ASTM A435/A435M-90(2012)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates
Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard procedure and acceptance for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examination of rolled fully killed carbon and alloy steel plates. The equipment shall be of the pulse-echo straight beam type. Nondestructive examination of the material shall be conducted in an area free of operations that interfere with proper functioning of the equipment. The test shall be done by one of the following methods: direct contact, immersion, or liquid column coupling. Ultrasonic examination shall be made on either major surface of the plate. Grid scanning shall be continuous along perpendicular grid lines or shall be continuous along parallel paths, transverse to the major plate axis, or shall be continuous along parallel paths, parallel to the major plate axis, or smaller centers. Any discontinuity indication causing a total loss of back reflection which cannot be contained within a circle is unacceptable.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the procedure and acceptance standards for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examination of rolled fully killed carbon and alloy steel plates, ½ in. [12.5 mm] and over in thickness. It was developed to assure delivery of steel plates free of gross internal discontinuities such as pipe, ruptures, or laminations and is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the plates are to be subjected to ultrasonic examination.
1.2 Individuals performing examinations in accordance with this specification shall be qualified and certified in accordance with the requirements of the latest edition of ASNT SNT-TC-1A or an equivalent accepted standard. An equivalent standard is one which covers the qualification and certification of ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and which is acceptable to the purchaser.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
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Designation: A435/A435M −90 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Specification for
Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA435/A435M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope thetest.Theequipmentshallbeofthepulse-echostraightbeam
type. The transducer is normally 1 to 1 ⁄8 in. [25 to 30 mm] in
1.1 This specification covers the procedure and acceptance
diameter or 1 in. [25 mm] square; however, any transducer
standards for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examina-
2 2
having a minimum active area of 0.7 in. [450 mm ] may be
tion of rolled fully killed carbon and alloy steel plates, ⁄2 in.
used. The test shall be performed by one of the following
[12.5 mm] and over in thickness. It was developed to assure
methods: direct contact, immersion, or liquid column coupling.
delivery of steel plates free of gross internal discontinuities
such as pipe, ruptures, or laminations and is to be used 3.2 Other search units may be used for evaluating and
whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states pinpointing indications.
that the plates are to be subjected to ultrasonic examination.
4. Test Conditions
1.2 Individualsperformingexaminationsinaccordancewith
4.1 Conduct the examination in an area free of operations
this specification shall be qualified and certified in accordance
with the requirements of the latest edition of ASNT SNT- that interfere with proper functioning of the equipment.
TC-1A or an equivalent accepted standard. An equivalent
4.2 Clean and smooth the plate surface sufficiently to
standard is one which covers the qualification and certification
maintain a reference back reflection from the opposite side of
of ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and which
the plate at least 50 % of the full scale during scanning.
is acceptable to the purchaser.
4.3 The surface of plates inspected by this method may be
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
expected to contain a residue of oil or rust or both. Any
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
specified identification which is removed when grinding to
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
achieve proper surface smoothness shall be restored.
system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
5. Procedure
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
5.1 Ultrasonic examination shall be made on either major
cation.
surface of the plate. Acceptance of defects in close proximity
may require inspection from the second major surface. Plates
2. Referenced Documents
ordered in the quenched and tempered condition shall be tested
2.1 ASNT Documents:
following heat treatment.
ASNT SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel
5.2 A nominal test frequency of 2 ⁄4 MHz is recommended.
Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
Thickness, grain size, or microstructure of the material and
3. Apparatus
nature of the equipment or method may require a higher or
lower test frequency. However, frequencies less than 1 MHz
3.1 The manufacturer shall furnish suitable ultrasonic
may be used only on agreement with the purchaser. A clear,
equipment and qualified personnel necessary for performing
easily interpreted trace pattern should be produced during the
examination.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
5.3 Conduct the examination with a test frequency and
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.11 on Steel Plates for Boilers and Pressure Vessels.
instrument adjustment that will produce a minimum 50 to a
Current edition approved March 1, 2012. Published March 2012. Originally
maximum 75 % of full scale reference back reflection from the
approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as A435/
opposite side of a sound area of the plate.While calibrating the
A435M – 90 (2007). DOI: 10.1520/A0435_A0435M-90R12.
instrument, sweep the crystal along the plate surface for a
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specifi-
cations SA-435/SA-435M in Section II of that Code. Available from American
distance of at least 1T or 6 in. [150 mm], which
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:A435/A435M–90(Reapproved 2007) Designation: A435/
A435M – 90 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Specification for
Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Plates
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA435/A435M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the procedure and acceptance standards for straight-beam, pulse-echo, ultrasonic examination of
rolled fully killed carbon and alloy steel plates, ⁄2 in. [12.5 mm] and over in thickness. It was developed to assure delivery of steel
plates free of gross internal discontinuities such as pipe, ruptures, or laminations and is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract,
order, or specification states that the plates are to be subjected to ultrasonic examination.
1.2 Individuals performing examinations in accordance with this specification shall be qualified and certified in accordance with
the requirements of the latest edition of ASNT SNT-TC-1A or an equivalent accepted standard. An equivalent standard is one
which covers the qualification and certification of ultrasonic nondestructive examination candidates and which is acceptable to the
purchaser.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard.Within the text, the SI units
are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be used
independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASNT Documents:
ASNT SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
3. Apparatus
3.1 The manufacturer shall furnish suitable ultrasonic equipment and qualified personnel necessary for performing the test. The
equipment shall be of the pulse-echo straight beam type. The transducer is normally 1 to 1 ⁄8 in. [25 to 30 mm] in diameter or 1
2 2
in. [25 mm] square; however, any transducer having a minimum active area of 0.7 in. [450 mm ] may be used. The test shall be
performed by one of the following methods: direct contact, immersion, or liquid column coupling.
3.2 Other search units may be used for evaluating and pinpointing indications.
4. Test Conditions
4.1 Conduct the examination in an area free of operations that interfere with proper functioning of the equipment.
4.2 Clean and smooth the plate surface sufficiently to maintain a reference back reflection from the opposite side of the plate
at least 50 % of the full scale during scanning.
4.3 The surface of plates inspected by this method may be expected to contain a residue of oil or rust or both. Any specified
identification which is removed when grinding to achieve proper surface smoothness shall be restored.
5. Procedure
5.1 Ultrasonic examination shall be made on either major surface of the plate. Acceptance of defects in close proximity may
require inspection from the second major surface. Plates ordered in the quenched and tempered condition shall be tested following
heat treatment.
5.2 A nominal test frequency of 2 ⁄4 MHz is recommended. Thickness, grain size, or microstructure of the material and nature
of the equipment or method may require a higher or lower test frequency. However, frequencies less than 1 MHz may be used only
on agreement with the purchaser. A clear, easily interpreted trace pattern should be produced during the examination.
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeA01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA01.11
on Steel Plates for Boilers and Pressure Vessels.
Current edition approved March 1, 2007.2012. Published March 2007.2012. Originally approved in 1959. Last previous edition approved in 20012007 as
A435/A435M – 90 (2001)7). DOI: 10.1520/A0435_A0435M-90R0712.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specifications SA-435/SA-435M in Section II of that Code. Available from American Society of
Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://www.asme.org.
Available from American Society for Nondest
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