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ASTM D2162-21

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards

Standard Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Because there are surface tension or kinematic viscosity differences, or both, between the primary standard (7.4) and kinematic viscosity standards (7.5), special procedures using master viscometers are required to “step-up” from the kinematic viscosity of the primary standard to the kinematic viscosities of oil standards.  
5.2 Using master viscometers calibrated according to this practice, an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers in accordance with Specifications D446.  
5.3 Using viscosity oil standards established in this practice, an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers in accordance with Specifications D446.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of master viscometers and viscosity oil standards, both of which may be used to calibrate routine viscometers as described in Test Method D445 and Specifications D446 over the temperature range from 15 °C to 100 °C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 The SI-based units for calibration constants and kinematic viscosities are mm2/s2 and mm 2/s, respectively.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Mar-2021
ICS
17.060 - Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.07 - Flow Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2162 − 21
Standard Practice for
Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil
1
Standards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D1250Guide for the Use of the Joint API and ASTM
Adjunct for Temperature and Pressure Volume Correction
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of master viscom-
FactorsforGeneralizedCrudeOils,RefinedProducts,and
eters and viscosity oil standards, both of which may be used to
Lubricating Oils: API MPMS Chapter 11.1
calibrate routine viscometers as described in Test Method
D1480Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
D445andSpecificationsD446overthetemperaturerangefrom
cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnom-
15°C to 100°C.
eter
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D1590Test Method for Surface Tension of Water
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D8278Specification for Digital Contact Thermometers for
standard.
Test Methods Measuring Flow Properties of Fuels and
1.2.1 The SI-based units for calibration constants and kine-
Lubricants
2 2 2
matic viscosities are mm /s and mm /s, respectively.
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E563Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the as a Reference Temperature
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E644Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Ther-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- mometers
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
E1137SpecificationforIndustrialPlatinumResistanceTher-
For specific warning statements, see Section 7. mometers
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
E1750Guide for Use of Water Triple Point Cells
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- E2593Guide for Accuracy Verification of Industrial Plati-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
num Resistance Thermometers
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
E2877Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers
3
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
2.2 ISO Standard:
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ISO 3666Viscosity of Water
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1 Definitions:
D445Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
3.1.1 digital contact thermometer (DCT) , n—an electronic
andOpaqueLiquids(andCalculationofDynamicViscos-
device consisting of a digital display and associated tempera-
ity)
ture sensing probe.
D446Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass
3.1.1.1 Discussion—This device consists of a temperature
Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
sensor connected to a measuring instrument; this instrument
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
measures the temperature-dependent quantity of the sensor,
computes the temperature from the measured quantity, and
provides a digital output. This digital output goes to a digital
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
displayand/orrecordingdevicethatmaybeinternalorexternal
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
to the device.
mittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved April 1, 2021. Published April 2021. Originally
3.1.1.2 Discussion—The devices are often referred to as a
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D2162–17. DOI:
“digitalthermometers,”howeverthetermincludesdevicesthat
10.1520/D2162-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2162 − 21
sense temperature by means other than being in physical 5.2 Using master viscometers calibrated according to this
contact with the media
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2162 − 17 D2162 − 21
Standard Practice for
Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil
1
Standards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of master viscometers and viscosity oil standards, both of which may be used to calibrate
routine viscometers as described in Test Method D445 and Specifications D446 over the temperature range from 15 °C to 100 °C.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
2 2 2
1.2.1 The SI-based units for calibration constants and kinematic viscosities are mm /s and mm /s, respectively.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1250 Guide for the Use of the Joint API and ASTM Adjunct for Temperature and Pressure Volume Correction Factors for
Generalized Crude Oils, Refined Products, and Lubricating Oils: API MPMS Chapter 11.1
D1480 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnometer
D1590 Test Method for Surface Tension of Water
D8278 Specification for Digital Contact Thermometers for Test Methods Measuring Flow Properties of Fuels and Lubricants
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath as a Reference Temperature
E644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Thermometers
E1137 Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers
E1750 Guide for Use of Water Triple Point Cells
E2593 Guide for Accuracy Verification of Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved May 1, 2017April 1, 2021. Published May 2017April 2021. Originally approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 20142017 as
D2162 – 14.D2162 – 17. DOI: 10.1520/D2162-17.10.1520/D2162-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2162 − 21
E2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers
3
2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO 3666 Viscosity of Water
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 digital contact thermometer (DCT) , n—an electronic device consisting of a digital display and associated temperature
sensing probe.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
This device consists of a temperature sensor connected to a measuring instrument; this instrument measures the temperature-
dependent quantity of the sensor, computes the temperature from the measured quantity, and provides a digital output. This digital
output goes to a digital display and/or recording device that may be internal or external to the device. These devices are sometimes
referred to as “digital thermometers.”
3.1.1.2 Discussion—
The devices are often referred to as a “digital thermometers,” ho
...

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5.1 The significance of this test method is that it provides a means for a reliable field determination of kinematic viscosity at 40 °C without requiring solvents or chemicals for cleaning. Field use implies that the fluid may be very opaque, such as an in-service engine oil. The device may be cleaned with a disposable lint-free oil-absorbent material such as a clean cotton shop rag, and requires only 60 µL of sample for operation. As such the device provides a unique service to a range of industries where it is difficult or undesirable to obtain chemicals of any sort in order to determine the kinematic viscosity of their fluid of interest. Examples of such industries include many marine-based systems where a laboratory does not exist on-board, mines where equipment is needed for on-the-spot determination of asset viscosity, and large industrial plants where a walk-around inspection of oil sumps greatly increases efficiency. By using this test method, one can serve these crucial use-cases where a direct, immediate measure of kinematic viscosity at 40 °C may otherwise be difficult to obtain.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice covers a series of methods offered to aid users in calibrating U-tube density meters to provide a measure of density and an associated expanded uncertainty. The reference density, as obtained from either an equation of state (EOS) or CRM has an uncertainty that arises from the uncertainty of the measurements of temperature, pressure, and also the chemical purity of the substance studied (origin) or for that matter of the certified reference material. This uncertainty results in an additional uncertainty for the density of these samples. Because the measurements made with U-tube density meters are not absolute, the uncertainty with which the instrument calibration is determined is directly related to the uncertainty of the density obtained.
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1.3 This practice pertains to fluids with viscosities  
1.4 4 The values listed in SI units are regarded as the standard, unless otherwise stated. The SI unit for mass density is kilograms per cubic metre (kg·m-3) and can be given as grams per cubic centimetre (g·cm-3).  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
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Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Specific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Bingham Pycnometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and to assess the quality of crude oils.  
5.2 Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15 °C.  
5.3 The determination of densities at the elevated temperatures of 40 °C and 100 °C is particularly useful in providing the data needed for the conversion of kinematic viscosities in mm2/s (centistokes) to the corresponding dynamic viscosities in mPa·s (centipoises).
SCOPE
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Note 1: For the determination of density of materials which are fluid at normal temperatures, see Test Method D1217.  
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to specific gravity.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6616-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Shear Rate by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 100 °C

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Viscosity at the shear rate and temperature of this test method is thought to be particularly representative of bearing conditions in large medium speed reciprocating engines as well as automotive and heavy duty engines operating in this temperature regime.  
5.2 The importance of viscosity under these conditions has been stressed in railroad specifications.  
5.3 For other industry needs this method may also be run at 80 °C by using different crossover calibration oils available from the manufacturer. No precision has been determined at this temperature. The equipment is also used at higher temperatures as shown in Test Method D4683 and CEC L-36-90 (also referenced from IP 370).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the viscosity of engine oils at 100 °C and 1·106s–1 using the Tapered Bearing Simulator (TBS) viscometer.2
Note 1: This test method is similar to Test Method D4683 which uses the same TBS viscometer to measure high shear viscosity at 150 °C.  
1.2 The Newtonian calibration oils used to establish this test method range from approximately 5 mPa·s (cP) to 12 mPa·s (cP) at 100 °C and either the manual or automated protocol was used by each participant in developing the precision statement. The viscosity range of the test method at this temperature is from 1 mPa·s (cP) to above 25 mPa·s (cP), depending on the model of TBS.  
1.3 The non-Newtonian reference oil used to establish the shear rate of 1·106s–1 for this test method has a viscosity of approximately 10 mPa·s at 100 °C.  
1.4 Application to petroleum products other than engine oil has not been determined in preparing the viscometric information for this test method.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. This test method uses the milliPascal second (mPa·s) as the unit of viscosity. This unit is equivalent to the centiPoise (cP), which is shown in parentheses.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7483-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Dynamic Viscosity and Derived Kinematic Viscosity of Liquids by Oscillating Piston Viscometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many petroleum products, as well as non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants for bearings, gears, compressor cylinders, hydraulic equipment, etc. Proper operation of this equipment depends upon the viscosity of these liquids.  
5.2 Oscillating piston viscometers allow viscosity measurement of a broad range of materials including transparent, translucent and opaque liquids. The measurement principle and stainless steel construction makes the Oscillating Piston Viscometer resistant to damage and suitable for portable operations. The measurement itself is automatic and does not require an operator to time the oscillation of the piston. The electromagnetically driven piston mixes the sample while under test. The instrument requires a sample volume of less than 5 mL and typical solvent volume of less than 10 mL which minimizes cleanup effort and waste.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dynamic viscosity and derivation of kinematic viscosity of liquids, such as new and in-service lubricating oils, by means of an oscillating piston viscometer.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids; however the precision statement was developed using Newtonian liquids.  
1.3 The range of dynamic viscosity covered by this test method is from 0.2 mPa·s to 20 000 mPa·s (which is approximately the kinematic viscosity range of 0.2 mm2/s to 22 000 mm2/s for new oils) in the temperature range between –40 °C to 190 °C; however the precision has been determined only for new and used oils in the range of 34 mPa·s to 1150 mPa·s at 40 °C, 5.7 mPa·s to 131 mPa·s at 100 °C, and 46.5 mm2/s to 436 mm2/s at 40 °C.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2161-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity to Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol Viscosity

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 At one time the petroleum industry relied on measuring kinematic viscosity by means of the Saybolt viscometer, and expressing kinematic viscosity in units of Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) and Saybolt Furol Seconds (SFS). This practice is now obsolete in the petroleum industry.  
4.2 This practice establishes the official equations relating SUS and SFS to the SI kinematic viscosity units, mm2/s.  
4.3 This practice allows for the conversion between SUS and SFS units and SI units of kinematic viscosity.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the conversion tables and equations for converting kinematic viscosity in mm2/s at any temperature to Saybolt Universal viscosity in Saybolt Universal seconds (SUS) at the same temperature and for converting kinematic viscosity in mm2/s at 122 °F and 210 °F (50 °C and 98.9 °C) to Saybolt Furol viscosity in Saybolt Furol seconds (SFS) at the same temperatures. Kinematic viscosity values are based on water being 1.0034 mm2/s (cSt) at 68 °F (20 °C).  
1.2 If a method other than Test Method D445 is used to generate the kinematic viscosity data, apply appropriate relative-bias correction factors as found in the precision section of that method, before performing the calculations of this practice.
Note 1: The equations in D2161 were originally empirically derived using data from both D445 and the Saybolt viscometer method. Therefore, it is conceivable that an error could result if the kinematic viscosities used are not bias-corrected to D445 results. It is recommended that kinematic viscosity be reported in millimetres squared per second, instead of Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS) or Saybolt Furol Seconds (SFS). This method is being retained for the purpose of calculation of kinematic viscosities from SUS and SFS data that appear in past literature. One millimetre squared per second (mm2/s) equals one centistoke (cSt), which is another unit commonly found in older literature.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for reference information purposes only. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is mm2/s.  
1.3.1 Exception—Fahrenheit temperature units are used in this practice because they are accepted by industry for the type of legacy conversions described in this practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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