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ASTM C1869-18(2023)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites

Standard Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Open-hole tests of composites are used for material and design development for the engineering application of composite materials (5-11). The presence of an open hole in a composite component reduces the cross-sectional area available to carry an applied force, creates stress concentrations, and creates new edges where delamination may occur. Standardized open-hole tests for composite materials can provide useful information about how a composite material may perform in an open-hole application and how to design the composite for notches and holes.  
5.2 The test method defines two baseline test specimen geometries and a test procedure for producing comparable, reproducible OHT test data. The test method is designed to produce OHT strength data for structural design allowables, material specifications, material development and comparison, material characterization, and quality assurance. The mechanical properties that may be calculated from this test method include:  
5.2.1 The open-hole (notched) tensile strength (SOHTx) for test specimen with a hole diameter x (mm).  
5.2.2 The net section tensile strength (SNSx) for a test specimen with a hole diameter x (mm).  
5.2.3 The proportional limit stress (σ0) for an OHT specimen with a given hole diameter.  
5.2.4 The stress response of the OHT test specimen, as shown by the stress-time or stress-displacement plot.  
5.3 Open-hole tensile tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials with defined through-holes under uniaxial tensile stresses. Material factors that influence the OHT composite strength include the following: material composition, methods of composite fabrication, reinforcement architecture (including reinforcement volume, tow filament count and end-count, architecture structure, and laminate stacking sequence), and porosity content. Test specimen factors of influence are: specimen geometry (including hole diameter, width-to-diameter ratio, and diameter-to-thickness rati...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the open-hole (notched) tensile strength of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite (CMC) test specimens with a single through-hole of defined diameter (either 6 mm or 3 mm). The open-hole tensile (OHT) test method determines the effect of the single through-hole on the tensile strength and stress response of continuous fiber-reinforced CMCs at ambient temperature. The OHT strength can be compared to the tensile strength of an unnotched test specimen to determine the effect of the defined open hole on the tensile strength and the notch sensitivity of the CMC material. If a material is notch sensitive, then the OHT strength of a material varies with the size of the through-hole. Commonly, larger holes introduce larger stress concentrations and reduce the OHT strength.  
1.2 This test method defines two baseline OHT test specimen geometries and a test procedure, based on Test Methods C1275 and D5766/D5766M. A flat, straight-sided ceramic composite test specimen with a defined laminate fiber architecture contains a single through-hole (either 6 mm or 3 mm in diameter), centered by length and width in the defined gage section (Fig. 1). A uniaxial, monotonic tensile test is performed along the defined test reinforcement axis at ambient temperature, measuring the applied force versus time/displacement in accordance with Test Method C1275. Measurement of the gage length extension/strain is optional, using extensometer/displacement transducers. Bonded strain gages are optional for measuring localized strains and assessing bending strains in the gage section.
FIG. 1 OHT Test Specimens A and B  
1.3 The open-hole tensile strength (SOHTx) for the defined hole diameter x (mm) is the calculated ultimate tensile strength based on the maximum applied force and the gross cross-sectional area, disregarding the presence of the hole, per common aerospace practice (see 4.4). The net section ...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2023
ICS
81.060.30 - Advanced ceramics
Technical Committee
C28 - Advanced Ceramics
Drafting Committee
C28.07 - Ceramic Matrix Composites
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E251-20a - Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020
Refers
ASTM E251-20 - Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
Effective Date
01-May-2020

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ASTM C1869-18(2023) - Standard Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic CompositesASTM C1869-18(2023) - Standard Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites
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ASTM C1869-18(2023) - Standard Test Method for Open-Hole Tensile Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1869 − 18 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Test Method for
Open-Hole Tensile Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Advanced
1
Ceramic Composites
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1869; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope strength (S ) is also calculated as a second strength property,
NSx
accounting for the effect of the hole on the cross-sectional area
1.1 This test method determines the open-hole (notched)
of the test specimen.
tensile strength of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix
1.4 This test method applies primarily to ceramic matrix
composite (CMC) test specimens with a single through-hole of
defined diameter (either 6 mm or 3 mm). The open-hole tensile composites with continuous fiber reinforcement in multiple
directions. The CMC material is typically a fiber-reinforced,
(OHT) test method determines the effect of the single through-
hole on the tensile strength and stress response of continuous 2-D, laminated composite in which the laminate is balanced
and symmetric with respect to the test direction. Composites
fiber-reinforced CMCs at ambient temperature. The OHT
with other types of reinforcement (1-D, 3-D, braided, unbal-
strength can be compared to the tensile strength of an un-
anced) may be tested with this method, with consideration of
notched test specimen to determine the effect of the defined
how the different architectures may affect the notch effect of
open hole on the tensile strength and the notch sensitivity of the
the hole on the OHT strength and the tensile stress-strain
CMC material. If a material is notch sensitive, then the OHT
response. This test method does not directly address discon-
strength of a material varies with the size of the through-hole.
tinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-
Commonly, larger holes introduce larger stress concentrations
reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here
and reduce the OHT strength.
may be equally applicable to these composites.
1.2 This test method defines two baseline OHT test speci-
1.5 This test method may be used for a wide range of CMC
men geometries and a test procedure, based on Test Methods
materials with different reinforcement fibers and ceramic
C1275 and D5766/D5766M. A flat, straight-sided ceramic
matrices (oxide-oxide composites, silicon carbide (SiC) fibers
composite test specimen with a defined laminate fiber archi-
in SiC matrices, carbon fibers in SiC matrices, and carbon-
tecture contains a single through-hole (either 6 mm or 3 mm in
carbon composites) and CMCs with different reinforcement
diameter), centered by length and width in the defined gage
architectures. It is also applicable to CMCs with a wide range
section (Fig. 1). A uniaxial, monotonic tensile test is performed
of porosities and densities.
along the defined test reinforcement axis at ambient
temperature, measuring the applied force versus time/
1.6 Annex A1 and Appendix X1 address how test specimens
displacement in accordance with Test Method C1275. Mea-
with different geometries and hole diameters may be prepared
surement of the gage length extension/strain is optional, using
and tested to determine how those changes will modify the
extensometer/displacement transducers. Bonded strain gages
OHT strength properties, determine the notch sensitivity, and
are optional for measuring localized strains and assessing
affect the stress-strain response.
bending strains in the gage section.
1.7 The test method may be adapted for elevated tempera-
1.3 The open-hole tensile strength (S ) for the defined
OHTx
ture OHT testing by modifying the test equipment, specimens,
hole diameter x (mm) is the calculated ultimate tensile strength
and procedures per Test Method C1359 and as described in
based on the maximum applied force and the gross cross-
Appendix X2. The test method may also be adapted for
sectional area, disregarding the presence of the hole, per
environmental testing (controlled atmosphere/humidity at
common aerospace practice (see 4.4). The net section tensile
moderate (<300 °C) temperatures) of the OHT properties by
the use of an environmental test chamber, per 7.6.
1.8 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.07 on
10
...

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FIG. 1 Microcracks Associated with Grinding (Ref. (1))2  
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1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures.2 Four-point-1/4-point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The test method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedures, or a specified standard procedure. This test method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature—Cylindrical Rod Strength

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose strength is 50 MPa (~7 ksi) or greater. The test method may also be used with glass test specimens, although Test Methods C158 is specifically designed to be used for glasses. This test method may be used with machined, drawn, extruded, and as-fired round specimens. This test method may be used with specimens that have elliptical cross section geometries.  
4.2 The flexure strength is computed based on simple beam theory with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. The average grain size should be no greater than one-fiftieth of the rod diameter. The homogeneity and isotropy assumptions in the standard rule out the use of this test for continuous fiber-reinforced ceramics.  
4.3 Flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the loading rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures (1-3).3 This method includes specific specimen-fixture size combinations, but permits alternative configurations within specified limits. These combinations were chosen to be practical, to minimize experimental error, and permit easy comparison of cylindrical rod strengths with data for other configurations. Equations for the Weibull effective volume and Weibull effective surface are included.  
4.4 The flexural strength of a ceramic material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws in the material. Flaws in rods may be intrinsically volume-distributed throughout the bulk. Some of these flaws by chance may be located at or near the outer surface. Flaws may alternatively be intrinsically surface-distrib...
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1.1 This test method is for the determination of flexural strength of rod-shaped specimens of advanced ceramic materials at ambient temperature. In many instances it is preferable to test round specimens rather than rectangular bend specimens, especially if the material is fabricated in rod form. This method permits testing of machined, drawn, or as-fired rod-shaped specimens. It allows some latitude in the rod sizes and cross section shape uniformity. Rod diameters between 1.5 and 8 mm and lengths from 25 to 85 mm are recommended, but other sizes are permitted. Four-point-1/4-point as shown in Fig. 1 is the preferred testing configuration. Three-point loading is permitted. This method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.
FIG. 1 Four-Point-1/4-Point Flexure Loading Configuration  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, and characterization. Extreme care should be exercised when generating design data.  
4.2 For a C-ring under diametral compression, the maximum tensile stress occurs at the outer surface. Hence, the C-ring specimen loaded in compression will predominately evaluate the strength distribution and flaw population(s) on the external surface of a tubular component in the hoop direction. Accordingly, the condition of the inner surface may be of lesser consequence in specimen preparation and testing.
Note 1: A C-ring in tension or an O-ring in compression may be used to evaluate the internal surface.  
4.2.1 The flexure stress is computed based on simple curved beam theory (1-5).3 It is assumed that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity are identical in compression or tension, and the material is linearly elastic. These homogeneity and isotropy assumptions preclude the use of this standard for continuous fiber reinforced composites. Average grain size(s) should be no greater than one fiftieth (1/50 ) of the C-ring thickness. The curved beam stress solution from engineering mechanics is in good agreement (within 2 %) with an elasticity solution as discussed in (6) for the test specimen geometries recommended for this standard. The curved beam stress equations are simple and straightforward, and therefore it is relatively easy to integrate the equations for calculations for effective area or effective volume for Weibull analyses as discussed in Appendix X1.  
4.2.2 The simple curved beam and theory of elasticity stress solutions both are two-dimensional plane stress solutions. They do not account for stresses in the axial (parallel to b) direction, or variations in the circumferential (hoop, σθ) stresses through the width (b) of the test piece. The variations in the circumferential stresses increase with increases in width (b) and ring thicknes...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ultimate strength under monotonic loading of advanced ceramics in tubular form at ambient temperatures. The ultimate strength as used in this test method refers to the strength obtained under monotonic compressive loading of C-ring specimens such as shown in Fig. 1, where monotonic refers to a continuous nonstop test rate with no reversals from test initiation to final fracture. This method permits a range of sizes and shapes since test specimens may be prepared from a variety of tubular structures. The method may be used with microminiature test specimens.
FIG. 1 C-Ring Test Geometry with Defining Geometry and Reference Angle (θ) for the Point of Fracture Initiation on the Circumference  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1292-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites can be candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance, and damage tolerance at high temperatures.  
5.2 Shear tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under shear stresses.  
5.3 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
5.4 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized shear test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear strength of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) at ambient temperature. The test methods addressed are (1) the compression of a double-notched test specimen to determine interlaminar shear strength, and (2) the Iosipescu test method to determine the shear strength in any one of the material planes of laminated composites. Test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (load or displacement control), testing rates (load rate or displacement rate), data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.  
1.2 This test method is used for testing advanced ceramic or glass matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement having unidirectional (1D) or bidirectional (2D) fiber architecture. This test method does not address composites with 3D fiber architecture or discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard and are in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 8.1 and 8.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1469-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Joints of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Advanced ceramics can be candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance, often at elevated temperatures.  
5.2 Joints are produced to enhance the performance and applicability of materials. While the joints between similar materials are generally made for manufacturing complex parts and repairing components, those involving dissimilar materials usually are produced to exploit the unique properties of each constituent in the new component. Depending on the joining process, the joint region may be the weakest part of the component. Since under mixed-mode and shear loading the load transfer across the joint requires reasonable shear strength, it is important that the quality and integrity of joint under in-plane shear forces be quantified. Shear strength data are also needed to monitor the development of new and improved joining techniques.  
5.3 Shear tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under shear stresses.  
5.4 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
5.5 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized shear test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear strength of joints in advanced ceramics at ambient temperature using asymmetrical four-point flexure. Test specimen geometries, test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (that is, force or displacement control), testing rates (that is, force or displacement rate), data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.  
1.2 This test method is used to measure shear strength of ceramic joints in test specimens extracted from larger joined pieces by machining. Test specimens fabricated in this way are not expected to warp due to the relaxation of residual stresses but are expected to be much straighter and more uniform dimensionally than butt-jointed test specimens prepared by joining two halves, which is not recommended. In addition, this test method is intended for joints, which have either low or intermediate strengths with respect to the substrate material to be joined. Joints with high strengths should not be tested by this test method because of the high probability of invalid tests resulting from fractures initiating at the reaction points rather than in the joint. Determination of the shear strength of joints using this test method is appropriate particularly for advanced ceramic matrix composite materials but also may be useful for monolithic advanced ceramic materials.  
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are noted in 8.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1730-17(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Advanced Ceramics by X-Ray Monitoring of Gravity Sedimentation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful to both suppliers and users of powders, as outlined in 1.1 and 1.2, in determining particle size distribution for product specifications, manufacturing control, development, and research.  
5.2 Users should be aware that sample concentrations used in this test method may not be what is considered ideal by some authorities, and that the range of this test method extends into the region where Brownian movement could be a factor in conventional sedimentation. Within the range of this test method, neither the sample concentration nor Brownian movement is believed to be significant. Standard reference materials traceable to national standards, of chemical composition specifically covered by this test method, are available from NIST,3 and perhaps other suppliers.  
5.3 Reported particle size measurement is a function of the actual particle dimension and shape factor as well as the particular physical or chemical properties being measured. Caution is required when comparing data from instruments operating on different physical or chemical parameters or with different particle size measurement ranges. Sample acquisition, handling, and preparation can also affect reported particle size results.  
5.4 Suppliers and users of data obtained using this test method need to agree upon the suitability of these data to provide specification for and allow performance prediction of the materials analyzed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle size distribution of advanced ceramic powders. Experience has shown that this test method is satisfactory for the analysis of silicon carbide, silicon nitride, and zirconium oxide in the size range of 0.1 up to 50 µm.  
1.1.1 However, the relationship between size and sedimentation velocity used in this test method assumes that particles sediment within the laminar flow regime. It is generally accepted that particles sedimenting with a Reynolds number of 0.3 or less will do so under conditions of laminar flow with negligible error. Particle size distribution analysis for particles settling with a larger Reynolds number may be incorrect due to turbulent flow. Some materials covered by this test method may settle in water with a Reynolds number greater than 0.3 if large particles are present. The user of this test method should calculate the Reynolds number of the largest particle expected to be present in order to judge the quality of obtained results. Reynolds number (Re) can be calculated using the following equation:
   where:  
  D  =  the diameter of the largest particle expected to be present, in cm,   ρ  =  the particle density, in g/cm3,   ρ0  =  the suspending liquid density, in g/cm3,   g  =  the acceleration due to gravity, 981 cm/sec2, and   η  =  the suspending liquid viscosity, in poise.    
1.1.2 A table of the largest particles that can be analyzed with a suggested maximum Reynolds number of 0.3 or less in water at 35 °C is given for a number of materials in Table 1. A column of the Reynolds number calculated for a 50-µm particle sedimenting in the same liquid system is also given for each material. Larger particles can be analyzed in dispersing media with viscosities greater than that for water. Aqueous solutions of glycerine or sucrose have such higher viscosities.  
1.2 The procedure described in this test method may be applied successfully to other ceramic powders in this general size range, provided that appropriate dispersion procedures are developed. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the applicability of this test method to other materials. Note however that some ceramics, such as boron carbide and boron nitride, may not absorb X-rays sufficiently to be characterized by this analysis method.  
1.3 The values stated in cgs units are to be regarded as the standard, which is the long-standing industry practice. The values given in parentheses are for information onl...

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