ASTM E1233/E1233M-14(2021)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylights, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic Air Pressure Differential
Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylights, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic Air Pressure Differential
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determining structural performance under cyclic air pressure differential. This typically is intended to represent the long-term effects of repeated applications of wind load on exterior building surface elements or those loads that may be experienced during a hurricane or other extreme wind event. This test method is intended to be used for installations of window, curtain wall, and door assemblies for which the effects of cyclic or repeated loads may be significant factors in the in-service structural performance of the system and for which such effects cannot be determined by testing under a single application of uniform static air pressure. This test method is not intended to account for the effect of windborne debris. This test method is considered appropriate for testing unique constructions or for testing systems that have insufficient in-service records to establish their performance under cyclic loading.
5.1.1 The actual loading on building surfaces is quite complex, varying with wind direction, time, height above ground, building shape, terrain, surrounding structures, and other factors. The resistance of many window, curtain wall, and door assemblies to wind loading is also complex and depends on the complete history of load magnitude, duration, and repetition. These factors are discussed in ASCE/SEI 7 and in the literature (1-12).5
5.2 This test method is not intended for use in evaluating the adequacy of glass for a particular application. When the structural performance of glass is to be evaluated, the procedure described in Standard Test Method E997 or E998 shall be used.
5.3 The proper use of this test method requires knowledge of the principles of pressure and deflection measurement.
5.4 Two types of cyclic air pressure differentials are defined: (Procedure A) Life cycle load (X1.1) and (Procedure B) Wind event load (X1.2). When testing under uniform static air pressure to establish struct...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the structural performance of exterior windows, doors, skylights, and curtain walls under cyclic air pressure differential, using a test chamber. This test method is applicable to all curtain wall assemblies, including, but not limited to, metal, glass, masonry, and stone components.2
1.2 This test method is intended only for evaluating the structural performance associated with the specified test specimen, and not the structural performance of adjacent construction.
1.3 Procedure A shall be used for life cycle test loads.
1.4 Procedure B shall be used for wind event test loads.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.
1.7 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory materials. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1233/E1233M − 14 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
Structural Performance of Exterior Windows, Doors,
Skylights, and Curtain Walls by Cyclic Air Pressure
Differential
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1233/E1233M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This test method describes the determination of the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
structural performance of exterior windows, doors, skylights,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
and curtain walls under cyclic air pressure differential, using a
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
test chamber. This test method is applicable to all curtain wall
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
assemblies, including, but not limited to, metal, glass, masonry,
and stone components.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2 This test method is intended only for evaluating the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
structural performance associated with the specified test
E330/E330M Test Method for Structural Performance of
specimen, and not the structural performance of adjacent
Exterior Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls by
construction.
Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
1.3 Procedure A shall be used for life cycle test loads.
E997 Test Method for Evaluating Glass Breakage Probabil-
1.4 Procedure B shall be used for wind event test loads.
ity Under the Influence of Uniform Static Loads by Proof
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
Load Testing
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
E998 Test Method for Structural Performance of Architec-
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
tural Glass Products Under the Influence of Uniform
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
Static Loads
used independently of the other, and values from the two
E1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass in
systems shall not be combined.
Buildings
E1886 Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows,
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Differentials
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
E1996 Specification for Performance of Exterior Windows,
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems
Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.
Impacted by Windborne Debris in Hurricanes
1.7 The text of this test method references notes and
2.2 ASCE/SEI Standard:
footnotes that provide explanatory materials. These notes and
ASCE/SEI 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and
footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be
Other Structures
considered as requirements of the standard.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
nology E631, unless otherwise indicated.
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51
on Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2021. Published August 2021. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E1233/E1233M – 14. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
DOI: 10.1520/E1233_E1233M-14R21. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Additional information on curtain wall assemblies can be obtained from the the ASTM website.
Fenestration & Glazing Industry Alliance (FGIA), 1900 E. Gold Rd., Suite 1250, Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander
Schaumburg, IL 60173, https://www.fgiaonline.org. Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http://www.asce.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1233/E1233M − 14 (2021)
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 5. Significance and Use
3.2.1 design wind load, n—the uniform static air pressure
5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determining
differences, inward and outward, for which the specimen
structural performance under cyclic air pressure differential.
would be designed under service load conditions using con-
This typically is intended to represent the long-term effects of
ventional wind engineering specifications and concepts, ex-
repeated applications of wind load on exterior building surface
pressed in pascals [or pounds-force per square foot]. This
elements or those loads that may be experienced during a
pressure is determined by either analytical or wind-tunnel
hurricane or other extreme wind event. This test method is
procedures (such as are specified in ASCE/SEI 7).
intended to be used for installations of window, curtain wall,
and door assemblies for which the effects of cyclic or repeated
3.2.2 one cycle, n—beginning at a specified air pressure
loads may be significant factors in the in-service structural
differential, the application of positive (negative) pressure to
performance of the system and for which such effects cannot be
achieve another specified air pressure differential and returning
determined by testing under a single application of uniform
to the initial specified air pressure differential.
static air pressure. This test method is not intended to account
3.2.3 permanent deformation, n—displacement or change in
for the effect of windborne debris. This test method is
dimension of the specimen after the applied load has been
considered appropriate for testing unique constructions or for
removed and the specimen has relaxed for the specified period
testing systems that have insufficient in-service records to
of time.
establish their performance under cyclic loading.
5.1.1 The actual loading on building surfaces is quite
3.2.4 positive (negative) cyclic test load, n—the specified
complex, varying with wind direction, time, height above
differential in static air pressure, creating an inward (outward)
ground, building shape, terrain, surrounding structures, and
loading, for which the specimen is to be tested under repeated
other factors. The resistance of many window, curtain wall, and
conditions, expressed in pascals [or pounds-force per square
door assemblies to wind loading is also complex and depends
foot].
on the complete history of load magnitude, duration, and
3.2.5 positive (negative) maximum test load, n—the speci-
repetition. These factors are discussed in ASCE/SEI 7 and in
fied differential in static air pressure, creating an inward
the literature (1-12).
(outward) load, for which the specimen is to be tested for
5.2 This test method is not intended for use in evaluating the
required minimum ultimate strength, expressed in pascals [or
adequacy of glass for a particular application. When the
pounds-force per square foot].
structural performance of glass is to be evaluated, the proce-
3.2.6 stick system, n—a curtain wall assembly composed of
dure described in Standard Test Method E997 or E998 shall be
individually framed continuous members, vertical mullions,
used.
and horizontal rails that are installed in a sequential, piece-by-
5.3 The proper use of this test method requires knowledge
piece process. The completed system is assembled entirely in
of the principles of pressure and deflection measurement.
the field.
5.4 Two types of cyclic air pressure differentials are defined:
3.2.7 structural distress, n—a change in condition of the
(Procedure A) Life cycle load (X1.1) and (Procedure B) Wind
specimen indicative of deterioration under repeated load or
event load (X1.2). When testing under uniform static air
incipient failure, such as cracking, fastener loosening, local
pressure to establish structural performance, including perfor-
yielding, or loss of adhesive bond.
mance under proof load, Standard Test Method E330/E330M
3.2.8 test specimen, n—the entire assembled unit submitted
applies. Consideration of windborne debris in combination
for test (as described in Section 8). with cyclic air pressure differential representing extreme wind
events is addressed in Standard Test Method E1886 and
3.2.9 unit/panel system, n—a curtain wall assembly com-
Standard Specification E1996.
posed of pre-assembled groups of individual framing members.
The completed system is designed to be modular, 5.5 Typical practice in the United States for the design and
testing of exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors has been
transportable, and installed as a finished assembly.
to consider only a one-time application of design wind load,
increased by an appropriate factor of safety. This design wind
4. Summary of Test Method
load is based on wind velocities with actual average probabili-
4.1 This test method consists of sealing the test specimen
ties of occurrence of once in the design life of the structure.
into or against one face of a test chamber, supplying air to or
The actual in-field performance of such assemblies, however,
exhausting air from the chamber in accordance with a specific
is dependent on many complex factors, and there exists
test loading program at the rate required to maintain the test
significant classes of applications where the effects of repeated
pressure differential across the specimen, and observing,
or cyclic wind loading will be the dominating factor in the
measuring, and recording the deflection, deformations, and
actual structural performance, even though the magnitudes of
nature of any structural distress or failures of the specimen.
such cyclic loads may be substantially lower than the peak load
4.2 The test loading program calls for the application of a
specified spectrum of pressure cycles followed by the applica-
tion of positive and then negative maximum test loads. The
The boldface numbers in parentheses refers to the list of references at the end
specifier must provide the information required in Section 10. of this test method.
E1233/E1233M − 14 (2021)
to which the assembly will be subjected during its design life. task. The procedures presented in Appendix X1 may be used to
Examples of assemblies for which the effects of cyclic loading establish test parameters when a comprehensive analysis of the
may be significant are included in Appendix X2. problem is not possible. The procedures account for the
5.5.1 When cyclic load effects are significant, the actual expected magnitude variation and occurrence frequency in
in-field performance of the assembly will depend on the wind velocities; they are not intended to account for turbulent
complete load history to which the assembly is subjected. The wind load or structural resonance effects (2).
history includes variable sustained loads as well as gusts,
5.9 Some materials have strength or deflection characteris-
which occur at varying frequencies and durations. Such load
tics that are time dependent. Therefore, the duration of the
histories are not deterministic, requiring the specifier to resort
applied test load may have a significant impact on the
to a probabilistic approach for test parameters. The resistance
performance of materials used in the test specimen. The most
of an assembly to cyclic loading is similarly complex. When
common examples of materials with time-dependent response
available, endurance curves (stress/number (S/N) curves) can
characteristics that are used in curtain walls are glass, plastics,
be used to estimate the fatigue resistance of a particular
and composites that employ plastics. For this reason, the
material. A major uncertainty in applying these data, however,
strength of an assembly is tested for the actual time duration to
is that the stress in an element induced by a unit pressure load
which it would be exposed to a sustained or a gust load, or
is usually not known a priori. The problem is further compli-
both, as discussed below. For practical purposes, cyclic load
cated by the fact that the load to which the in situ assembly is
effects are to be considered to be duration-dependent, and the
subjected is not a repetitive load of given magnitude but one
cyclic test loads need be applied only long enough for the
that varies in frequency, duration, and magnitude such as loads
chamber pressure to stabilize. In the past, practice in the United
associated with a wind event.
States generally has been to require a minimum test period for
5.5.2 To establish practical test parameters, the consider-
maximum test loads of 10 s for specified loads equal to 1.5
ations in 5.1 – 5.5.1 must be modeled by a simple loading
times the design pressure, unless otherwise specified. Thus a
program that approximates the actual loading with respect to its
safety factor was incorporated in the testing. If the design wind
damage potential. For the case of life cycle loads, the antici-
load is determined through the analytical procedures of ASCE/
pated actual loading may include critical pressures that will
SEI 7, the test load shall be based on the nominal loads derived
occur with greater frequency during the design life of the
from the load combinations used in allowable stress design.
structure than is practical to use for testing. In such cases, the
With higher test loads and longer time durations, the designer
actual load magnitude and number of repetitions must be
must also consider what safety factors are essential, particu-
represented in the test by an equivalent load of larger magni-
larly with regard to gust wind loads. Gust wind loads are of
tude and fewer repetitions. For the case of specific wind event
relatively short duration, so that care shall be exercised not to
loads, the entire test loading program may be developed from
specify or allow unnecessarily long duration loads for purposes
wind tunnel testing or by using methods defined in the
of testing the adequacy of the struc
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