ASTM E1996-01

Standard Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors and Storm Shutters Impacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers exterior windows, glazed curtain walls, doors and storm shutters used in buildings located in geographic regions that are prone to hurricanes.
1.2 This specification provides the information required to conduct Test Method E1886.
1.3 Qualification under this specification provides a basis for judgment of the ability of applicable elements of the building envelope to remain unbreached during a hurricane; thereby minimizing the damaging effects of hurricanes on the building interior and reducing the magnitude of internal pressurization. While this standard was developed for hurricanes, it may be used for other types of similar windstorms capable of generating windborne debris.
1.4 This specification provides a uniform set of guidelines based upon currently available information and research. As new information and research becomes available it will be considered.
1.5 All values are stated in SI units and are to be regarded as standard. Values given in parentheses are for information only. Where certain values contained in reference documents cited and quoted herein are stated in inch-pound units they must be converted by the user.
1.6 The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test method portion, Section 5, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Mar-2001
• ICS: 91.060.10 - Walls. Partitions. Facades
• ICS: 91.060.50 - Doors and windows
• Technical Committee: E06 - Performance of Buildings
• Drafting Committee: E06.51 - Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM E1996-02 - Standard Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors and Storm Shutters Impacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2002
• Referred By: ASTM C1172-19 - Standard Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E2358-17 - Standard Specification for Performance of Glazing in Permanent Railing Systems, Guards, and Balustrades
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E1886-19 - Standard Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E2395-21 - Standard Specification for Voluntary Security Performance of Window and Door Assemblies with Glazing Impact
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E330/E330M-14(2021) - Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-2001
• Referred By: ASTM C1401-23 - Standard Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-2001
• Referred By: ASTM C1349-17 - Standard Specification for Architectural Flat Glass Clad Polycarbonate
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E1233/E1233M-14(2021) - Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylights, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic Air Pressure Differential
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-2001
• Referred By: ASTM E2813-18 - Standard Practice for Building Enclosure Commissioning
• Effective Date: 10-Mar-2001

Standards Content (Sample)

An American National Standard
Designation: E 1996 – 01
Standard Specification for
Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors and
Storm Shutters Impacted by Windborne Debris in
Hurricanes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1996; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E1886 Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows,
Curtain Walls, Doors and Storm Shutters Impacted by
1.1 This specification covers exterior windows, glazed cur-
Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure Differentials
tainwalls,doorsandstormshuttersusedinbuildingslocatedin
2.2 ASCE Standard:
geographic regions that are prone to hurricanes.
ASCE 7, American Society of Civil Engineers Minimum
1.2 This specification provides the information required to
Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
conduct Test Method E1886.
1.3 Qualification under this specification provides a basis
3. Terminology
for judgment of the ability of applicable elements of the
3.1 Definitions:
building envelope to remain unbreached during a hurricane;
3.1.1 General terms used in this specification are defined in
thereby minimizing the damaging effects of hurricanes on the
Terminology E631.
building interior and reducing the magnitude of internal
3.1.2 Terms common to this specification and Test Method
pressurization. While this standard was developed for hurri-
E1886 are defined in Test Method E1886, unless defined
canes, it may be used for other types of similar windstorms
herein.
capable of generating windborne debris.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.4 This specification provides a uniform set of guidelines
3.2.1 assembly height—vertical elevation above adjacent
based upon currently available information and research. As
ground level at which fenestration or shutter assembly is to be
new information and research becomes available it will be
installed, measured to the center of the assembly.
considered.
3.2.2 basic wind speed—three-second gust speeds as de-
1.5 All values are stated in SI units and are to be regarded
fined in the latest edition of ASCE 7.
as standard. Values given in parentheses are for information
3.2.3 infill—glazing in a fenestration assembly or curtain
only. Where certain values contained in reference documents
wall.
cited and quoted herein are stated in inch-pound units they
3.2.4 maximum deflection—Greatest deformation of an ele-
must be converted by the user.
ment or component under the application of an applied force.
1.6 The following precautionary statement pertains only to
3.2.5 maximum dynamic deflection—greatest deformation
the test method portion, Section 5, of this specification: This
of an element or component during the missile impact.
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
3.2.6 porous storm shutter assembly—an assembly whose
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
aggregateopenareaexceedstenpercentofitsprojectedsurface
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
area.
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
tions prior to use.
4. Test Specimens
2. Referenced Documents 4.1 Number of Test Specimens:
4.1.1 Three test specimens shall be submitted for the large
2.1 ASTM Standards:
missile test.
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
4.1.2 Three test specimens shall be submitted for the small
missile test.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on 4.2 Test specimens shall be prepared as specified in Test
Performance of Building Constructions and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
Method E1886.
mittee E06.51 on Component Performance of Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors.
Current edition approved March 10, 2001. Published April 2001.Originally
published as E1996–99. Last previous edition E1996–99.
See the Significance and Use Section of Test Method E1886.
3 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11. Available from American Society of Civil Engineers, .
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1996–01
4.3 The size of the test specimen shall be determined by the 5.3.3 Small Missile Test—Impact each shutter assembly
specifying authority. All components of each test specimen specimenandeachfenestrationassemblyinfilltypethreetimes
shall be full size. with ten steel balls each as shown in Fig. 2.
4.4 Where it is impractical to test the entire assembly such 5.3.3.1 Each impact location shall receive distributed im-
as curtain wall and heavy commercial assemblies, test the pacts simultaneously from ten steel balls. The impact shall be
largest size of each type of panel as required by the specifying described in the test report.
authority to qualify the entire assembly. 5.3.3.2 The corner impact locations shall be entirely within
4.5 Fenestrationassembliesandshutterassembliesintended a 250 mm (10 in.) radius circle having its center located at 275
to be mulled together shall be tested separately or tested by mm (11 in.) from the edges.
combining three specimens into one mounting frame separated 5.3.3.3 The edge impact locations shall be entirely within a
only by the mullions. 250 mm (10 in.) radius circle at the centerline between two
corners having its center located at 275 mm (11 in.) from the
5. Test Methods edge.
5.3.3.4 The center impact location shall be entirely within a
5.1 TestspecimensshallbetestedaccordingtoTestMethod
250 mm radius (10 in.) circle having its center located at the
E1886.
horizontal and vertical centerline of the infill.
5.2 Determine the missile based upon building classifica-
tion, wind speed and assembly height according to Section 6.
NOTE 1—Impactlocationsforsmallmissiletestmayoverlapdepending
5.3 Location of Impact:
on the size of the specimen.
5.3.1 Large Missile Test—Impact each shutter assembly
5.4 Air Pressure Cycling
specimen and each fenestration assembly infill type once as
5.4.1 The air pressure portion of the test shall use the test
shown in Fig. 1.
loading program in Table 1. Select P and P for the
pos neg
5.3.1.1 Impact one specimen with the center of the missile
maximum inward (positive) and maximum outward (negative)
within a 65 mm (2 ⁄2 in.) radius circle with the center of the
air pressure differential for which qualification is sought.
circle located at the center of each type of infill.
5.4.2 Porous shutter assemblies whose aggregate open area
5.3.1.2 Impact a different specimen with the center of the
exceeds50%oftheirprojectedsurfaceareathatpassthesmall
missile within a 65 mm (2 ⁄2 in.) radius circle with the center
missile test and that are not subject to the large missile test
of the circle located 150 mm (6 in.) from supporting members
need not be tested for the air pressure portion of the test
at a corner.
described in this section.
5.3.1.3 Impact the remaining specimen with the center of
5.5 For porous storm shutter specimens that are tested
the missile within a 65 mm (2 ⁄2 in.) radius circle with the
independently of the fenestration assemblies they are intended
center of the circle located 150 mm (6 in.) from supporting
to protect, measure and record both the maximum dynamic
members at a diagonally opposite corner.
deflection and the residual deflection following the impact test
5.3.2 Special Considerations:
and measure and record the maximum deflection in combina-
5.3.2.1 For test specimens containing multiple panels, im-
tion with the residual deflection during the air pressure cycling
pact the exterior glazing surface innermost from the exterior
test. Measure all deflections to the nearest 2 mm (0.1 in.).
plane of the fenestration or shutter assembly.
5.3.2.2 For test specimens containing fixed and operable
6. Missiles
panels of the same type of infill, impact the operable portion.
6.1 The specifying authority shall select an applicable
5.3.2.3 For operable test specimens, a corner impact loca-
missile by defining a level of protection, a wind zone, and an
tion shall be nearest a locking device and the other corner
assembly height above the ground.
impact location shall be at a corner diagonally opposite.
6.2 The applicable missile from Table 2 shall be chosen
5.3.2.4 For test specimens with bracing at the specified
using Table 3, unless otherwise specified.
impact location(s), the impact location(s) shall be relocated to
6.2.1 Unlessotherwisespecified,selecttheappropriatelevel
the nearest area with no bracing.
ofbuildingprotectionfrom6.2.1.1-6.2.1.3andenterTable3or
Table 4 at the appropriate column.
FIG. 2 Impact Locations for Small Missile Test (Each Type of
FIG. 1 Impact Location for Large Missile Test (Each Type of Infill) Infill)
E1996–01
TABLE 1 Cyclic Static Air Pressure Loading
emergency; and buildings and other structures having critical
Loading Number of Air national defense functions.
Loading Direction Air Pressure Cycles
Sequence Pressure Cycles
6.2.1.2 Basic Protection— All buildings and structures
1 Positive 0.2 to 0.5 P 3500
pos except those listed in 6.2.1.1 and 6.2.1.3.
2 Positive 0.0 to 0.6 P 300
pos
6.2.1.3 Unprotected— Buildings and other structures that
3 Positive 0.5 to 0.8 P 600
pos
representalowhazardtohumanlifeinawindstormincluding,
4 Positive 0.3 to 1.0 P 100
pos
5 Negative 0.3 to 1.0 P 50
neg but not limited to: agricultural facilities, production green-
6 Negative 0.5 to 0.8 P 1050
neg
houses, certain temporary facilities, and storage facilities.
7 Negative 0.0 to 0.6 P 50
neg
6.2.2 Unlessotherwisespecified,selectthewindzonebased
8 Negative 0.2 to 0.5 P 3350
neg
on the basic wind speed as follows:
6.2.2.1 Wind Zone 1— 110 mph# basic wind speed < 120
TABLE 2 Applicable Missiles
mph, and Hawaii.
Impact Speed
6.2.2.2 Wind Zone 2— 120 mph# basic wind speed < 130
Missile Level Missile
(m/s)
mph at greater than 1.6 km (one mile) from the coastline. The
A2g 6 5 % steel ball 39.62 (130 f/s)
coastline shall be measured from the mean high water mark.
6.2.2.3 Wind Zone 3— basic wind speed $ 130 mph, or
B 910 g 6 100 g (2.0 lb. 6 0.25 lb.) 234in. 15.25 (50 f/s)
52.5 cm 6 100 mm (1 ft - 9 in. 6 4in.) basic wind speed$ 120 mph and within 1.6 km (one mile) of
lumber
the coastline. The coastline shall be measured from the mean
high water mark.
C 2050 g 6 100 g (4.5 lb. 6 0.25 lb.) 234in. 12.19 (40 f/s)
1.2 m6 100 mm (4 ft 6 4 in.) lumber
7. Pass/Fail Criteria
D 4100 g 6 100 g (9.0 lb. 6 0.25 lb) 234in. 15.25 (50 f/s)
2.4 m 6 100 mm (8 ft 6 4 in.) lumber
7.1 Fenestration Assemblies and Non-Porous Shutter
Assemblies—The test specimen shall resist the large or small
E 4100 g 6 100 g (9.0 lb. 6 0.25 lb.) 234in. 24.38 (80 f/s)
missile impacts, or both, with no tear formed longer than 130
2.4 m6 100 mm (8 ft 6 4 in.) lumber
mm (5 in.) or no opening formed through which a 76 mm (3
in.) diameter solid sphere can freely pass when evaluated upon
TABLE 3 Description Levels completion of missile impacts and test loading program.
7.2 Porous Shutter Assemblies Tested Independently of the
NOTE 1—For Missiles B, C, D, and E also use Missile A for porous
Fenestration Assemblies They are Protecting:
shutter assemblies (see 8.4).
7.2.1 Thereshallbenopenetrationoftheinnermostplaneof
Level of Protec- Enhanced Protection
Basic Protection Unprotected
thetestspecimenbytheapplicablemissile(s)duringtheimpact
tion (Essential Facilities)
test(s).
Assembly Height # (30 ft) > (30 ft) # (30 ft) > (30 ft) # (30 ft) > (30 ft)
9.1 m 9.1 m 9.1 m 9.1 m 9.1 m 9.1 m
7.2.2 Upon completion of the missile impact(s) and test
Wind Zone 1 D D C A None None
loading program, there shall be no horizontally projected
Wind Zone 2 D D C A None None
opening formed through which a 76 mm (3 in.) diameter solid
Wind Zone 3 E D D A None None
sphere can pass.
TABLE 4 Desciption of Levels for Rooftop Skylights in One- and
8. Product Qualification
Two-Family Dwellings
8.1 Whenalltestspecimenssubmittedhavemettherequire-
NOTE 1—The term “One- and Two-Family Dwellings” includes all
ments of this specification based on the pass/fail criteria
buildings included under the scope of the International Residential Code
described in Section 7, the set of test specimens shall be
2000 published by the International Code Council.
accepted according to the designated building classification,
Level of Protec- Enhanced Protection
wind speed and assembly height.
Basic Protection
tion (Essential Facilities)
8.2 If any test specimen fails to meet the requirements of
Assembly Height # (30 ft) > (30 ft) # (30 ft) > (30 ft)
this specification as described in Section 6, the set of test
9.1 m 9.1 m 9.1 m 9.1 m
Wind Zone 1 D D A A specimens shall be rejected.
Wind Zone 2 D D B A
8.3 Porous shutter assemblies that are tested independently
Wind Zone 3 E D C A
of the fenestration assembly shall be accepted for installations
in which they are offset from the fenestration assemblies
greater than the following.
8.3.1 Themaximumdynamicdeflection,asmeasuredin5.5
6.2.1.1 Enhanced Protection (Essential Facilities)—
Buildingsandotherstructuresdesignatedasessentialfacilities, plus 25%, or,
including, but not limited to, hospital and other health care 8.3.2 The sum of the maximum deflection and the residual
facilitieshavingsurgeryoremergencytreatmentfacilities;fire, deflection, as measured in 5.5 plus 25%.
rescue and police stations and emergency vehicle garages; 8.4 Any test specimen that has passed the large missile
designated emergency shelters; communications centers and impacttestisnotrequiredtopassthesmallmissiletest,except
other facilities required for emergency response; power gener- for shutter assemblies that contain openings greater than 5 mm
ating stations and other public utility facilities required in an ( ⁄16 in.), projected horizontally.
E1996–01
8.5 Substitutions shall be according to the following crite- 8.5.5 Successful tests of a shutter assembly shall qualify
ria: other assemblies of the same or less area, and the same or
greater section modulus, provided the construction details and
8.5.1 Successful tests of a fenestration assembly shall
reinforcement are unchanged.
qualify other assemblies with thicker or equal glazing and
8.6 Manufactured assemblies successfully tested shall not
thickerorequalinterlayerofthesameglasstypeandtreatment,
be combined unless the structural supports and connections
provided the glazing detail is unchanged.
between assemblies have been designed for the wind loads.
8.5.2 Successful tests of a fenestration assembly shall
8.7 Qualification at any load level automatically includes
qualify other assemblies of the same type that contain smaller
qualification for
...