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ASTM A838-02(2013)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Free-Machining Ferritic Stainless Soft Magnetic Alloy Bar for Relay Applications

Standard Specification for Free-Machining Ferritic Stainless Soft Magnetic Alloy Bar for Relay Applications

ABSTRACT
This specification covers free-machining ferritic stainless soft magnetic alloy produced or supplied expressly in cold-finished bar form for use in magnetic cores and other parts requiring a high permeability, low-coercivity stainless steel. Two specific alloy types are covered: Grades, alloy type 1 and Grades, alloy type 2. The material shall conform to the chemical composition requirements specified. Material shall be tested using either ring, permeameter, or coercimeter test methods to meet the required specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers free-machining ferritic stainless soft magnetic alloy produced or supplied expressly in cold-finished bar form for use in magnetic cores and other parts requiring a high permeability, low-coercivity stainless steel.  
1.1.1 This specification does not cover either cast parts or parts produced by powder metallurgy techniques.  
1.2 Two specific alloy types are covered. The primary constituents are shown in Table 1. These types have corrosion resistance similar to AISI Type 430F and Type 430F, Specification A582/A582M.  
1.3 This specification covers only these alloy types supplied in cold-finished bars in cross-sectional shapes such as rounds, squares, hexagons, and octagons with diameters (diagonals) greater than or equal to 0.250 in. (6.35 mm) and less than or equal to 1.625 in. (41.28 mm).2  
1.4 Certain cold-finished round bar products are capable of being supplied mill annealed to required magnetic properties such as low coercivity. The size range that can be mill annealed is from 0.250 to 1.625 in. (6.35 to 41.28 mm). Other products of these alloys cannot be mill annealed to produce equivalently low coercivity; hence, the final machined parts should be heat treated as recommended by the producer.  
1.5 The values stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2013
ICS
77.140.40 - Steels with special magnetic properties
Technical Committee
A06 - Magnetic Properties
Drafting Committee
A06.02 - Material Specifications
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A838-02(2007) - Standard Specification for Free-Machining Ferritic Stainless Soft Magnetic Alloy Bar for Relay Applications
Effective Date
01-May-2013

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ASTM A838-02(2013) - Standard Specification for Free-Machining Ferritic Stainless Soft Magnetic Alloy Bar for Relay ApplicationsASTM A838-02(2013) - Standard Specification for Free-Machining Ferritic Stainless Soft Magnetic Alloy Bar for Relay Applications
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ASTM A838-02(2013) - Standard Specification for Free-Machining Ferritic Stainless Soft Magnetic Alloy Bar for Relay Applications
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A838 −02 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Specification for
Free-Machining Ferritic Stainless Soft Magnetic Alloy Bar
1
for Relay Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A838; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
3
1.1 This specification covers free-machining ferritic stain- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
less soft magnetic alloy produced or supplied expressly in A34/A34MPractice for Sampling and Procurement Testing
cold-finishedbarformforuseinmagneticcoresandotherparts of Magnetic Materials
requiring a high permeability, low-coercivity stainless steel. A340Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to
1.1.1 This specification does not cover either cast parts or Magnetic Testing
parts produced by powder metallurgy techniques. A341/A341MTest Method for Direct Current Magnetic
Properties of Materials Using D-C Permeameters and the
1.2 Two specific alloy types are covered. The primary
Ballistic Test Methods
constituents are shown in Table 1. These types have corrosion
A582/A582MSpecification for Free-Machining Stainless
resistance similar to AISI Type 430F and Type 430F, Specifi-
Steel Bars
cation A582/A582M.
A596/A596MTest Method for Direct-Current Magnetic
1.3 Thisspecificationcoversonlythesealloytypessupplied
Properties of Materials Using the Ballistic Method and
in cold-finished bars in cross-sectional shapes such as rounds,
Ring Specimens
squares, hexagons, and octagons with diameters (diagonals)
A773/A773MTest Method for dc Magnetic Properties of
greater than or equal to 0.250 in. (6.35 mm) and less than or
Materials Using Ring and Permeameter Procedures with
2
equal to 1.625 in. (41.28 mm).
dc Electronic Hysteresigraphs
E1019Test Methods for Determination of Carbon, Sulfur,
1.4 Certain cold-finished round bar products are capable of
being supplied mill annealed to required magnetic properties Nitrogen, and Oxygen in Steel, Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt
suchaslowcoercivity.Thesizerangethatcanbemillannealed Alloys by Various Combustion and Fusion Techniques
is from 0.250 to 1.625 in. (6.35 to 41.28 mm). Other products 2.2 Other Standard:
ofthesealloyscannotbemillannealedtoproduceequivalently
IEC Publication 60404-7Methods of Measurement of the
low coercivity; hence, the final machined parts should be heat Coercivity of Magnetic Materials in an Open Magnetic
4
treated as recommended by the producer. Circuit
1.5 The values stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-
3. Terminology
pound) units are to be regarded as standard. The values given
3.1 The terms and symbols used in this specification are
in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units which
defined in Terminology A340.
are provided for information only and are not considered
standard.
4. Classification
1
4.1 Two specific alloy types are covered:
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on
Magnetic Properties and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A06.02 on
Material Specifications.
3
CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2013.PublishedJuly2013.Originallyapproved For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as A838–02 (2007). DOI: contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
10.1520/A0838-02R13. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
2
Other product forms can be supplied to the chemistries listed in this specifi- the ASTM website.
4
cation; however, all other requirements shall be subject to negotiation between the Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
producer and the user. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A838−02 (2013)
TABLE 1 Alloy Types TABLE 3 Grades for Alloy Type 2
Nominal Composition, Weight Percent Grade As-Supplied Condition
Alloy Type
Carbon Chromium Silicon Sulfur Iron 1 mill annealed
1 0.05 17.5 0.50 0.30 balance 2 unannealed, cold drawn
2 0.05 17.5 1.25 0.30 balance
4.2 Grades,Alloy Type 1—The standard grades of this alloy
type are distinguished by the as-supplied condition, coercivity,
two different sets of coercive field strength requirements, one
and nominal mechanical hardness and are listed in Table 2.
for ring and permeameter testing and one for coercimeter
testing, are given. Unless specified in the purchase order,
4.3 Grades,Alloy Type 2—The standard grades of this alloy
coercimet
...

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1.1 This specification covers the requirements for mill-cast and wrought magnetic pure iron containing no more than 0.0060 % carbon and a typical total iron content of 99.9 %. The magnetic characteristics exhibited by magnetic pure iron are made possible by the absence of alloying elements during production.  
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1.3 Magnetic pure iron may be supplied in forms including hot-rolled strip, sheet, plate, bar, billet, and slab; cold-rolled strip and sheet; mill-cast slab and bloom; forgings; and drawn wire and rod.  
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4.1 Materials Evaluation—These test methods were developed to supplement the testing of Epstein specimens for applications involving the use of flat, sheared laminations where the testing of Epstein specimens in either the as-sheared or stress-relief-annealed condition fails to provide the most satisfactory method of predicting magnetic performance in the application. As a principal example, the test methods have been found particularly applicable to the control and evaluation of the magnetic properties of thermally flattened, grain-oriented electrical steel (Condition F5, Specification A876) used as lamination stock for cores of power transformers. Inasmuch as the test methods can only be reliably used to determine unidirectional magnetic properties, the test methods have limited applicability to the testing of fully processed nonoriented electrical steels as normally practiced (Specification A677).  
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4.4 ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of specific core loss and peak permeability of single layers of sheet-type specimens tested with normal excitation at a frequency of 50 or 60 Hz.  
Note 1: These test methods have been applied only at the commercial power frequencies, 50 and 60 Hz, but with proper instrumentation and application of the principles of testing and calibration embodied in the test methods, they are believed to be adaptable to testing at frequencies ranging from 25 to 400 Hz.  
1.2 These test methods use calibration procedures that provide correlation with the 25-cm [250-mm] Epstein test.  
1.3 The range of test magnetic flux densities is governed by the properties of the test specimen and by the available instruments and other equipment components. Normally, nonoriented electrical steels can be tested over a range from 8 to 16 kG [0.8 to 1.6 T] for core loss. For oriented electrical steels, the normal range extends to 18 kG [1.8 T]. Maximum magnetic flux densities in peak permeability testing are limited principally by heating of the magnetizing winding and tests are limited normally to a maximum ac magnetic field strength of about 150 Oe [12 000 A/m].  
1.4 These test methods cover two alternative procedures as follows:
Test Method 1—Sections 6 – 12
Test Method 2—Sections 13 – 19  
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ABSTRACT
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cold-rolled carbon sheet steel used for magnetic applications. These products, commonly called “cold-rolled magnetic lamination steel” (CRML) are usually intended for applications in which the stamped laminations or assembled core structures for electrical equipment are annealed to develop the desired core loss and permeability characteristics.  
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1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for wrought low-carbon iron typically having a carbon content of 0.015 % or less with the remainder of the chemical composition being substantially iron.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers technically important, commercially available, magnetically hard sintered and fully dense neodymium iron boron (Nd2Fe14B, NdFeB, or “Neo”) permanent magnets. These materials are available in a wide range of compositions with a commensurately large range of magnetic properties. The numbers in the Nd2Fe14B name indicate the approximate atomic ratio of the key elements.  
1.2 Neodymium iron boron magnets have approximate magnetic properties of residual magnetic induction, Br, from 1.08 T (10 800 G) up to 1.5 T (15 000 G) and intrinsic coercive field strength, HcJ, of 875 kA/m (11 000 Oe) to above 2785 kA/m (35 000 Oe). Special grades and isotropic (un-aligned) magnets can have properties outside these ranges (see Appendix X4). Specific magnetic hysteresis behavior (demagnetization curve) can be characterized using Test Method A977/A977M.  
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ASTM A1126-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Magnetic Pure Iron

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for mill-cast and wrought magnetic pure iron containing no more than 0.0060 % carbon and a typical total iron content of 99.9 %. The magnetic characteristics exhibited by magnetic pure iron are made possible by the absence of alloying elements during production.  
1.2 This specification also covers magnetic pure iron supplied in a form and condition which allows for subsequent heat treatment to achieve desired magnetic characteristics.  
1.3 Magnetic pure iron may be supplied in forms including hot-rolled strip, sheet, plate, bar, billet, and slab; cold-rolled strip and sheet; mill-cast slab and bloom; forgings; and drawn wire and rod.  
1.4 This specification does not cover cast parts or iron powders capable of being processed into magnetic components. Please refer to the following ASTM standards for information regarding powdered metal materials and magnetic components: Specifications A811, A839, and A904.  
1.5 This specification does not cover material that contains constituent elements sufficient to increase the carbon content above 0.0060 % or to decrease the iron content below 99.9 %. Refer to Specification A848 for properties of low carbon magnetic iron.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6.1 There are selected values presented in two units, both of which are acceptable SI units. These are differentiated by the word “or,” as in “g/cm3, or, (kg/m3).”  
1.7 Acceptance values may be generated by an independent party. This specification accepts reports from producers or intermediate suppliers.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E354-21e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods for the chemical analysis of metals and alloys are primarily intended as referee methods to test such materials for compliance with compositional specifications, particularly those under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys. It is assumed that all who use these test methods will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory under appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide E882.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of high-temperature, electrical, magnetic, and other similar iron, nickel, and cobalt alloys having chemical compositions within the following limits:    
Element  
Composition Range, %  
Aluminum  
0.005  
to  
18.00  
Beryllium  
0.001  
to  
0.05  
Boron  
0.001  
to  
1.00  
Calcium  
0.002  
to  
0.05  
Carbon  
0.001  
to  
1.10  
Chromium  
0.10  
to  
33.00  
Cobalt  
0.10  
to  
75.00  
Columbium (Niobium)  
0.01  
to  
6.0  
Copper  
0.01  
to  
10.00  
Iron  
0.01  
to  
85.00  
Magnesium  
0.001  
to  
0.05  
Manganese  
0.01  
to  
3.0  
Molybdenum  
0.01  
to  
30.0  
Nickel  
0.10  
to  
84.0  
Nitrogen  
0.001  
to  
0.20  
Phosphorus  
0.002  
to  
0.08  
Silicon  
0.01  
to  
5.00  
Sulfur  
0.002  
to  
0.10  
Tantalum  
0.005  
to  
10.0  
Titanium  
0.01  
to  
5.00  
Tungsten  
0.01  
to  
18.00  
Vanadium  
0.01  
to  
3.25  
Zirconium  
0.01  
to  
2.50  
1.2 The test methods in this standard are contained in the sections indicated below:    
Sections  
Aluminum, Total, by the 8-Quinolinol Gravimetric Method (0.20 %
to 7.00 %)  
100 – 107  
Carbon, Total, by the Combustion-Thermal Conductivity Method—Discontinued 1986  
124 – 134  
Carbon, Total, by the Combustion Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to
1.10 %)—Discontinued 2014  
79 – 89  
Chromium by the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Method
(0.006 % to 1.00 %)  
165 – 174  
Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate Oxidation—Titration Method
(0.10 % to 33.00 %)  
175 – 183  
Chromium by the Peroxydisulfate-Oxidation Titrimetric Method—
Discontinued 1980  
116 – 123  
Cobalt by the Ion-Exchange-Potentiometric Titration Method (2 %
to 75 %)  
53 – 60  
Cobalt by the Nitroso-R-Salt Spectrophotometric Method (0.10 %
to 5.0 %)  
61 – 70  
Copper by Neocuproine Spectrophotometric Method (0.01 % to
10.00 %)  
90 – 99  
Copper by the Sulfide Precipitation-Electrodeposition Gravimetric
Method (0.01 % to 10.00 %)  
71 – 78  
Iron by the Silver Reduction Titrimetric Method (1.0 % to 50.0 %)  
192 –199  
Manganese by the Metaperiodate Spectrophotometric Method
(0.05 % to 2.00 %)  
9 – 18  
Molybdenum by the Ion Exchange—8-Hydroxyquinoline Gravi-
metric Method (1.5 % to 30 %)  
184 – 191  
Molybdenum by the Thiocyanate Spectrophotometric Method
(0.01 % to 1.50 %)  
153 – 164  
Nickel by the Dimethylglyoxime Gravimetric Method (0.1 % to
84.0 %)  
135 – 142  
Phosphorus by the Molybdenum Blue Spectrophotometric Method
(0.002 % to 0.08 %)  
19 – 30  
Silicon by the Gravimetric Method (0.05 % to 5.00 %)  
46 – 52    
Sulfur by the Gravimetric Method—Discontinued
1988  
Former 30 – 36  
Sulfur by the Combustion-Iodate Titration Method (0.005 % to
0.1 %)—Discontinued 2014  
37 – 45  
Sulfur by the Chromatographic Gra...

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ASTM
ASTM A804/A804M-04(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Alternating-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using Sheet-Type Test Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Materials Evaluation—These test methods were developed to supplement the testing of Epstein specimens for applications involving the use of flat, sheared laminations where the testing of Epstein specimens in either the as-sheared or stress-relief-annealed condition fails to provide the most satisfactory method of predicting magnetic performance in the application. As a principal example, the test methods have been found particularly applicable to the control and evaluation of the magnetic properties of thermally flattened, grain-oriented electrical steel (Condition F5, Specification A876) used as lamination stock for cores of power transformers. Inasmuch as the test methods can only be reliably used to determine unidirectional magnetic properties, the test methods have limited applicability to the testing of fully processed nonoriented electrical steels as normally practiced (Specification A677).  
4.2 Specification Acceptance—The reproducibility of test results and the accuracy relative to the 25-cm [250-mm] Epstein method of test are considered such as to render the test methods suitable for materials specification testing.  
4.3 Interpretation of Test Results—Because of specimen size, considerable variation in magnetic properties may be present within a single specimen or between specimens that may be combined for testing purposes. Also, variations may exist in test values that are combined to represent a test lot of material. Test results reported will therefore, in general, represent averages of magnetic quality and in certain applications, particularly those involving narrow widths of laminations, deviations in magnetic performance from those expected from reported data may occur at times. Additionally, application of test data to the design or evaluation of a particular magnetic device must recognize the influence of magnetic circuitry upon performance and the possible deterioration in magnetic properties arising from construction of the device.  
4.4 ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of specific core loss and peak permeability of single layers of sheet-type specimens tested with normal excitation at a frequency of 50 or 60 Hz.  
Note 1: These test methods have been applied only at the commercial power frequencies, 50 and 60 Hz, but with proper instrumentation and application of the principles of testing and calibration embodied in the test methods, they are believed to be adaptable to testing at frequencies ranging from 25 to 400 Hz.  
1.2 These test methods use calibration procedures that provide correlation with the 25-cm [250-mm] Epstein test.  
1.3 The range of test magnetic flux densities is governed by the properties of the test specimen and by the available instruments and other equipment components. Normally, nonoriented electrical steels can be tested over a range from 8 to 16 kG [0.8 to 1.6 T] for core loss. For oriented electrical steels, the normal range extends to 18 kG [1.8 T]. Maximum magnetic flux densities in peak permeability testing are limited principally by heating of the magnetizing winding and tests are limited normally to a maximum ac magnetic field strength of about 150 Oe [12 000 A/m].  
1.4 These test methods cover two alternative procedures as follows:
Test Method 1—Sections 6 – 12
Test Method 2—Sections 13 – 19  
1.4.1 Test Method 1 uses a test fixture having (1) two windings that encircle the test specimen, and (2) a ferromagnetic yoke structure that serves as the flux return path and has low core loss and low magnetic reluctance.  
1.4.2 Test Method 2 uses a test fixture having (1) two windings that encircle the test specimen, (2) a third winding located inside the other two windings and immediately adjacent to one surface of the test specimen, and (3) a ferromagnetic yoke structure which serves as the flux-return path and has low magnetic reluctance.  
1.5 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu a...

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ASTM
ASTM E570-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Flux Leakage Examination of Ferromagnetic Steel Tubular Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice outlines a procedure for examining ferromagnetic tubular products using the flux leakage method. If properly applied, this method is capable of detecting the presence and location of significant longitudinally or transversely oriented discontinuities, such as pits, scabs, slivers, gouges, roll-ins, laps, seams, cracks, holes, and improper welds in ferromagnetic tubes under inspection. In addition, the severity of a discontinuity may be estimated and a rejection level set with respect to the magnitude of the electromagnetic indication produced by the discontinuity.  
5.2 The response from natural discontinuities can be significantly different from the response for artificial discontinuities, such as drilled holes or notches of equivalent depth. For this reason, sufficient work should be done to determine the conditions necessary to detect and mark natural discontinuities whose characteristics will adversely affect the serviceability of the tube, in order to establish acceptance criteria between the supplier and purchaser.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the application and standardization of equipment using the flux leakage test method for detection of outer surface and inner surface discontinuities in ferromagnetic steel tubular products (Note 1) of uniform cross section, such as seamless and welded tubing. While this method may be sensitive to subsurface discontinuities, it is not the primary method used to identify these types of discontinuities. A secondary method, such as Ultrasonic Testing, should be considered for assessment of these types of discontinuities.
Note 1: The term “tube” or “tubular product” will be used to refer to both pipe and tubing.  
1.2 This practice is intended for use on tubular products having outside diameters from approximately 1/2 to 24 in. (12.7 to 610 mm) with wall thicknesses to 1/2 in. (12.7 mm). These techniques have been used for other sizes, however, and may be so specified upon contractual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.  
1.3 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria; they must be specified by the using parties.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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    7 pages
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