ASTM D1857/D1857M-18
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The design of most coal combustion and coal conversion equipment anticipates that the ash either remain solid or assume some degree of fluidity, depending on the particular design. Ash fusibility temperatures help predict whether the ash will perform properly in the process for which the coal was chosen.
5.2 Ash fusibility temperature values are used in various equations to predict the slagging tendency of ashes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled, mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless otherwise noted.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1857/D1857M − 18
Standard Test Method for
1
Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1857/D1857M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope D346/D346M Practice for Collection and Preparation of
Coke Samples for Laboratory Analysis
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the tempera-
D2013/D2013M Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for
tures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal
Analysis
and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of
D3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal
fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled,
and Coke from Coal
mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.
D3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of
from As-Determined to Different Bases
the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain repro-
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in
ducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain
Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
concordant results.
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
D6349 Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
Elements in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Com-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
bustion of Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry
with the standard.
D7448 Practice for Establishing the Competence of Labora-
1.3.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless
tories Using ASTM Procedures in the Sampling and
otherwise noted.
Analysis of Coal and Coke
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D7582 Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of Coal and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Coke by Macro Thermogravimetric Analysis
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3. Terminology
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.1 The critical temperature points to be observed are as
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
follows:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.2 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
maximum height of 1.6 mm [ ⁄16 in.] as shown by the fifth
cone, FT, in Fig. 1.
2. Referenced Documents
2 3.1.3 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at
2.1 ASTM Standards:
which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at
which point the height is one-half the width of the base as
shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of D05.21 on Methods of Analysis.
3.1.4 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperature
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originally
at which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs.
approved 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D1857/D1857M – 17a.
DOI: 10.1520/D1857_D1857M-18.
Shrinkage or warping of the cone ignored if the tip remains
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
second cone, IT, is a typical cone at the initial deformation
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. stage.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1857/D
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1857/D1857M − 17a D1857/D1857M − 18
Standard Test Method for
1
Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1857/D1857M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal and
coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled, mildly
reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible
temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless otherwise noted.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D346D346/D346M Practice for Collection and Preparation of Coke Samples for Laboratory Analysis
D2013D2013/D2013M Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Analysis
D3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal and Coke from Coal
D3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses from As-Determined to Different Bases
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
D6349 Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor Elements in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Combustion of
Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry
D7448 Practice for Establishing the Competence of Laboratories Using ASTM Procedures in the Sampling and Analysis of Coal
and Coke
D7582 Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of Coal and Coke by Macro Thermogravimetric Analysis
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 The critical temperature points to be observed are as follows:
3.1.2 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a maximum
1
height of 1.6 mm [ ⁄16 in.] as shown by the fifth cone, FT, in Fig. 1.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal and Coke and is the direct responsibility of D05.21 on Methods of Analysis.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2017Sept. 1, 2018. Published August 2017September 2018. Originally approved 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as
D1857 – 17.D1857/D1857M – 17a. DOI: 10.1520/D1857-17a.10.1520/D1857_D1857M-18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1857/D1857M − 18
FIG. 1 Critical Temperature Points
3.1.3 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at which
point the height is one half one-half the width of the base as shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
3.1.4 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperatur
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1857/D1857M − 18
Standard Test Method for
1
Fusibility of Coal and Coke Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1857/D1857M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope D346/D346M Practice for Collection and Preparation of
Coke Samples for Laboratory Analysis
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the tempera-
D2013/D2013M Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for
tures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from coal
Analysis
and coke ash attain and pass through certain defined stages of
D3174 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of Coal
fusing and flow when heated at a specified rate in controlled,
and Coke from Coal
mildly reducing, and where desired, oxidizing atmospheres.
D3180 Practice for Calculating Coal and Coke Analyses
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of
from As-Determined to Different Bases
the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain repro-
D3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in
ducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain
Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
concordant results.
D4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
and Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
D6349 Test Method for Determination of Major and Minor
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
Elements in Coal, Coke, and Solid Residues from Com-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
bustion of Coal and Coke by Inductively Coupled
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
Plasma—Atomic Emission Spectrometry
with the standard.
D7448 Practice for Establishing the Competence of Labora-
1.3.1 All percentages are percent mass fractions unless
tories Using ASTM Procedures in the Sampling and
otherwise noted.
Analysis of Coal and Coke
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D7582 Test Methods for Proximate Analysis of Coal and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Coke by Macro Thermogravimetric Analysis
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3. Terminology
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor- 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.1.1 The critical temperature points to be observed are as
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
follows:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.2 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
maximum height of 1.6 mm [ ⁄16 in.] as shown by the fifth
cone, FT, in Fig. 1.
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.1.3 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at
2.1 ASTM Standards:
which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at
which point the height is one-half the width of the base as
shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of D05.21 on Methods of Analysis.
3.1.4 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperature
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published September 2018. Originally
at which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs.
approved 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D1857/D1857M – 17a.
DOI: 10.1520/D1857_D1857M-18. Shrinkage or warping of the cone ignored if the tip remains
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
second cone, IT, is a typical cone at the initial deformation
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. stage.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1857/D1857M − 18
FIG. 1 Critical Temperature Points
3.1.5 softening temperature, ST—the temperature at which
the cone has fused down to a spherical lump
...
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