ASTM D2047-11

Standard Test Method for Static Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated Flooring Surfaces as Measured by the James Machine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Test Method D2047 establishes a compliance criterion relating static coefficient of friction measurements of flooring surfaces with human locomotion safety. The compliance criterion is based on extensive experiential data from residential, commercial, industrial and institutional walkway surfaces since 1942.
Polishes and other floor maintenance coatings having a static coefficient of friction of not less than 0.5, as measured by this test method, have been recognized as providing nonhazardous walkways.
Note 1—The value of 0.5 meets the requirements for compliance with Rule 5 on “The use of terms slip retardant, slip resistant, or terms of similar import,” of the Proposed Trade Practice Rules for the Floor Wax and Floor Polish Industry as issued by the Federal Trade Commission on March 17, 1953.
The 0.5 static coefficient of friction compliance criterion of this test method is only appropriate for polish-coated surfaces tested in accordance with this machine and test method. The use of this compliance criterion with other test methods, other test instruments, and other surfaces is improper, because they are not a part of the body of experiential data upon which the conformance criterion is based.
Note 2—The conformance criteria of this test method may be valid for other surfaces and surface coatings tested by this test method, but this has not been substantiated by correlation with experiential data.
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the use of the James Machine for the measurement of the static coefficient of friction of polish-coated flooring surfaces with respect to human locomotion safety. Further, this test method also establishes a compliance criterion to meet the requirement for a nonhazardous polished walkway surface. The test method is not intended for use on “wet” surfaces or on surfaces wherein the texture, projections, profile or clearance between the sculptured pattern of the surface does not permit adequate contact between the machine foot and the test surface.
1.2 This test method is the only method appropriate for testing polishes for specification compliance with the floor polish static coefficient of friction criterion.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2011
• ICS: 71.100.99 - Other products of the chemical industry
• ICS: 97.080 - Cleaning appliances
• Technical Committee: D21 - Polishes
• Drafting Committee: D21.06 - Slip Resistance

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D2047-04 - Standard Test Method for Static Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated Flooring Surfaces as Measured by the James Machine
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Replaced By: ASTM D2047-17 - Standard Test Method for Static Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated Flooring Surfaces as Measured by the James Machine
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2017
• Referred By: ASTM D7031-11(2019) - Standard Guide for Evaluating Mechanical and Physical Properties of Wood-Plastic Composite Products
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D3440-13(2019) - Standard Guide for Preparing Specifications for Water-Emulsion Floor Polishes
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D2825-21e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Polishes and Related Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM G115-10(2018) - Standard Guide for Measuring and Reporting Friction Coefficients
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D3757-16 - Standard Guide for Preparing Specifications for Solvent-based Floor Polishes
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM C722-18(2023) - Standard Specification for Chemical-Resistant Monolithic Floor Surfacings
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D4078-02(2021) - Standard Specification for Water Emulsion Floor Polish
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM F3059-18 - Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Gratings Used in Marine Construction and Shipbuilding
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D6205-20 - Standard Practice for Calibration of the James Static Coefficient of Friction Machine
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM C1486-18(2023) - Standard Practice for Testing Chemical-Resistant Broadcast and Slurry-Broadcast Resin Monolithic Floor Surfacings
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011
• Referred By: ASTM D7032-21 - Standard Specification for Establishing Performance Ratings for Wood-Plastic Composite and Plastic Lumber Deck Boards, Stair Treads, Guards, and Handrails
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2011

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2047 − 11
Standard Test Method for
Static Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated Flooring
1
Surfaces as Measured by the James Machine
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2047; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Polishes to Substrates for Testing Purposes
D1630 Test Method for Rubber Property—Abrasion Resis-
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the use of the James
tance (Footwear Abrader)
Machine for the measurement of the static coefficient of
D2825 Terminology Relating to Polishes and Related Mate-
friction of polish-coated flooring surfaces with respect to
rials
human locomotion safety. Further, this test method also estab-
D4103 Practice for Preparation of Substrate Surfaces for
lishes a compliance criterion to meet the requirement for a
Coefficient of Friction Testing
nonhazardous polished walkway surface. The test method is
D6205 Practice for Calibration of the James Static Coeffi-
not intended for use on “wet” surfaces or on surfaces wherein
cient of Friction Machine
the texture, projections, profile or clearance between the
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
sculptured pattern of the surface does not permit adequate
Determine Conformance with Specifications
contact between the machine foot and the test surface.
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
1.2 This test method is the only method appropriate for
2.2 Federal Specification:
testing polishes for specification compliance with the floor
KK-L-165C Leather, Cattlehide, Vegetable Tanned and
polish static coefficient of friction criterion.
4
Chrome Retanned, Impregnated, and Soles. Type 1–Fac-
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
tory (for Shoe Making), Class 6–Strips
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3. Terminology
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
3.1 Definitions—See also Teminologies D1436 and D2825.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.1 friction, n—the resistance to relative motion devel-
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the oped between two solid contacting bodies at, and parallel to,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the sliding plane.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2 coeffıcient of friction, n—the ratio of the horizontal
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
(shear) component of force required to overcome friction, to
the vertical (normal) component of force applied.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.3 static coeffıcient of friction, n—the ratio of the hori-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
zontal component of force applied to a body that just over-
C1028 TestMethodforDeterminingtheStaticCoefficientof
comes the friction or resistance to sliding, to the vertical
Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by the
component of force applied.
Horizontal Dynamometer Pull-Meter Method (Withdrawn
3 3.1.4 dynamic coeffıcient of friction, n—the ratio of the
2014)
horizontal component of force required to cause a body to
D1436 Test Methods for Application of Emulsion Floor
continue to slide at a constant velocity, to the vertical compo-
nent of force applied.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD21onPolishes
3.1.5 slip resistance, n—the frictional force opposing move-
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D21.06 on Slip Resistance.
ment of an object across its surface, usually with reference to
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originally
the sole or heel of a shoe on a floor. A surface having a static
approved in 1964 as D2047–64T. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as
D2047 – 04. DOI: 10.1520/D2047-11.
coefficient of friction of 0.5 or greater as measured by this test
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
method is considered to have adequate slip resistance. That is,
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3 4
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
www.astm.org. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D2047 − 11
it will provide
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D2047–04 Designation: D2047 – 11
Standard Test Method for
Static Coefficient of Friction of Polish-Coated Flooring
1
Surfaces as Measured by the James Machine
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2047; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the use of the James Machine for the measurement of the static coefficient of friction
of polish-coated flooring surfaces with respect to human locomotion safety. Further, this test method also establishes a compliance
criterion to meet the requirement for a nonhazardous polished walkway surface. The test method is not intended for use on “wet”
surfaces or on surfaces wherein the texture, projections, profile or clearance between the sculptured pattern of the surface does not
permit adequate contact between the machine foot and the test surface.
1.2 This test method is the only method appropriate for testing polishes for specification compliance with the floor polish static
coefficient of friction criterion.
1.3
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1028 Test Method for Determining the Static Coefficient of Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by the
Horizontal Dynamometer Pull-Meter Method
D1436 Test Methods for Application of Emulsion Floor Polishes to Substrates for Testing Purposes
D1630 Test Method for Rubber PropertyAbrasion Resistance (Footwear Abrader)
D2825 Terminology Relating to Polishes and Related Materials
D4103 Practice for Preparation of Substrate Surfaces for Coefficient of Friction Testing
D6205 Practice for Calibration of the James Static Coefficient of Friction Machine
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
F489Test Method for Using a James Machine Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
2.2 Federal Specification:
3
KK-L-165C Leather, Cattlehide, Vegetable Tanned and Chrome Retanned, Impregnated, and Soles. Type 1–Factory (for Shoe
Making), Class 6–Strips
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1See also Teminologies Definitions—See also Teminologies D1436 and D2825.
3.1.2.
3.1.1 friction, n—the resistance to relative motion developed between two solid contacting bodies at, and parallel to, the sliding
plane.
3.1.3
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D21 on Polishes and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D21.06 on Slip Resistance.
Current edition approved MarchOct. 1, 2004.2011. Published July 2004.November 2011. Originally approved in 1964 as D2047–64T. Last previous edition approved in
19992004 as D2047–99.D2047 – 04. DOI: 10.1520/D2047-04.10.1520/D2047-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2047 – 11
3.1.2 coeffıcient of friction, n—the ratio of the horizontal (shear) component of force required to overcome friction, to the
vertical (normal) component of force applied.
3.1.4
3.1.3 static coeffıcient of friction, n—the ratio of the horizontal component of force applied to a body that just overcomes the
friction or resistance to sliding, to the vertical component of force applied.
3.1.5
3.1.4 dynamic coeffıcient of friction, n—the ratio of the horizontal component of force required to cause a body to continue to
slide a
...