ASTM D2259-02(2011)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Shrinkage of Yarns
Standard Test Method for Shrinkage of Yarns
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Test Method D2259 for testing yarn for shrinkage in boiling water, saturated steam, dry heat, or solvents is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarn because the test method has been used extensively in the trade for that purpose.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
Results obtained by this test method can be used for the following purposes:
As an aid in predicting the dimensional stability of fabrics to wet processing,
As an aid in predicting the dimensional stability of fabrics during processing at elevated temperatures, and
As a control measure in the manufacture of some types of fibers.
The shrinkage medium to be used in the test depends on the requirements of the parties involved.
The procedure for shrinkage in boiling water is described in Section 12, for shrinkage in dry heat in Section 13, for shrinkage in saturated steam in Section 14, and for shrinkage in solvents in Section 15. A 30-min exposure time is prescribed for boiling water. In exposure to dry heat, saturated steam, or solvents, the extent of change in the length of yarn is dependent upon the fiber type and upon the time and temperature of the exposure. Fiber ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the shrinkage of yarns in skein form when treated in boiling water, dry heat, saturated steam, or solvents. This test method is applicable to yarns made from any fiber or combination of fibers where the tex of the yarn is known or can be determined. This test method is not recommended for elastomeric yarns and those yarns that stretch more than 5 % under the tension loadings prescribed, although it has been used for the latter.
Note 1—Procedures for determining yarn shrinkage and bulk properties of textured yarns are covered in Test Method D4031.
1.2 This test method shows the values in both SI and inch-pound units. “SI” units is the technically correct name for the system of metric units known as the International System of Units. “Inch-pound” units is the technically correct name for the customary units used in the United States. The values stated in either SI units or in other units shall be regarded as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other without combining in any way.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2259 − 02(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Test Method for
Shrinkage of Yarns
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2259; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1907Test Method for Linear Density ofYarn (Yarn Num-
ber) by the Skein Method
1.1 This test method is used to determine the shrinkage of
D2258Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
yarns in skein form when treated in boiling water, dry heat,
D3888Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
saturated steam, or solvents. This test method is applicable to
D3990Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
yarns made from any fiber or combination of fibers where the
D4031Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
texoftheyarnisknownorcanbedetermined.Thistestmethod
D4848Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
is not recommended for elastomeric yarns and those yarns that
Related Properties of Textiles
stretch more than 5% under the tension loadings prescribed,
D4849Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
although it has been used for the latter.
E145Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-
NOTE 1—Procedures for determining yarn shrinkage and bulk proper-
Ventilation Ovens
ties of textured yarns are covered in Test Method D4031.
1.2 This test method shows the values in both SI and
3. Terminology
inch-pound units. “SI” units is the technically correct name for
3.1 Definitions:
thesystemofmetricunitsknownastheInternationalSystemof
3.1.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this test
Units. “Inch-pound” units is the technically correct name for
method: skein and skein loop-length, refer to Terminology
thecustomaryunitsusedintheUnitedStates.Thevaluesstated
D4849.
ineitherSIunitsorinotherunitsshallberegardedasstandard.
3.1.2 For definition of the term extension used in this test
The values expressed in each system may not be exact
method, refer to Terminology D4848.
equivalents;thereforeeachsystemmustbeusedindependently
3.1.3 Forothertextiletermsusedinthistestmethod,referto
of the other without combining in any way.
Terminology Standards, D123, D3888, D3990, D4848 and
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D4849.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Summary of Test Method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 The loop length of a conditioned skein of yarn is
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
measured under a specific tension, which is sufficient to
straighten but not stretch the skein. The tension-free skein is
2. Referenced Documents
then immersed in boiling water or exposed to dry heat or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
saturated steam or in the solvent reconditioned, and remea-
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
sured.Theshrinkage(orinsomecases,growth)iscalculatedas
D1059Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-
the change in length expressed as a percentage of the length
Length Specimens (Withdrawn 2010)
before immersion or exposure.
D1776Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
5. Significance and Use
1 5.1 Test Method D2259 for testing yarn for shrinkage in
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles and is
the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
boiling water, saturated steam, dry heat, or solvents is consid-
Current edition approved May 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally
ered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial ship-
ε1
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D2259–02(2006) .
ments of yarn because the test method has been used exten-
DOI: 10.1520/D2259-02R11.
sively in the trade for that purpose.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
the ASTM website.
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2259 − 02 (2011)
assistance.As a minimum, use the samples for such compara- known to 1 part in 1000.The hook may have a pointer located
tive tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the and attached for ease in reading the measuring scale at a point
same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate level with the inside bottom of the skein.
results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal
6.4 Tensioning Masses—Accurate to 1 part in 1000.
numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the labora-
6.5 For Boiling Water:
tories involved should be compared using a statistical test for
6.5.1 Container, of sufficient size for 40:1 mass ratio water
unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing
bath.
series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and
6.5.2 Roller Wringer or Centrifugal Extractor.
corrected, or future test results for that material must be
6.5.3 Heat Source, for water bath.
adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
6.5.4 Distilled or Demineralized Water.
5.2 Results obtained by this test method can be used for the
6.5.5 Nonionic Wetting Agent.
following purposes:
6.6 For Dry Heat:
5.2.1 As an aid in predicting the dimensional stability of
6.6.1 Heating Oven—A forced-draft oven capable of meet-
fabrics to wet processing,
ing the required temperature and that meets the temperature
5.2.2 As an aid in predicting the dimensional stability of
uniformity requirements for a Type IIB oven as described in
fabrics during processing at elevated temperatures, and
Specification E145, Table 1. There must be a means of
5.2.3 Asacontrolmeasureinthemanufactureofsometypes
suspending the skeins in the oven. This may be accomplished
of fibers.
with a rod with cup hooks from which to suspend skeins. The
5.3 Theshrinkagemediumtobeusedinthetestdependson
rod may be mounted on a stand for placement in the oven;
the requirements of the parties involved.
skeins should not be allowed to touch the sides of the oven.
5.4 The procedure for shrinkage in boiling water is de-
6.7 For Saturated Steam:
scribed in Section 12, for shrinkage in dry heat in Section 13,
6.7.1 Autoclave—A pressure vessel capable of sustaining
for shrinkage in saturated steam in Section 14, and for
thetemperaturesandpressuresrequired,andofsuchasizethat
shrinkage in solvents in Section 15.A30-min exposure time is
thetestskeinsofyarncanbesuspendedwithouttouchingsides
prescribed for boiling water. In exposure to dry heat, saturated
or bottom of the autoclave.
steam, or solvents, the extent of change in the length of yarn is
6.8 For Solvents:
dependent upon the fiber type and upon the time and tempera-
6.8.1 Hot Plate or Heated Block—Atemperature controlled
ture of the exposure. Fiber types differ in their reaction to
hot plate or heated block which can maintain the temperature
elevated temperature as well as the nature of the specific
of the solvent in a container to 6 2°C or 4°F of the specified
solvent, and prior fiber history can have a great influence upon
value.
the heat and solvent shrinkage of a yarn. Therefore, the time
6.8.2 Container, of sufficient size for a 40:1 mass ratio
and temperature conditions to be used to determine dry heat or
solvent bath.
saturatedsteamshrinkagemustbeagreeduponfortheparticu-
lar product involved. In addition, time and temperature 6.9 For Drying Wet Skeins:
conditions, and solvent to be used must be agreed upon for
6.9.1 Drying Oven—Aventilated drying oven maintained at
solvent shrinkage determination for the particular product a temperature of 65 6 3°C or 149 6 5°F, in which the yarn
involved.
specimens are not exposed to direct radiation from the heating
elements.
6. Apparatus and Reagents
7. Hazards
6.1 Reel—A hand or motor-driven reel having a nominal
perimeter of 1 m, 1.5 yd, or 1.125 m (Note 2).The reel should 7.1 Avoidphysicalcontactwithhotwaterandhotmetaland
have a traversing mechanism that will minimize bunching of especially saturated steam (Sections 12, 13, and 14).
ends on the reel, a yarn-tensioning device capable of maintain-
TABLE 1 Components of Variance as Standard Deviations,
ing tension below 1 cN/tex or 1.0 gf/den, and a yarn length or
Percentage Points
revolution indicator.Awarning bell that will ring just prior to
Single- Within- Between-
the specified number of reel revolutions is recommended. A
Properties Operator Laboratory Laboratory
collapsible arm is advisable for convenience in skein removal.
Component Component Component
Shrinkage, boiling water:
NOTE 2—By agreement, reels of other perimeters, between 1 and 2 m
Nylon spun yarn 0.32 0.60 0.61
(1 and 2 yd) may be used.
Nylon filament yarn 0.20 0.76 0.79
Polyester spun yarn 0.32 0.31 0.26
6.2 Measuring Scale—A tape or scale accurate to 1 part in
Polyester filament yarn 0.11 0.32 0.25
1000 is recommended. Any scale length exceeding the reel
Acrylic filament yarn 0.22 0.42 0.30
diameterby250mmor10in.allowingfortheextensionofthe
Cotton yarn 0.16 0.21 0.19
Rayon spun yarn 0.16 0.25 0.21
skein is satisfactory.The scale should be mounted vertically.A
Shrinkage, dry heat:
top hook holds the skein and is mounted with support surface
Nylon spun yarn at 150°C 0.24 0.23 0.17
in line with the zero index of the scale.
Nylon filament yarn at 150°C 0.20 0.55 0.51
Polyester spun yarn at 190°C 0.39 0.38 0.26
6.3 Metal Hook—A hook designed to hang from the skein,
Polyester filament yarn at 190°C 0.15 0.65 0.65
shaped to receive the tensioning weights, and with a mass
D2259 − 02 (2011)
7.2 Refer to manufacturer’s safety data sheets (MSDS) on 11. Measurement of Skeins
the operation of the autoclave. Care should be excercised in
11.1 Make all skein loop length measurements in the
venting the autoclave so that physical contact is not made with
standardatmospherefortestingtextileswhichisairmaintained
the saturated steam (Section 14).
at a relative humidity of 65 6 2% and at a temperature of 21
6 1°C or 706 2°F.
7.3 Refer to manufacturer’s material safety data sheets
(MSDS) for information on handling, storage, use, and dis-
11.2 Determinethelineardensityoftheyarnifunknownby
posal of any solvents used in this test method (Section 15).
using Test Method D1907 or Test Method D1059. In case of
controversy,resultsobtainedasdirectedinTestMethodD1907
8. Sampling shall prevail.
11.3 Calculate a tension force corresponding to 0.5 cN/tex
8.1 Division into Lots—For acceptance testing purposes,
or 0.05 gf/den using Eq 1 or Eq 2:
divide the material to be tested into lots as directed in Practice
D2258.
Tensionforce, cN 55.0 3N 3T (1)
Tensionforce, gf 50.05 3N 3D (2)
8.2 LotSample—Asalotsampleforacceptancetesting,take
at random the number of shipping containers directed in an
where:
applicable material specification or other agreement between
N = numberofends;thatistwicethenumberofwrapsinthe
the purchaser and the supplier, such as an agreement to use
skein,
Practice D2258.
T = yarn number, tex, and
D = yarn number, denier.
NOTE 3—Differences between shipping containers, between packages
NOTE 4—For example, an 80-wrap skein has 160 ends. For a 16 tex
within a container, and between specimens within a package are all
yarn, the tension force would be 5.0×16×160=1280 cN=12.8 N
sources of variability in test results. A realistic specification or other
(0.5×16×160=1280 gf=1.28 kgf).
agreement between the purchaser and the supplier requires a sampling
plan that considers the relative effects of such sources of variability and
11.4 Measure the loop-length of each conditioned skein.
which at the specified limits for shrinkage has a meaningful producer’s
11.4.1 Hang the conditioned skein from the hook at the top
risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and lot tolerance fraction
of the measuring scale with the inside of the top of the skein
defective.
and the zero index of the scale.
8.3 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
11.4.2 Hang the hook described in 6.3 on the bottom of the
tance testing, take a total of ten packages. Select the packages
untwisted skein and add sufficient mass (including the mass of
randomly from all the packages in the lot sampling units.
the hook) to produce the force calculated in 11.3.
11.4.3 After30 63s,measuretheinsidelengthoftheskein
8.4 Number of Specimens—Test one skein from each pack-
to the nearest 1 mm or ⁄16 in.
age in the laboratory sample.
11.4.4 Record the loop-length of each skein.
11.5 Twist each skein into a figure 8 and bring the ends
9. Preparation of Specimens
together to form a two-coil loop. Repeat the procedure to form
9.1 Reel and discard the outer 10% or 100 m or 110 yd
a four-coil loop.
material from each package.
11.6 Continue as directed in Section 12 for boiling water,
9.2 Reel an 80-wrap skein using a uniform tension of not
Section 13 for dry heat, Section 14 for saturated steam, or
over 1 cN/tex or 0.1 gf/den. Lay the yarn smoothly on the reel,
Section 15 for solvent.
overlap, and loosely tie the beginning and trailing ends of the
skein. To reduce tangling, the skein may be laced loosely. The
12. Boiling Water Exposure
number of wraps may be increased or decreased for very fine
12.1 Wrap each skein carefully in cheesecloth and secure
or very coarse yarns by agreement of the interested parties.
the cheesecloth (sewed, tied) to prevent the entanglement of
the yarn in actively boiling water.
9.3 Identify each skein separately.
12.2 Makeupadistilledordemineralizedwaterbath,which
10. Conditioning
is 40 times the mass of the wrapped skeins, and contains a
0.05% solution of wetting agent by weight.
10.1 Condition the prepared skeins for testing as directed in
Practice D1776, except that preconditioning is not necessary. 12.3 Bring the bath to a continuously rolling boil and
Considerequilibriumtohavebeenreachedwhenthechangein
immerse the skeins for 30 min.
mass of the specimen between successive weighings made at
NOTE 5—A basket may be used to transfer the skeins to and from the
intervalsofnotlessthan2hdoesnotexceed0.1%ofthemass
bath.
of the specimen.
12.4 Allowthebathtocooltoatleast50°Cor122°Fbefore
10.2 Condition the prepared s
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