
termination and hold the tube tight to the pipe wall, producing
7.6.2.1 The steam-generating equipment shall be fitted with
dimples at side connections. Care shall be taken during the
inversion so as not to overstress the woven and nonwoven a suitable monitor to gauge the temperature of the outgoing
steam. The temperature of the resin being cured shall be
materials. Warning—Suitable precautions shall be taken to
eliminatehazardstopersonnelintheproximityoftheconstruc- monitored by placing gauges between the impregnated tube
andtheexistingpipeatbothendstodeterminethetemperature
tion when pressurized air is being use.
7.4.3 Required Pressures—Before the inversion begins, the during cure.
tube manufacturer shall provide the minimum pressure re-
7.6.2.2 Initial cure will occur during temperature heat-up
quired to hold the tube tight against the existing conduit, and
and is completed when exposed portions of the new pipe
themaximumallowablepressuresoasnottodamagethetube.
appeartobehardandsoundandtheremotetemperaturesensor
Oncetheinversionhasstarted,thepressureshallbemaintained
indicates that the temperature is of a magnitude to realize an
between the minimum and maximum pressures until the
exotherm or cure in the resin.After initial cure is reached, the
inversion has been completed.
temperature shall be raised to post-cure temperatures recom-
mended by the resin manufacturer. The post-cure temperature
NOTE 3—After inversion is completed, pressures can be adjusted to
shall be held for a period as recommended by the resin
facilitate the safe installation of condensate removal equipment or other
mechanisms required to transition to the curing process. manufacturer, during which time the distribution of thermal
energy via control of steam and air flow maintains the stated
7.5 Lubricant—When lubricant is used to reduce friction
temperature.ThecuringoftheCIPPmusttakeintoaccountthe
during inversion, the lubricant shall be poured into the inver-
existing pipe material, the resin system, the current vertical
sion water in the downtube or applied directly to the tube.The
alignment (that is, sags), and ground conditions (temperature,
lubricant used shall be a nontoxic product that has no detri-
moisture level, and thermal conductivity of soil).
mental effects on the tube or boiler and pump system, will not
supportthegrowthofbacteria,andwillnotadverselyaffectthe 7.6.3 Using Photoinitiated Reaction—After the inversion is
fluid to be transported. completed, while the tube is expanded under pressure, a light
F1216 − 22
curing assembly may be drawn through the pipe. Prior to 7.8.1 IftheCIPPdoesnotfittightlyagainsttheoriginalpipe
initiating the curing process, the installer shall use closed- atitsterminationpoint(s),thespacebetweenthepipesshallbe
circuit television (CCTV) camera(s) in coordination with or sealed by an approved method using compatible materials, if
mounted on the light curing assembly to verify that the tube is required by the owner in contract documents.
properly positioned and fitted to the host pipe.Any anomalies
7.9 Service Connections—After the new pipe has been
shall be corrected prior to initiating the curing process.
cured in place, the existing active service connections shall be
7.6.3.1 The curing lights shall be tuned or optimized for the
reconnected. This should generally be done without
photoinitiated resin system; or conversely the photo initiators
excavation,andinthecaseofnon-workerentrypipes,fromthe
shall be optimized to the output of the curing lights.
interior of the pipeline by means of a television camera and a
7.6.3.2 Processing—Before the inversion begins, for dy-
remote-control cutting device.
namic curing processes the CIPP system manufacturer shall
8. Inspection Practices
provide the rate of travel for the light assembly through the
pipeforeachinstallationlength,orasrequiredforeachspecific
8.1 Foreachinversionlengthdesignatedbytheownerinthe
tube dimensions. The rate shall be optimized to initiate
Contract documents or purchase order, the preparation of a
polymerization and facilitate the cure of the CIPP resin.
CIPP sample is required, using one of the following two
7.6.3.3 Curing Control—Afull protocol shall be defined by
methods, depending on access and the size of the host pipe.
the manufacturer and recorded and maintained as documenta-
8.1.1 Forpipesizesof18in.orless,thesampleshallbecut
tion verifying the curing process. Data collected may include
from a section of cured CIPPat an intermediate manhole or at
time, rate of travel of the light curing assembly for dynamic
the termination point that has been inverted through a like
curing processes, pressures, temperature in the tube and the
diameter pipe which has been held in place by a suitable heat
power output of the light assembly.
sink, such as sandbags.
8.1.2 In medium and large-diameter applications and areas
7.6.4 Required Pressures—The estimated maximum and
with limited access, the sample shall be fabricated from
minimum pressure required to hold the flexible tube tight
materialtakenfromthetubeandtheresin/catalystsystemused
against the existing conduit during the curing process shall be
and cured in a clamped mold placed in the downtube when
provided by the tube manufacturer and shall be increased to
circulatingheatedwaterisusedandinthesilencerwhensteam
include consideration of the external ground water, if present.
is used. This method can also be used for sizes 18 in. or less,
Once the cure has started and dimpling for laterals is
insituationswherepreparingsamplesinaccordancewith8.1.1
completed, the required pressures shall be maintained until the
can not be obtained due to physical constrains, if approved by
cure has been completed. The pressure shall be maintained
the owner.
within the estimated maximum and minimum pressure during
8.1.3 The samples for each of these cases shall be large
the curing process. If the steam pressure or hydrostatic
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F1216 − 21 F1216 − 22
Standard Practice for
Rehabilitation of Existing Pipelines and Conduits by the
1,2
Inversion and Curing of a Resin-Impregnated Tube
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1216; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice describes the procedures for the reconstruction of pipelines and conduits (2 in. to 108 in. diameter) by the
installation of a resin-impregnated, flexible tube which is inverted into the existing conduit by use of a hydrostatic head or air
pressure. The resin is cured by circulating hot water, introducing controlled steam within the tube, or by photoinitiated reaction.
When cured, the finished pipe will be continuous and tight-fitting. This reconstruction process can be is used in a variety of gravity
and pressure applications such as sanitary sewers, storm sewers, process piping, electrical conduits, and ventilation systems.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 7.4.2.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics to Chemical Reagents
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
D790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials
D903 Test Method for Peel or Stripping Strength of Adhesive Bonds
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics
D3567 Practice for Determining Dimensions of “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Pipe and Fittings
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.67 on Trenchless Plastic
Pipeline Technology.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2021Aug. 15, 2022. Published February 2022August 2022. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved 20162021 as
F1216 – 16.F1216 – 21. DOI: 10.1520/F1216-21.10.1520/F1216-22.
The following report has been published on one of the processes: Driver, F. T., and Olson, M. R., “Demonstration of Sewer Relining by the Insituform Process,
Northbrook, Illinois,” EPA-600/2-83-064, Environmental Protection Agency, 1983. Interested parties can obtain copies from the Environmental Protection Agency or from
a local technical library.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D3839 Guide for Underground Installation of “Fiberglass” (Glass-Fiber Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
D5813 Specification for Cured-In-Place Thermosetting Resin Sewer Piping Systems
E797/E797M Practice for Measuring Thickness by Manual Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Contact Method
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
2.2 AWWA Standard:
Manual on Cleaning and Lining Water Mains, M 28 Rehabilitation of Water Mains, Third Ed.
2.3 NASSCO Standard:
Recommended Specifications for Sewer Collection System RehabilitationSewer Pipe Cleaning Specification Guideline
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology F412 and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology D1600, unless
otherwise specified.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cured-in-place pipe (CIPP)—a hollow cylinder containing a nonwoven or a woven material, or a combination of nonwoven
and woven material surrounded by a cured thermosetting resin. Plastic coatings may be included. This pipe is formed within an
existing pipe. Therefore, it takes the shape of and fits tightly to the existing pipe.
3.2.2 inversion—the process of turning the resin-impregnated tube inside out by the use of water pressure or air pressure.
3.2.3 lift—a portion of the CIPP that has cured in a position such that it has pulled away from the existing pipe wall.
3.2.4 photoinitiated reaction—Thethe polymerization of a resin system initiated by light or other electromagnetic radiation.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This practice is for use by designers and specifiers, regulatory agencies, owners, and inspection organizations who are involved
in the rehabilitation of conduits through the use of a resin-impregnated tube inverted through the existing conduit. As for any
practice, modifications may be required for specific job conditions.
5. Materials
5.1 Tube—The tube shouldshall consist of one or more layers of flexible needled felt or an equivalent nonwoven or woven
material, or a combination of nonwoven and woven materials, capable of carrying resin, withstanding installation pressures and
curing temperatures. The tube should and any non-structural plastic coating or flexible membrane included in the tube construction
shall be compatible with the resin system used. The material shouldshall be able to stretch to fit irregular pipe sections and
negotiate bends. The outside layer of the tube should be plastic coated with a material that is compatible with the resin system used.
The tube should be tube shall be fabricated to a size that, when installed, will tightly fit the internal circumference and the length
of the original conduit. Allowance shouldshall be made for circumferential stretching during inversion.
5.2 Resin—A general purpose, unsaturated, styrene-based, thermoset resin and catalyst system or an epoxy resin and hardener that
is compatible with the inversion process shouldshall be used. The resin must be able to cure in the presence of water and the
initiation temperature for cure should be less than 180 °F (82.2 °C). The CIPP system canshall be expected to have as a minimum
the initial structural properties given in Table 1. These physical strength properties shouldshall be determined in accordance with
Section 8.
6. Design Considerations
6.1 General Guidelines—The design thickness of the CIPP is largely a function of the condition of the existing pipe. Design
equations and details are given in Appendix X1.
Available from American Water Works Association (AWWA), 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, CO 80235, http://www.awwa.org.
Available from the National Association of Sewer Service Companies, 2470 Longstone Lane, Suite M Marriottsville, MD 21104.5285 Westview Drive, Suite 202,
Frederick, MD 21703. http://www.nassco.org/
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A
TABLE 1 CIPP Initial Structural Properties
Minimum Value
Property Test Method psi (MPa)
Flexural strength D790 4500 (31)
Flexural modulus D790 250 000 (1724)
Tensile strength (for D638 3000 (21)
pressure pipes
only)
A
The values in Table 1 are for field inspection. The purchaser should consult the
manufacturer for the long-term structural properties.
7. Installation
7.1 Cleaning and Inspection:
7.1.1 Prior to entering access areas such as manholes, and performing inspection or cleaning operations, an evaluation of the
atmosphere to determine the presence of toxic or flammable vapors or lack of oxygen must be undertaken in accordance with local,
state, or federal safety regulations.
7.1.2 Cleaning of Pipeline—All internal debris should that will interfere with the installation or adversely affect the performance
of the CIPP shall be removed from the original pipeline. Gravity pipes should be are cleaned with hydraulically powered
equipment, high-velocity jet cleaners, or mechanically powered equipment (see NASSCO Recommended Specifications for Sewer
Collection System Rehabilitation). Pressure pipelines should be equipment, or other applicable method(s) (see NASSCO Sewer
Pipe Cleaning Specification Guideline). Pressure pipelines are cleaned with cable-attached devices or fluid-propelled devices as
shown in AWWA Manual on Cleaning and Lining Water Mains, M 28.devices, fluid-propelled devices, or other applicable
method(s) (see Chapter 3 “Pipe Cleaning Methods” in AWWA, M 28 Rehabilitation of Water Mains, Third Ed.).
7.1.3 Inspection of Pipelines—Inspection of pipelines shouldshall be performed by experienced personnel trained in locating
breaks, obstacles, and service connections by closed-circuit television or manworker entry. The interior of the pipeline shouldshall
be carefully inspected to determine the location of any conditions that may prevent proper installation of the impregnated tube,
such as protruding service taps, collapsed or crushed pipe, and reductions in the cross-sectional area of more than 40 %. These
conditions should be noted so that they can be corrected.shall be noted and corrected prior to installation of CIPP.
7.1.4 Line Obstructions—The original pipeline shouldshall be clear of obstructions such as solids, dropped joints, protruding
service connections, crushed or collapsed pipe, and reductions in the cross-sectional area of more than 40 % that will prevent the
insertion to ensure proper installation of the resin-impregnated tube. If inspection reveals an obstruction that cannot be removed
by conventional sewer cleaning equipment, then a point repair excavation shouldshall be made to uncover and remove or repair
the obstruction.obstruction prior to the installation of the CIPP.
7.2 Resin Impregnation—The tube shouldshall be vacuum-impregnated with resin (wet-out) under controlled conditions. The
volume of resin used shouldshall be sufficient to fill all voids the void space present in the tube material at nominal thickness and
diameter. The volume shouldshall be adjusted by adding 5 % to 10 % excess resin for the change in resin volume due to
polymerization and to allow for any migration of resin into the cracks and joints in the original pipe.
NOTE 1—In pipelines 8 in. diameter and less, 5 % to 10 % excess resin should be added.
7.3 Bypassing—If bypassing of the flow is required around the sections of pipe designated for reconstruction, the bypass should
be made by plugging the line at a point upstream of the pipe to be reconstructed and pumping the flow to a downstream point or
adjacent system. The pump and bypass lines shouldshall be of adequate capacity and size to handle the flow. Services within this
reach will be temporarily out of service.
7.3.1 Public advisory services will be required to notify all parties whose service laterals will be out of commission and to advise
against water usage until the mainline is back in service.
7.4 Inversion:
7.4.1 Using Hydrostatic Head—The wet-out tube shouldshall be inserted through an existing manhole or other approved access
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by means of an inversion process and the application of a hydrostatic head sufficient to fully extend it to the next designated
manhole or termination point. The tube shouldshall be inserted into the vertical inversion standpipe with the impermeable plastic
membrane side out. At the lower end of the inversion standpipe, the tube shouldshall be turned inside out and attached to the
standpipe so that a leakproof seal is created. The inversion head shouldshall be adjusted to be of sufficient height to cause the
impregnated tube to invert from point of inversion to point of termination and hold the tube tight to the pipe wall, producing
dimples at side connections. Care shouldshall be taken during the inversion so as not to over-stress the felt fiber.
7.4.1.1 An alternative method of installation is a top inversion. In this case, the tube is attached to a top ring and is inverted to
form a standpipe from the tube itself or another method accepted by the engineer.
NOTE 2—The tube manufacturer should provide information on the maximum allowable tensile stress for the tube.
7.4.2 Using Air Pressure—The wet-out tube shouldshall be inserted through an existing manhole or other approved access by
means of an inversion process and the application of air pressure sufficient to fully extend it to the next designated manhole or
termination point. The tube shouldshall be connected by an attachment at the upper end of the guide chute so that a leakproof seal
is created and with the impermeable plastic membranes side out. As the tube enters the guide chute, the tube shouldshall be turned
inside out. The inversion air pressure shouldshall be adjusted to be of sufficient pressure to cause the impregnated tube to invert
from point of inversion to point of termination and hold the tube tight to the pipe wall, producing dimples at side connections. Care
shouldshall be taken during the inversion so as not to overstress the woven and nonwoven materials. Warning—Suitable
precautions shouldshall be taken to eliminate hazards to personnel in the proximity of the construction when pressurized air is
being use.
7.4.3 Required Pressures—Before the inversion begins, the tube manufacturer shall provide the minimum pressure required to
hold the tube tight against the existing conduit, and the maximum allowable pressure so as not to damage the tube. Once the
inversion has started, the pressure shall be maintained between the minimum and maximum pressures until the inversion has been
completed.
NOTE 3—After inversion is completed, pressures can be adjusted to facilitate the safe installation of condensate removal equipment or other mechanisms
required to transition to the curing process.
7.5 Lubricant—The use of a lubricant during inversion is recommendedWhen lubricant is used to reduce friction during inversion.
Thisinversion, the lubricant shouldshall be poured into the inversion water in the downtube or applied directly to the tube. The
lubricant used shouldshall be a nontoxic, oil-based nontoxic product that has no detrimental effects on the tube or boiler and pump
system, will not support the growth of bacteria, and will not adversely affect the fluid to be transported.
7.6 Curing:
7.6.1 Using Circulating Heated Water—After inversion is completed, a suitable heat source and water recirculation equipment are
required to circulate heated water throughout the pipe. The equipment shouldshall be capable of delivering hot water throughout
the section to uniformly raise the water temperature above the temperature required to effect a cure of the resin. Water temperature
in the line during the cure period shouldshall be as recommended by the resin manufacturer.
7.6.1.1 The heat source shouldshall be fitted with suitable monitors to gauge the temperature of the incoming and outgoing water
supply. Another such gauge shouldshall be placed between the impregnated tube and the pipe invert at the termination to determine
the temperatures during cure.
7.6.1.2 Initial cure will occur during temperature heat-up and is completed when exposed portions of the new pipe appear to be
hard and sound and the remote temperature sensor indicates that the temperature is of a magnitude to realize an exotherm or cure
in the resin. After initial cure is reached, the temperature shouldshall be raised to the post-cure temperature recommended by the
resin manufacturer. The post-cure temperature shouldshall be held for a period as recommended by the resin manufacturer, during
which time the recirculation of the water and cycling of the boiler to maintain the temperature continues. The curing of the CIPP
must take into account the existing pipe material, the resin system, and ground conditions (temperature, moisture level, and thermal
conductivity of soil).
7.6.2 Using Steam—After inversion is completed, suitable steam-generating equipment is required to distribute steam throughout
the pipe. The equipment should and shall be capable of delivering steam producing a sufficient amount of thermal energy
throughout the section to uniformly raise the temperature within the pipe above the temperature required to effect a cure of the
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resin. The volume of air being sent through the pipe shall be sufficient to minimize condensation of the steam occurring during
the curing. The temperature in the line during the cure period shouldshall be as recommended by the resin manufacturer.
7.6.2.1 The steam-generating equipment shouldshall be fitted with a suitable monitor to gauge the temperature of the outgoing
steam. The temperature of the resin being cured shouldshall be monitored by placing gauges between the impregnated tube and
the existing pipe at both ends to determine the temperature during cure.
7.6.2.2 Initial cure will occur during temperature heat-up and is completed when exposed portions of the new pipe appear to be
hard and sound and the remote temperature sensor indicates that the temperature is of a magnitude to realize an exotherm or cure
in the resin. After initial cure is reached, the temperature shouldshall be raised to post-cure temperatures recommended by the resin
manufacturer. The post-cure temperature shouldshall be held for a period as recommended by the resin manufacturer, during which
time the distribution and of thermal energy via control of steam to maintain the temperature continues.and air flow maintains the
stated temperature. The curing of the CIPP must take into account the existing pipe material, the resin system, the current vertical
alignment (that is, sags), and ground conditions (temperature, moisture level, and thermal conductivity of soil).
7.6.3 Using Photoinitiated Reaction—After the inversion is completed, while the tube is expanded under pressure, a light curing
assembly may be drawn through the pipe. Prior to initiating the curing process, the installer shall use closed-circuit television
(CCTV) camera(s) in coordination with or mounted on the light curing assembly to verify that the tube is properly positioned and
fitted to the host pipe. Any anomalies shall be corrected prior to initiating the curing process.
7.6.3.1 The curing lights shall be tuned or optimized for the photoinitiated resin system; or conversely the photo initiators shall
be optimized to the output of the curing lights.
7.6.3.2 Processing—Before the inversion begins, for dynamic curing processes the CIPP system manufacturer shall provide the
rate of travel for the light assembly through the pipe for each installation length, or as required for each specific tube dimensions.
The rate shall be optimized to initiate polymerization and facilitate the cure of the CIPP resin.
7.6.3.3 Curing Control—A full protocol shall be defined by the manufacturer and recorded and maintained as documentation
verifying the curing process. Data collected may include time, rate of travel of the light curing assembly for dynamic curing
processes, pressures, temperature in the tube and the power output of the light assembly.
7.6.4 Required Pressures—As required by the purchase agreement, the The estimated maximum and minimum pressure required
to hold the flexible tube tight against the existing conduit during the curing process shouldshall be provided by the seller tube
manufacturer and shall be increased to include consideration of the external ground water, if present. Once the cure has started and
dimpling for laterals is completed, the required pressures shouldshall be maintained until the cure has been completed. The pressure
shouldshall be maintained within the estimated maximum and minimum pressure during the curing process. If the steam pressure
or hydrostatic head drops below the recommended minimum during the cure, the CIPP shouldshall be inspected for lifts or
delaminations and evaluated for its ability to fully meet the applicable requirements of 7.8 and Section 8.
7.7 Cool-Down:
7.7.1 Using Cool Water After Heated Water Cure—The new pipe should be cooled to a temperature below 100 °F (38 °C) before
relieving the static head in the inversion standpipe. Cool-down may be accomplished by the introduction of cool water into the
inversion standpipe to replace water being drained from a small hole made in the downstream end. Care shouldshall be taken in
the release of the static head so that a vacuum will not be developed that could damage the newly installed pipe.
7.7.2 Using Cool Water After Steam Cure—The new pipe should be cooled to a temperature below 113 °F (45 °C) before relieving
the internal pressure within the section. Cool-down may be accomplished by the introduction of cool water into the section to
replace the mixture of air and steam being drained from a small hole made in the downstream end. Care shouldsh
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