ASTM D4473-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: Cure Behavior
Standard Test Method for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: Cure Behavior
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a simple means of characterizing the cure behavior of thermosetting resins using very small amounts of material (fewer than 3 to 5 g). The data obtained may be used for quality control, research and development, and establishment of optimum processing conditions.
Dynamic mechanical testing provides a sensitive method for determining cure characteristics by measuring the elastic and loss moduli as a function of temperature or time, or both. Plots of cure behavior and tan delta of a material versus time provide graphical representation indicative of cure behavior under a specified time-temperature profile.
This test method can be used to assess the following:
Cure behavior, including rate of cure, gel, and cure time.
Processing behavior, as well as changes as a function of time/temperature.
Note 3—The presence of the substrate prevents an absolute measure, but allows relative measures of flow behavior during cure.
The effects of processing treatment.
Relative resin behavioral properties, including cure behavior and damping.
The effects of substrate types on cure.
Note 4—Due to the rigidity of a supporting braid, the gel time obtained from dynamic mechanical traces will be longer than actual gel time of the unsupported resin measured at the same frequency. This difference will be greater for composites having greater support-to-polymer rigidity ratios.
Effects of formulation additives that might affect processability or performance.
For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classification System D 4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of dynamic-mechanical-oscillation instrumentation for gathering and reporting the thermal advancement of cure behavior of thermosetting resin. It may be used for determining the cure properties of both unsupported resins and resins supported on substrates subjected to various oscillatory deformations.
1.2 This test method is intended to provide a means for determining the cure behavior of supported and unsupported thermosetting resins over a range of temperatures by free vibration as well as resonant and nonresonant forced-vibration techniques, in accordance with Practice D 4065. Plots of modulus, tan delta, and damping index as a function of time/temperature are indicative of the thermal advancement or cure characteristics of a resin.
1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 to 100 Hz. However, it is strongly recommended that low-frequency test conditions, generally below 1.5 Hz, be utilized as they generally will result in more definitive cure-behavior information.
1.4 This test method is intended for resin/substrate composites that have an uncured effective elastic modulus in shear greater than 0.5 MPa.
1.5 Apparent discrepancies may arise in results obtained under differing experimental conditions. These apparent differences from results observed in another study can usually be reconciled, without changing the observed data, by reporting in full (as described in this test method) the conditions under which the data were obtained.
1.6 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, especially in the compressive mode, the data generated may indicate relative and not necessarily absolute property values.
1.7 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish ...
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Designation:D4473 −08
StandardTest Method for
1
Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: Cure Behavior
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard.
1.1 This test method covers the use of dynamic-mechanical-
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
oscillation instrumentation for gathering and reporting the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
thermal advancement of cure behavior of thermosetting resin.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
It may be used for determining the cure properties of both
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
unsupported resins and resins supported on substrates sub-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
jected to various oscillatory deformations.
tionary statements are given in Note 5.
1.2 This test method is intended to provide a means for
determining the cure behavior of supported and unsupported NOTE 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
thermosetting resins over a range of temperatures by free
2. Referenced Documents
vibration as well as resonant and nonresonant forced-vibration
2
techniques, in accordance with Practice D4065. Plots of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
modulus, tan delta, and damping index as a function of D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
time/temperature are indicative of the thermal advancement or
als
cure characteristics of a resin. D4065 Practice for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Proper-
ties: Determination and Report of Procedures
1.3 Thistestmethodisvalidforawiderangeoffrequencies,
D4092 Terminology for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical
typically from 0.01 to 100 Hz. However, it is strongly
Properties
recommended that low-frequency test conditions, generally
ASTM/IEEE SI–10 Standard for Use of the International
below 1.5 Hz, be utilized as they generally will result in more
System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
definitive cure-behavior information.
1.4 This test method is intended for resin/substrate compos-
3. Terminology
ites that have an uncured effective elastic modulus in shear
3.1 Definitions—For definitions applicable to this test
greater than 0.5 MPa.
method refer to Terminology D4092.
1.5 Apparent discrepancies may arise in results obtained
4. Summary of Test Method
under differing experimental conditions. These apparent differ-
ences from results observed in another study can usually be
4.1 A known amount of thermosetting liquid resin or resin-
reconciled, without changing the observed data, by reporting in
impregnated substrate is placed in mechanical oscillation at
full (as described in this test method) the conditions under
either a fixed or natural resonant frequency or by free vibration
which the data were obtained.
and at either isothermal conditions, with a linear temperature
increase or using a time-temperature relation simulating a
1.6 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, especially
processing condition. The elastic or loss modulus, or both, of
in the compressive mode, the data generated may indicate
the composite specimen are measured in shear or compression
relative and not necessarily absolute property values.
as a function of time. The point in time when tan delta is
1.7 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and
maximum, and the elastic modulus levels off after an increase,
appropriate for use in engineering design.
is calculated as the gel time of the resin under the conditions of
the test.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
2
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published April 2008. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4473 – 03. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D4473-08. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4473−08
NOTE 2—The particular method for measurin
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4473–03 Designation: D 4473 – 08
Standard Test Method for
1
Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: Cure Behavior
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the use of dynamic-mechanical-oscillation instrumentation for gathering and reporting the thermal
advancementofcurebehaviorofthermosettingresin.Itmaybeusedfordeterminingthecurepropertiesofbothunsupportedresins
and resins supported on substrates and subjected to various oscillatory deformations. These deformations may be in shear or the
dynamic compression of supported resins using a dynamic mechanical instrument.
1.2 This test method is intended to provide a means for determining the cure behavior of supported and unsupported
thermosetting resins over a range of temperatures by free vibration and as well as resonant and nonresonant forced-vibration
techniques, in accordance with Practice D 4065. Plots of modulus, cure behavior, tan delta, and damping index as a function of
time/temperature are indicative of the thermal advancement or cure characteristics of a resin.
1.3 This test method is valid for a wide range of frequencies, typically from 0.01 to 100 Hz. However, it is strongly
recommended that low-frequency test conditions, generally below 1.5 Hz, be utilized as they generally will generateresult in more
definitive cure-behavior information.
1.4 This test method is intended for resin/substrate composites that have an uncured effective elastic modulus in shear greater
than 0.5 MPa.
1.5 Apparent discrepancies may arise in results obtained under differing experimental conditions. These apparent differences
from results observed in another study can usually be reconciled, without changing the observed data, by reporting in full (as
described in this test method) the conditions under which the data were obtained.
1.6 Due to possible instrumentation compliance, especially in the compressive mode, the data generated may indicate relative
and not necessarily absolute property values.
1.7 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and appropriate for use in engineering design.
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 5.
NOTE1—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard. 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materials
D 4065 Practice for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties: Determination and Report of Procedures
D 4092 Terminology for Plastics: Dynamic Mechanical Properties
ASTM/IEEE SI–10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions applicable to this test method refer to Terminology D 4092.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A known amount of thermosetting liquid resin or resin-impregnated substrate is placed in mechanical oscillation at either
a fixed or natural resonant frequencies frequency or by free vibration and at either isothermal conditions, with a linear temperature
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.10 on Mechanical Properties .
Current edition approved July 10, 2003. Published September 2003. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D4473–01.
Current edition approved March 1, 2008. Published April 2008. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D4473 – 03.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this st
...
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