ASTM D1322-15
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel
Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosines and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.
5.2 The smoke point is quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel. Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section parts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these components.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determination of the smoke point of kerosine and aviation turbine fuel, a manual procedure and an automated procedure, which give results with different precision.
1.2 An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2012 (see ASTM RR:D02-1747 for supporting data) involving 11 manual laboratories and 13 automated laboratories, with 15 samples tested in blind duplicate. The automated procedure demonstrated objective rating and superior control and should be considered the preferred approach.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D1322 − 15 AnAmerican National Standard
Designation: 598/12
Standard Test Method for
1
Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
3
1. Scope* 2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
IP 367 Petroleum products - Determination and application
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determina-
of precision data in relation to methods of test
tion of the smoke point of kerosine and aviation turbine fuel, a
IP 598 Petroleum products - Determination of the smoke
manual procedure and an automated procedure, which give
point of kerosine, manual and automated method
results with different precision.
NOTE 1—Only IP 598 published in 2012 by the Institute of Petroleum
1.2 An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2012 (see
(now Energy Institute) is equivalent to D1322; IP 57 is not equivalent.
ASTMRR:D02-1747forsupportingdata)involving11manual
laboratories and 13 automated laboratories, with 15 samples 3. Terminology
tested in blind duplicate. The automated procedure demon-
3.1 Definitions:
strated objective rating and superior control and should be
3.1.1 aviation turbine fuel, n—refined petroleum distillate,
considered the preferred approach.
generally used as a fuel for aviation gas turbines.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 3.1.1.1 Discussion—Different grades are characterized by
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this volatility ranges, freeze point, and by flash point.
standard.
3.1.2 kerosine, n—refined petroleum distillate, boiling be-
tween 140 and 300°C, generally used in lighting and heating
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the applications.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.2.1 Discussion—Different grades are characterized by
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- volatility ranges and sulfur content.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 smoke point, n—the maximum height, in millimetres,
2. Referenced Documents
of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp of
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
specified design.
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
4. Summary of Test Method
Petroleum Products
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance 4.1 The sample is burned in an enclosed wick-fed lamp that
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
is calibrated against pure hydrocarbon blends of known smoke
Measurement System Performance point. The maximum height of flame that can be achieved with
the test fuel without smoking is determined to the nearest
0.5 mm with the manual apparatus and to the nearest 0.1 mm
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
with the automated apparatus.
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal Properties.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved April 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originally
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D1322 – 14a. DOI:
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative
10.1520/D1322-15.
smoke producing properties of kerosines and aviation turbine
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
the ASTM website. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D1322 − 15
FIG. 2 Smoke Point Principle (Automated)
4
6.2 Smoke Point Lamp (Automated) , in addition to the
basic components described in Annex A1, as shown in Fig. 2,
automated units also shall be equipped with a digital camera
connectedtoacomputertoanalyzeandrecordtheheightofthe
flame, a candle displacement system to adjust the height of the
flame, and a barometric pressure acquisition system associated
to a calibration database to select the right calibration value for
the automatic calcula
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1322 − 14a D1322 − 15 An American National Standard
Designation: 598/12
Standard Test Method for
1
Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determination of the smoke point of kerosine and aviation turbine fuel, a manual
procedure and an automated procedure, which give results with different precision.
1.2 An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2012 (see ASTM RR:D02-1747 for supporting data) involving 11 manual
laboratories and 13 automated laboratories, with 15 samples tested in blind duplicate. The automated procedure demonstrated
objective rating and superior control and should be considered the preferred approach.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measure-
ment System Performance
3
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
IP 367 Petroleum products - Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test
IP 598 Petroleum products - Determination of the smoke point of kerosine, manual and automated method
NOTE 1—Only IP 598 published in 2012 by the Institute of Petroleum (now Energy Institute) is equivalent to D1322; IP 57 is not equivalent.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 aviation turbine fuel, n—refined petroleum distillate, generally used as a fuel for aviation gas turbines.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal Properties.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014April 1, 2015. Published February 2015June 2015. Originally approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as
D1322 – 14.D1322 – 14a. DOI: 10.1520/D1322-14A.10.1520/D1322-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
Different grades are characterized by volatility ranges, freeze point, and by flash point.
3.1.2 kerosine, n—refined petroleum distillate, boiling between 140 and 300°C, generally used in lighting and heating
applications.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1322 − 15
FIG. 1 Smoke Point Lamp (Manual)
Different grades are characterized by volatility ranges and sulfur content.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 smoke point, n—the maximum height, in millimetres, of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp of specified
design.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The sample is burned in an enclosed wick-fed lamp that is calibrated against pure hydrocarbon blends of known smoke
point. The maximum height of flame that can be achieved with the test fuel without smoking is determined to the nearest 0.5 mm
with the manual apparatus and to the nearest 0.1 mm with the automated apparatus.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosines and aviation turbine fuels
in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels.
...
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