ASTM D4157-13(2017)

Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in English units are provided as information only and are not exact equivalents.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 14-Jul-2017
• ICS: 59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
• Technical Committee: D13 - Textiles
• Drafting Committee: D13.60 - Fabric Physical Test Methods B

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4157 − 13 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
D4158Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abra-
(Uniform Abrasion)
sion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory
D4850Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some
Methods
fabric constructions.
D5034TestMethodforBreakingStrengthandElongationof
NOTE 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of
Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods
D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.
D5035Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of
Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard; the values in English units are provided as informa- 2.2 Other Document:
AATCC 93Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: Accelerotor
tion only and are not exact equivalents.
Method
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
priate safety, health and environmental practices and deter-
Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
abrasion, abrasion cycle, in abrasion testing, breaking force,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
double-rub, in oscillatory cylinder abrasion testing.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Terminology D123.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 Abrasionresistanceismeasuredbysubjectingthespeci-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
men to unidirectional rubbing action under known conditions
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
of pressure, tension, and abrasive action. Resistance to abra-
D3884Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics
sion is evaluated by various means which are described in
(Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
Section 12.
D3885Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
5. Significance and Use
D3886Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile
andothermaterialsisverycomplex.Theresistancetoabrasion
is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the
Specific.
Current edition approved July 15, 2017. Published August 2017. Originally
type,kind,andamountoffinishingmaterialaddedtothefibers,
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D4157–13. DOI:
yarns, or fabric.
10.1520/D4157-13R17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O.
the ASTM website. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4157 − 13 (2017)
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical
conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable bias between them, using competent statistical assistance.As a
action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the minimum, test samples that are as homogeneous as possible,
tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen drawn from the material from which the disparate test results
and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen. were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to
each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two
5.3 Abrasiontestsareallsubjecttovariationduetochanges
laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for
in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must
unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing
accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked
series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and
periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the
corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consider-
abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With
ation of the known bias.
permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent
surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change
6. Apparatus
appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar
abradantsusedindifferentlaboratorieswillnotlikelychangeat
6.1 Oscillatory Cylinder Abrasive Machine, (shown as
the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants
Fig. 1) consisting of the following:
may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material
6.1.1 Oscillating Cylinder Section, equipped with edge
from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent
clamps to permit mounting of a sheet of abrasive material over
intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion
itssurface,capableofoscillatingthroughanarcof76 62mm
may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be
(3 6 0.1 in.) at the rate of 90 6 1 cycles (double rub) per min.
influenced by the judgment of the operator.
6.1.2 Four Specimen Holding Arms, to permit testing of
several specimens sumultaneously; each arm having a set of
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as mea-
controlledtensionclampswiththeforwardclampattachedtoa
sured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only
forcescaledtensionbar,andacontrolledpressurepadattached
one of several factors contributing to wear performance or
to a force scaled pressure bar.
durability as experienced in the actual use of the material.
6.1.3 CalibratedMass(340g),thatslidesonthetensionbar
While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the
and attached on each arm forward clamp to adjust tension to
number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified
the specimen in increments of 4.45 N (1 lbf) up to a total of
techniquetoproduceaspecifieddegreeoramountofabrasion)
26.7 N (6 lbf).
and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand deteriora-
6.1.4 ThumbScrew,thatbuttsagainsttherearclampofeach
tionorwearingoutinuse,includingtheeffectsofabrasion)are
frequently related, the relationship varies with different end arm to provide slack take-up of the specimen.
uses, and different factors may be necessary in any calculation 6.1.5 Sponge Rubber Pressure Pad, 51 by 51 mm (2.0 by
of predicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratory 2.0 in.) with a tolerance of 62.0 mm (0.1 in.) shaped to the
tests may be reliable as an indication of relative end-use cylinder surface and fitted to the pressure bar.
performance in cases where the difference in abrasion resis-
6.1.6 Calibrated Mass (150 g), that slides on the pressure
tanceofvariousmaterialsislarge,buttheyshouldnotberelied bar and attached on each pressure pad to adjust and apply
upon where differences in laboratory test findings are small. In
pressure to the specimen in increments of 4.45 N (1 lbf) up to
general, they should not be relied upon for prediction of actual a total of 15.575 N (3.5 lbf).
wear-life in specific end uses unless there are data showing the
6.1.7 Two Slotted Vacuum Pipes, suspended over the cylin-
specific relationship between laboratory abrasion tests and
der drum to remove lint and dust particles.
actual wear in the intended end-use.
6.1.8 Automatic Cycle Counter, with set and stop mecha-
nism to record the number of cycles (double rubs) and stop the
5.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics,
machine at a predetermined number of cycles.
including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, house-
hold fabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is not
6.2 Abradant:
surprising, therefore, to find that there are many different types
6.2.1 Cotton Duck # 10, with the following characteristics:
of abrasion testing machines, abradants, testing conditions,
NOTE 2—Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.
testing procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasion
resistance, and interpretation of results. 6.2.1.1 Mass/Unit Area—500 6 25 g/m (14 to 15.8 oz/
yd ).
5.6 All the test methods and instruments so far developed
6.2.1.2 Weave Type—plain weave.
forabrasionresistancemayshowahighdegreeofvariabilityin
6.2.1.3 Fabric Count—41 6 1 end/in. × 28 6 1 pick/in.
results obtained by different operators and in different labora-
6.2.1.4 Yarn Size—7/2 cotton count 6 1 in both warp and
tories; however, they represent the methods now most widely
filling.
in use. This test method provides a comparative measurement
6.2.1.5 Air Permeability—less than 4 cfm.
of the resistance of woven textile fabrics to abrasion, and may
not necessarily predict the actual performance of fabrics in 6.2.1.6 Finish—loom state; no warp size.
actual use.
5.7 If there are differences of practical significance between
reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.
D4157 − 13 (2017)
FIG. 1 Oscillatory Cylinder Abrasion Tester
6.2.2 Atwopiecelaminatedscreenassemblymeasuring241 6.2.4 Nylon Brush, medium brisstle, or equivalent.
× 305 mm (9.5 × 12.0 in.) with a tolerance of 62.5 mm (0.1
6.2.5 Mild Household Detergent Solution.
in.).
6.2.6 Air Supply, with regulated nozzle.
6.2.2.1 The outer screen, which comes in contact with the
6.2.7 Digital Force Gage.
specimen, is a 50 × 70 stainless steel wire mesh made with a
0.19 mm (0.0075 in.) diameter wire. There are 50 wires per
7. Sampling
inch, which run perpendicular to the long axis of the test
7.1 Take a lot sample as directed in the applicable material
specimen, and 70 wires per inch that run parallel to the long
specification, or as agreed upon between the purchaser and
axis of the test specimen.
seller. In the absence of such a specification or other
6.2.2.2 The inner screen, which comes in contact with the
agreement, take a laboratory sample as directed in 7.2.
drum, is a 16 × 16 stainless steel wire mesh made with 0.28
mm (0.011 in.) diameter wire. There are 16 wires per inch in 7.2 Take a laboratory sample from each roll or piece of
both directions. fabric in the lot sample. The laboratory sample should be full
6.2.2.3 The two wire mesh screens are stapled together width and at least 50 cm (approximately 20 in.) long and
alongthelongedgessothatthestaplesdonotinterferewiththe should not be taken any closer to the end of the roll or piece of
clamping mechanism that holds the screen assembly in place. fabric than1m(1 yd). Consider rolls or pieces of fabric to be
6.2.3 Grit Sandpaper, to refurbish rubber pads. the primary sampling unit.
D4157 − 13 (2017)
7.3 Take a laboratory sampling unit from each roll or piece in 50 cycle increments. Inspect for spaces between the lower
of fabric in the lot sample that is full width and at least 50 cm surface of the pad and the cylinder after each 50 cycles.
(20 in.) long and not taken any closer to the end of the roll or Continue until the entire surface of the pad conforms to the
piece of fabric than1m(1 yd). shape of the cylinder section. The wear pattern on the sand
paper can assist in determining conformance.
7.4 Sample shipment of garments as agreed upon between
purchaser and seller. 10.4 At lease on a weekly schedule: clean surface of the
cylindersectionandthesteelscreenbybrushingandthenusing
8. Number and Preparation of Test Specimens
the mild detergent solution. Clean out vacuum system. Inspect
the pads for wear and refurbish as directed in 10.3.1 as
8.1 In the absence of any applicable material specifications,
required.
take 12 specimens, 6 warp (machine direction) and 6 filling,
(across machine direction) from each sample to be tested.
10.5 After each test: brush the rubber pads to remove any
loosefibers,etc.Usingthenylonbrush,cleanthesurfaceofthe
8.2 Preparation of Specimens:
cylinder section and the steel screen by brushing and wiping
8.2.1 Cut the test specimens 73 mm (2 ⁄8 in.) by 245 mm
5 with a cloth. If disposable abradants are used, such as emery
(9 ⁄8 in.). Specimens should be cut with flares or wings. The
paper or cotton duck, replace after each test.
longdimensionsarecutparalleltothewarpyarnsforwarpwise
(machinedirection)abrasionandparalleltothefillingyarnsfor
10.6 CalibrationoftheOscillatoryCylindermachineshould
filling-wise (cross-machine direction) abrasion. For woven
be performed as specified in the appendix of this method.
fabrics do not cut two warp specimens from the same warp
11. Procedure
yarns or two filling specimens from the same filling yarns. If
the fabric has a pattern, ensure that the specimens are repre-
11.1 Test the conditioned specimens in the standard atmo-
sentative sampling of the pattern.
sphere for testing textiles, which is 70 6 2°F (21 6 1°C) and
8.2.2 Cut test specimens both in the length and widthwise
65 6 2% relative humidity.
directions of the fabric. Cut specimens representing a broad
11.2 Select the abradant for a given end-use application.
distribution diagonally across the length and the width of the
Refer to Table 1. Ensure the abradant is taut and secured
fabric.
squarely to the cylinder. In the absence of a specified abradant,
8.2.3 Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases or
ust the steel screen. If using #10 cotton Duck, be sure that a
wrinkles.
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4157 − 13 D4157 − 13 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder
tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
NOTE 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885,
D3886, and AATCC 93.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in English units are provided as information only
and are not exact equivalents.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D3884 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double-Head Method)
D3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
D3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Apparatus)
D4158 Guide for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion)
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
D5034 Test Method for Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Grab Test)
D5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Strip Method)
2.2 Other Document:
AATCC 93 Abrasion Resistance of Fabrics: Accelerotor Method
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: abrasion,abrasion cycle,in abrasion testing, breaking force,double-
rub,in oscillatory cylinder abrasion testing.
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Abrasion resistance is measured by subjecting the specimen to unidirectional rubbing action under known conditions of
pressure, tension, and abrasive action. Resistance to abrasion is evaluated by various means which are described in Section 12.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods, Specific.
Current edition approved July 1, 2013July 15, 2017. Published August 2013August 2017. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20102013 as
D4157 – 10.D4157 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/D4157-13.10.1520/D4157-13R17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4157 − 13 (2017)
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is
affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the
yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable
action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and
abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly
be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only
once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the
abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will
not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing
or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount
of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of
several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion
resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a specified
degree or amount of abrasion) and “durability” (defined as the ability to withstand deterioration or wearing out in use, including
the effects of abrasion) are frequently related, the relationship varies with different end uses, and different factors may be necessary
in any calculation of predicted durability from specific abrasion data. Laboratory tests may be reliable as an indication of relative
end-use performance in cases where the difference in abrasion resistance of various materials is large, but they should not be relied
upon where differences in laboratory test findings are small. In general, they should not be relied upon for prediction of actual
wear-life in specific end uses unless there are data showing the specific relationship between laboratory abrasion tests and actual
wear in the intended end-use.
5.5 These general observations apply to all types of fabrics, including woven, nonwoven, and knit apparel fabrics, household
fabrics, industrial fabrics, and floor coverings. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that there are many different types of abrasion
testing machines, abradants, testing conditions, testing procedures, methods of evaluation of abrasion resistance, and interpretation
of results.
5.6 All the test methods and instruments so far developed for abrasion resistance may show a high degree of variability in results
obtained by different operators and in different laboratories; however, they represent the methods now most widely in use. This
test method provides a comparative measurement of the resistance of woven textile fabrics to abrasion, and may not necessarily
predict the actual performance of fabrics in actual use.
5.7 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests
should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum,
test samples that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and
randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared
using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause
must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Oscillatory Cylinder Abrasive Machine, (shown as Fig. 1) consisting of the following:
6.1.1 Oscillating Cylinder Section, equipped with edge clamps to permit mounting of a sheet of abrasive material over its
surface, capable of oscillating through an arc of 76 6 2 mm (3 6 0.1 in.) at the rate of 90 6 1 cycles (double rub) per min.
6.1.2 Four Specimen Holding Arms, to permit testing of several specimens sumultaneously; each arm having a set of controlled
tension clamps with the forward clamp attached to a force scaled tension bar, and a controlled pressure pad attached to a force
scaled pressure bar.
6.1.3 Calibrated Mass (340 g), that slides on the tension bar and attached on each arm forward clamp to adjust tension to the
specimen in increments of 4.45 N (1 lbf) up to a total of 26.7 N (6 lbf).
6.1.4 Thumb Screw, that butts against the rear clamp of each arm to provide slack take-up of the specimen.
6.1.5 Sponge Rubber Pressure Pad, 51 by 51 mm (2.0 by 2.0 in.) with a tolerance of 62.0 mm (0.1 in.) shaped to the cylinder
surface and fitted to the pressure bar.
6.1.6 Calibrated Mass (150 g), that slides on the pressure bar and attached on each pressure pad to adjust and apply pressure
to the specimen in increments of 4.45 N (1 lbf) up to a total of 15.575 N (3.5 lbf).
6.1.7 Two Slotted Vacuum Pipes, suspended over the cylinder drum to remove lint and dust particles.
Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.
D4157 − 13 (2017)
FIG. 1 Oscillatory Cylinder Abrasion Tester
6.1.8 Automatic Cycle Counter, with set and stop mechanism to record the number of cycles (double rubs) and stop the machine
at a predetermined number of cycles.
6.2 Abradant:
6.2.1 Cotton Duck # 10, with the following characteristics:
NOTE 2—Apparatus and accessories are commercially available.
2 2
6.2.1.1 Mass/Unit Area—500 6 25 g/m (14 to 15.8 oz/yd ).
6.2.1.2 Weave Type—plain weave.
6.2.1.3 Fabric Count—41 6 1 end/in. × 28 6 1 pick/in.
6.2.1.4 Yarn Size—7/2 cotton count 6 1 in both warp and filling.
6.2.1.5 Air Permeability—less than 4 cfm.
6.2.1.6 Finish—loom state; no warp size.
6.2.2 A two piece laminated screen assembly measuring 241 × 305 mm (9.5 × 12.0 in.) with a tolerance of 62.5 mm (0.1 in.).
6.2.2.1 The outer screen, which comes in contact with the specimen, is a 50 × 70 stainless steel wire mesh made with a 0.19
mm (0.0075 in.) diameter wire. There are 50 wires per inch, which run perpendicular to the long axis of the test specimen, and
70 wires per inch that run parallel to the long axis of the test specimen.
D4157 − 13 (2017)
6.2.2.2 The inner screen, which comes in contact with the drum, is a 16 × 16 stainless steel wire mesh made with 0.28 mm
(0.011 in.) diameter wire. There are 16 wires per inch in both directions.
6.2.2.3 The two wire mesh screens are stapled together along the long edges so that the staples do not interfere with the
clamping mechanism that holds the screen assembly in place.
6.2.3 Grit Sandpaper, to refurbish rubber pads.
6.2.4 Nylon Brush, medium brisstle, or equivalent.
6.2.5 Mild Household Detergent Solution.
6.2.6 Air Supply, with regulated nozzle.
6.2.7 Digital Force Gage.
7. Sampling
7.1 Take a lot sample as directed in the applicable material specification, or as agreed upon between the purchaser and seller.
In the absence of such a specification or other agreement, take a laboratory sample as directed in 7.2.
7.2 Take a laboratory sample from each roll or piece of fabric in the lot sample. The laboratory sample should be full width and
at least 50 cm (approximately 20 in.) long and should not be taken any closer to the end of the roll or piece of fabric than 1 m
(1 yd). Consider rolls or pieces of fabric to be the primary sampling unit.
7.3 Take a laboratory sampling unit from each roll or piece of fabric in the lot sample that is full width and at least 50 cm (20
in.) long and not taken any closer to the end of the roll or piece of fabric than 1 m (1 yd).
7.4 Sample shipment of garments as agreed upon between purchaser and seller.
8. Number and Preparation of Test Specimens
8.1 In the absence of any applicable material specifications, take 12 specimens, 6 warp (machine direction) and 6 filling, (across
machine direction) from each sample to be tested.
8.2 Preparation of Specimens:
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8.2.1 Cut the test specimens 73 mm (2 ⁄8 in.) by 245 mm (9 ⁄8 in.). Specimens should be cut with flares or wings. The long
dimensions are cut parallel to the warp yarns for warpwise (machine direction) abrasion and parallel to the filling yarns for
filling-wise (cross-machine direction) abrasion. For woven fabrics do not cut two warp specimens from the same warp yarns or
two filling specimens from the same filling yarns. If the fabric has a pattern, ensure that the specimens are representative sampling
of the pattern.
8.2.2 Cut test specimens both in the length and widthwise directions of the fabric. Cut specimens representing a broad
distribution diagonally across the length and the width of the fabric.
8.2.3 Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases or wrinkles. Take no specimens within 10 % of the selvage.
8.2.4 If the fabric has a pattern, ensure that the specimens are a representative sampling of the pattern.
8.2.5 Seal edges when required to prevent raveling. The specimen edges may be sealed by use of rubber glue or by sewing using
the stitch described in Test Method D5034.
9. Conditioning
9.1 For the tests made as described, precondition the specimens by bringing them to approximate moisture equilibrium in the
standard atmosphere for preconditioning, then bring the specimens to moisture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere
for testing. Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when the increase in weight of the specimen in successive weightings
made at intervals of not less than 2 h does not exceed 0.1 % of the weight o
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