ASTM E255-07(2014)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Sampling Copper and Copper Alloys for the Determination of Chemical Composition (Withdrawn 2023)
Standard Practice for Sampling Copper and Copper Alloys for the Determination of Chemical Composition (Withdrawn 2023)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended primarily for the sampling of copper and copper alloys for compliance with compositional specification requirements.
4.2 The selection of correct test pieces and the preparation of a representative sample from such test pieces are necessary prerequisites to every analysis. The analytical results will be of little value unless the sample represents the average composition of the material from which it was prepared.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the sampling of copper (except electrolytic cathode) and copper alloys in either cast or wrought form for the determination of composition.
1.2 Cast products may be in the form of cake, billet, wire bar, ingot, ingot bar, or casting.
1.3 Wrought products may be in the form of flat, pipe, tube, rod, bar, shape, or forging.
1.4 This practice is not intended to supersede or replace existing specification requirements for the sampling of a particular material.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement appears in Appendix X4.
General Information
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: E255 − 07 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Practice for
Sampling Copper and Copper Alloys for the Determination
of Chemical Composition
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E255; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2.1 lot, n—as used in this practice, the unit to be sampled,
in pounds or pieces.
1.1 This practice describes the sampling of copper (except
electrolytic cathode) and copper alloys in either cast or 3.2.2 test sample, n—as used in this practice,acompositeof
wrought form for the determination of composition.
material taken by approximate proportional weight from each
ofthetestpiecesandfromwhichthetestportionshallbetaken.
1.2 Cast products may be in the form of cake, billet, wire
bar, ingot, ingot bar, or casting.
NOTE 1—Appendix X1 describes the refinery shapes. Appendix X2
describes the fabricators’ forms.
1.3 Wrought products may be in the form of flat, pipe, tube,
rod, bar, shape, or forging.
4. Significance and Use
1.4 This practice is not intended to supersede or replace
4.1 This practice is intended primarily for the sampling of
existing specification requirements for the sampling of a
copper and copper alloys for compliance with compositional
particular material.
specification requirements.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
4.2 The selection of correct test pieces and the preparation
as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for
of a representative sample from such test pieces are necessary
information only.
prerequisites to every analysis.The analytical results will be of
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
little value unless the sample represents the average composi-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tion of the material from which it was prepared.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5. Selection of Test Pieces
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precau-
tionary statement appears in Appendix X4.
5.1 Casting:
5.1.1 Finished Product or Shipment Sample:
2. Referenced Documents
5.1.1.1 A shipping lot shall consist of all castings of the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
same configuration and size necessary to comply with the
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for
requirements of a single purchase order.
Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
5.1.1.2 Castings are frequently produced in advance of
orders and manufacturer’s or foundry lots may intermingle in
3. Terminology
stock.
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this Practice, refer to
5.1.1.3 Since the size and configuration of castings vary, the
Terminology E135.
number of test pieces to be selected shall be subject to
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
agreement between the manufacturer or supplier and the
purchaser.
5.1.2 Manufacturer’s or Foundry Sample:
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on Analytical
Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility of
5.1.2.1 For routine sampling and at the option of the
Subcommittee E01.05 on Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Sn, Be, Precious Metals, theirAlloys, and
manufacturer, a lot shall consist of the following:
Related Metals.
(a) All of the metal poured from a single furnace or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published April 2015. Originally
crucible melt, or
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E255 – 07. DOI:
10.1520/E0255-07R14.
(b) All of the metal poured from two or more furnaces into
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
a single ladle, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
(c) All of the metal poured from a continuous melting
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. furnace between charges, or
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E255 − 07 (2014)
(d) All of the metal poured from an individual melting 5.3.2.1 For routine sampling, the manufacturer shall have
furnace, or group of melting furnaces, having a uniform the option of taking samples during the course of manufacture.
meltingstock,operatingduringthecourseofone-halfshift,not Samples may be taken at the time castings are poured or from
to exceed 5 h. the semifinished product.
5.3.2.2 When samples are taken at the time castings are
5.1.2.2 The sample taken for lot analysis shall be obtained
poured, at least one sample shall be taken for each group of
during the pouring of the liquid metal into the mold, or molds,
castings poured from the source of molten metal.
in such a manner as to be representative of the lot and able to
5.3.2.3 When samples are taken from the semifinished
be drilled or used in solid form.
product, a sample shall be taken to represent each 10 000 lb, or
5.1.2.3 Plant sampling practices should be developed and
fraction thereof, except that not more than one sample shall be
implemented which will give homogeneous samples represen-
required per piece. Only one sample need be taken from the
tative of the cast or heat, and free of porosity.Analytical results
semifinished product of one cast bar from a single melt charge
are frequently obtained by an atomic emission technique and,
continuously processed.
depending upon the metallurgical history of the sample, results
may vary. Therefore, it is advisable to cool or quench the
6. Sampling
sample in a reproducible manner.
5.1.2.4 When foundry lot traceability is specified in the
6.1 General Considerations:
purchase order, additional samples shall be taken, identified,
6.1.1 The saw, drill bit, cutter, or other tool used shall be
and set aside when so requested by the purchaser.
thoroughlycleanedpriortouse.Thespeedofsamplingshallbe
so regulated that excessive heating and consequent oxidation is
5.2 Cast Product:
avoided. Carbide-tipped tools are recommended. Steel tools,
5.2.1 For routine sampling and at the option of the
when used, shall be magnetizable to assist in the removal of
manufacturer, a lot shall consist of all of the metal poured from
extraneous iron. Only carbide-tipped or other wear-resistant
a single furnace melt or all of the metal poured from a
tools shall be used to sample metal which contains a magnetic
continuous melting furnace during a single casting cycle.
phase.
5.2.2 Unless otherwise agreed between the manufacturer
6.1.1.1 In the rare instance where tool lubricant is necessary
and the purchaser, sampling of a single lot shall be as follows:
to obtain a satisfactory sample, the lubricant shall be one that
5.2.2.1 Single Furnace Charge—The number of samples
will not react with the metal. The lubricant shall be completely
required depends on the size of the melting furnace and
removed immediately after the sampling operation by washing
homogeneity of the melt.Asmall well-stirred, alloying furnace
with a solvent which also does not react with the metal.
such as one inductively heated and of less than 50 000 lb (22
6.1.2 The test pieces shall be clean and free from scale, dirt,
680 kg) shall require but one sample taken midway in the pour.
oil, grease, and other extraneous contaminants before sam-
A large mechanically stirred furnace shall require a minimum
pling.
of three samples taken, one each at the beginning, middle, and
6.1.3 Test pieces taken from product not subject to signifi-
end of the casting period.
cant segregation shall be sampled by drilling, milling, or
5.2.2.2 Continuous Melting Furnace—A minimum of one
sawing each test piece. Sampling may also be performed by
sample shall be taken for each3hofthe casting cycle.
clipping if pieces are thin or small.
5.3 Wrought Products: 6.1.4 Test pieces taken from product subject to significant
segregation shall be sampled by drilling or sawing completely
5.3.1 Finished Product or Shipment Sample:
througheachtestpiece,orbymillingtheentirecrosssectionof
5.3.1.1 The lot size, gross sample size, and selection of test
each test piece.
pieces shall be as follows:
(a) Lot Size—An inspection lot shall be 10 000 lb or less of
6.2 Finished Product or Shipment Sampling:
the same mill form, alloy, temper, and nominal dimensions,
6.2.1 Castings:
subject to inspection at one time; or it shall be the product of
6.2.1.1 Differentpartsofacastingmayvaryincomposition.
one cast bar from a single melt charge, whose weight shall not
Therefore, a sample from a single casting shall be taken with
exceed 20 000 lb, which was continuously processed and
care to be representative of that casting. To obtain a sample
subject to inspection at one time.
representative of a lot of the finished product a number of test
(b) Gross Sample—The gross sample shall be four or more
pieces should be sampled individually. Regardless, the sample
pieces selected to be representative of the lot. Should the lot
should be taken so as to be representative and large enough to
consist of four pieces or less, the entire lot shall constitute the
suffice for all of the required determinations.
gross sample.
6.2.1.2 Where possible, depending on size and
(c) Test Piece—Each test piece shall be selected to be
configuration, the casting shall be sampled by drilling five
representative of the lot.
holes equally spaced around or along the casting. The drilling
5.3.1.2 When possible, test pieces shall be selected in a
shallbedonedryandthedrillsizeshallbethelargestpractical,
manner that will represent correctly the material furnished but
but not less than ⁄4 in. (6.4 mm). Care shall be exercised that
also avoid needless destruction of finished product (such as
no dirt, scale, or other foreign material is included with the
when samples representative of the material are available from
drillings.
other sources).
6.2.1.3 When limited by size or configuration, or both, the
5.3.2 Manufacturer’s or Foundry Sample: castings shall be sampled by milling the entire cross-section,
E255 − 07 (2014)
by sawing through the cross section at several points, or by 7.1.2 For metal that contains a magnetic phase, a wear-
drilling entirely through the casting at several points. resistant tool, such as carbide tipped, shall be used and
magnetic cleaning shall not be applied.
6.2.2 Cast Products—Horizontally or vertically cast prod-
7.1.3 The test sample shall be prepared by thoroughly
ucts shall be sampled by drilling a minimum of five holes at
mixing equal masses of drillings, millings, sawings, or clip-
points equally spaced between the test piece ends. For billet,
pings that are of uniform size.
wire bar, and ingot these holes shall be along the middle line
7.1.4 The test sample shall weigh at least four times that
and for cake on a diagonal line between opposite corners.
required for the total analysis, and shall be divided into four
Alternatively, the cross section of the product may be milled at
equal portions. Each portion shall be placed in an identified
similar points. Sampling test pieces of mass greater than 1000
container and sealed; one portion each shall be reserved for the
lb (454 kg) shall be subject to agreement between the manu-
manufacturer and the purchaser; one portion shall constitute
facturer and the purchaser.
the reserve; and, when necessary, one portion shall be used for
6.2.3 Wrought Products—Flat product, rod, bar, shape, tube,
any umpire testing.
or forging shall be sampled by drilling, milling, or sawing the
7.1.4.1 Material to be stored over a long period, which
entire cross section at a minimum of three points along the
oxidizes readily, or which alters in composition under varying
length of the test piece.Thin material may be folded or stacked
atmospheric conditions should be kept under a protective gas,
for sampling or, alternatively, it may be clipped.
such as nitrogen, in an airtight container of suitable size and
composition. This same storage should be used when contami-
6.3 Manufacturer’s or Foundry Lot:
nation by paper or cardboard fibers is a concern.
6.3.1 The sampling procedure used is dependent on the
7.2 Manufacturer’s or Foundry Sample—Thepreparationof
nature of the particular operation and, therefore, shall be at the
the manufacturer’s or foundry sample shall be at the discretion
discretion of the particular operation.
of the reporting laboratory.
6.3.2 When a complete cross section is required for spec-
trochemical analysis, it shall be properly identified prior to
8. Preparation of Test Portion
using the remainder of the test piece for other test sampling.
8.1 Preparation of the test portion for analysis varies with
theparticularmethodusedandshallbetheresponsibilityofthe
NOTE 2—Appendix X3 addresses principles of sampling theory. Ap-
pendix X4 addresses application of sampling theory. reporting laboratory.
9. Resampling
7. Sampling Preparation
9.1 In case of dissatisfaction with the sample prepared from
7.1 Finished Product or Shipment Lot:
the finished product, either party may require the material to be
7.1.1 For metal that does not contain a magnetic phase,
resampled.
drillings, millings, sawings, or clippings shall be carefully
10. Keywords
subjected to a strong magnet to remove any iron particles
introduced during sampling. 10.1 copper; copper alloys; sampling
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. DEFINITIONS OF REFINERY SHAPES
X1.1 billet—cast shape used for piercing and extrusion into hanging loops attached. Cathodes may also be cut to smaller
tubular products or for extrusion into rods, bars, and shapes;
dimensions.
circular in cross section, usually 3 to 16 in. (76 to 406 mm) in
diameter, normally ranging in weight from 100 to 4200 lb (45
X1.4 ingot and ingot bar—cast shape used for remelting
to 1905 kg).
(not fabrication). Ingots normally range in weight from 20 to
35 lb (9 to 16 kg) and ingot bars from 50 to 70 lb (23 to 323
X1.2 cake—cast shape used for rolling into plate, sheet,
kg). Both are usually notched to facilitate breaking into smaller
strip,orshape;rectangularincrosssectionandofvarioussizes,
pieces.
normallyranginginweightfrom140to62 000lb(63to28 200
kg).
X1.5 wire bar—a refinery shape used for rolling into rod or
flatproductforsubsequentprocessingintowire,strip,orshape.
X1.3 cathode—unmelted, electrodeposited, and somewhat
Approximately 3.5 to 5 in. (89 to 127 mm) square in cross
flat plate normally used for melting. The customary size is
about 3 ft (0.914 m) square, about ⁄
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E255 − 07 E255 − 07 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Practice for
Sampling Copper and Copper Alloys for the Determination
of Chemical Composition
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E255; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice describes the sampling of copper (except electrolytic cathode) and copper alloys in either cast or wrought form
for the determination of composition.
1.2 Cast products may be in the form of cake, billet, wire bar, ingot, ingot bar, or casting.
1.3 Wrought products may be in the form of flat, pipe, tube, rod, bar, shape, or forging.
1.4 This practice is not intended to supersede or replace existing specification requirements for the sampling of a particular
material.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for information
only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement appears in Appendix X4.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E135 Terminology Relating to Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this Practice, refer to Terminology E135.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 lot, n—as used in this practice, the unit to be sampled, in pounds or pieces.
3.2.2 test sample, n—as used in this practice, a composite of material taken by approximate proportional weight from each of
the test pieces and from which the test portion shall be taken.
NOTE 1—Appendix X1 describes the refinery shapes. Appendix X2 describes the fabricators’ forms.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This practice is intended primarily for the sampling of copper and copper alloys for compliance with compositional
specification requirements.
4.2 The selection of correct test pieces and the preparation of a representative sample from such test pieces are necessary
prerequisites to every analysis. The analytical results will be of little value unless the sample represents the average composition
of the material from which it was prepared.
5. Selection of Test Pieces
5.1 Casting:
5.1.1 Finished Product or Shipment Sample:
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E01 on Analytical Chemistry for Metals, Ores, and Related Materials and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee E01.05 on Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Sn, Be, Precious Metals, their Alloys, and Related Metals.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2007Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2007April 2015. Originally approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 20022007 as
E255 – 02.E255 – 07. DOI: 10.1520/E0255-07.10.1520/E0255-07R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E255 − 07 (2014)
5.1.1.1 A shipping lot shall consist of all castings of the same configuration and size necessary to comply with the requirements
of a single purchase order.
5.1.1.2 Castings are frequently produced in advance of orders and manufacturer’s or foundry lots may intermingle in stock.
5.1.1.3 Since the size and configuration of castings vary, the number of test pieces to be selected shall be subject to agreement
between the manufacturer or supplier and the purchaser.
5.1.2 Manufacturer’s or Foundry Sample:
5.1.2.1 For routine sampling and at the option of the manufacturer, a lot shall consist of the following:
(a) All of the metal poured from a single furnace or crucible melt, or
(b) All of the metal poured from two or more furnaces into a single ladle, or
(c) All of the metal poured from a continuous melting furnace between charges, or
(d) All of the metal poured from an individual melting furnace, or group of melting furnaces, having a uniform melting stock,
operating during the course of one-half shift, not to exceed 5 h.
5.1.2.2 The sample taken for lot analysis shall be obtained during the pouring of the liquid metal into the mold, or molds, in
such a manner as to be representative of the lot and able to be drilled or used in solid form.
5.1.2.3 Plant sampling practices should be developed and implemented which will give homogeneous samples representative
of the cast or heat, and free of porosity. Analytical results are frequently obtained by an atomic emission technique and, depending
upon the metallurgical history of the sample, results may vary. Therefore, it is advisable to cool or quench the sample in a
reproducible manner.
5.1.2.4 When foundry lot traceability is specified in the purchase order, additional samples shall be taken, identified, and set
aside when so requested by the purchaser.
5.2 Cast Product:
5.2.1 For routine sampling and at the option of the manufacturer, a lot shall consist of all of the metal poured from a single
furnace melt or all of the metal poured from a continuous melting furnace during a single casting cycle.
5.2.2 Unless otherwise agreed between the manufacturer and the purchaser, sampling of a single lot shall be as follows:
5.2.2.1 Single Furnace Charge—The number of samples required depends on the size of the melting furnace and homogeneity
of the melt. A small well-stirred, alloying furnace such as one inductively heated and of less than 50 000 lb (22 680 50 000 lb (22
680 kg) shall require but one sample taken midway in the pour. A large mechanically stirred furnace shall require a minimum of
three samples taken, one each at the beginning, middle, and end of the casting period.
5.2.2.2 Continuous Melting Furnace—A minimum of one sample shall be taken for each 3 h of the casting cycle.
5.3 Wrought Products:
5.3.1 Finished Product or Shipment Sample:
5.3.1.1 The lot size, gross sample size, and selection of test pieces shall be as follows:
(a) Lot Size—An inspection lot shall be 10 000 lb or less of the same mill form, alloy, temper, and nominal dimensions, subject
to inspection at one time; or it shall be the product of one cast bar from a single melt charge, whose weight shall not exceed 20 000
lb, which was continuously processed and subject to inspection at one time.
(b) Gross Sample—The gross sample shall be four or more pieces selected to be representative of the lot. Should the lot consist
of four pieces or less, the entire lot shall constitute the gross sample.
(c) Test Piece—Each test piece shall be selected so as to be representative of the lot.
5.3.1.2 When possible, test pieces shall be selected in a manner that will represent correctly the material furnished but also avoid
needless destruction of finished product (such as when samples representative of the material are available from other sources).
5.3.2 Manufacturer’s or Foundry Sample:
5.3.2.1 For routine sampling, the manufacturer shall have the option of taking samples during the course of manufacture.
Samples may be taken at the time castings are poured or from the semifinished product.
5.3.2.2 When samples are taken at the time castings are poured, at least one sample shall be taken for each group of castings
poured from the source of molten metal.
5.3.2.3 When samples are taken from the semifinished product, a sample shall be taken to represent each 10 000 lb, or fraction
thereof, except that not more than one sample shall be required per piece. Only one sample need be taken from the semifinished
product of one cast bar from a single melt charge continuously processed.
6. Sampling
6.1 General Considerations:
6.1.1 The saw, drill bit, cutter, or other tool used shall be thoroughly cleaned prior to use. The speed of sampling shall be so
regulated that excessive heating and consequent oxidation is avoided. Carbide-tipped tools are recommended. Steel tools, when
used, mustshall be magnetizable to assist in the removal of extraneous iron. Only carbide-tipped or other wear-resistant tools shall
be used to sample metal which contains a magnetic phase.
6.1.1.1 In the rare instance where tool lubricant is necessary to obtain a satisfactory sample, the lubricant mustshall be one that
will not react with the metal. The lubricant mustshall be completely removed immediately after the sampling operation by washing
with a solvent which also does not react with the metal.
E255 − 07 (2014)
6.1.2 The test pieces shall be clean and free from scale, dirt, oil, grease, and other extraneous contaminants before sampling.
6.1.3 Test pieces taken from product not subject to significant segregation shall be sampled by drilling, milling, or sawing each
test piece. Sampling may also be carried out performed by clipping in the case of if pieces are thin or small pieces.small.
6.1.4 Test pieces taken from product subject to significant segregation shall be sampled by drilling or sawing completely
through each test piece, or by milling the entire cross section of each test piece.
6.2 Finished Product or Shipment Sampling:
6.2.1 Castings:
6.2.1.1 Different parts of a casting may vary in composition. Therefore, a sample from a single casting mustshall be taken with
care if it is to be representative of that casting. To obtain a sample representative of a lot of the finished product a number of test
pieces should be sampled individually. In any case, Regardless, the sample should be taken so as to be representative and large
enough to suffice for all of the required determinations.
6.2.1.2 Where possible, depending on size and configuration, the casting shall be sampled by drilling five holes equally spaced
around or along the casting. The drilling shall be done dry and the drill size shall be the largest practical, but not less than ⁄4 in.
(6.4 mm). Care shall be exercised that no dirt, scale, or other foreign material is included with the drillings.
6.2.1.3 When limited by size or configuration, or both, the castings shall be sampled by milling the entire cross-section, by
sawing through the cross section at several points, or by drilling entirely through the casting at several points.
6.2.2 Cast Products—Horizontally or vertically cast products shall be sampled by drilling a minimum of five holes at points
equally spaced between the test piece ends. For billet, wire bar, and ingot these holes shall be along the middle line and for cake
on a diagonal line between opposite corners. Alternatively, the cross section of the product may be milled at similar points.
Sampling test pieces of mass greater than 1000 lb (454 kg) shall be subject to agreement between the manufacturer and the
purchaser.
6.2.3 Wrought Products—Flat product, rod, bar, shape, tube, or forging shall be sampled by drilling, milling, or sawing the entire
cross section at a minimum of three points along the length of the test piece. Thin material may be folded or stacked for sampling
or, alternatively, it may be clipped.
6.3 Manufacturer’s or Foundry Lot:
6.3.1 The sampling procedure used is dependent on the nature of the particular operation and, therefore, shall be at the discretion
of the particular operation.
6.3.2 When a complete cross section is required for spectrochemical analysis, it mustshall be properly identified prior to using
the remainder of the test piece for other test sampling.
NOTE 2—Appendix X3 addresses principles of sampling theory. Appendix X4 addresses application of sampling theory.
7. Sampling Preparation
7.1 Finished Product or Shipment Lot:
7.1.1 For metal that does not contain a magnetic phase, drillings, millings, sawings, or clippings shall be carefully subjected to
a strong magnet to remove any iron particles introduced during sampling.
7.1.2 For metal that contains a magnetic phase, a wear-resistant tool, such as carbide tipped, mustshall be used and magnetic
cleaning mustshall not be applied.
7.1.3 The test sample shall be prepared by thoroughly mixing equal masses of drillings, millings, sawings, or clippings which
shall have first been determined to be that are of uniform size.
7.1.4 The test sample shall weigh at least four times that required for the total analysis, and shall be divided into four equal
portions. Each portion shall be placed in an identified container and sealed; one portion each shall be reserved for the manufacturer
and the purchaser; one portion shall constitute the reserve; and, when necessary, one portion shall be used for any umpire
work.testing.
7.1.4.1 Material to be stored over a long period, which oxidizes readily, or which alters in composition under varying
atmospheric conditions should be kept under a protective gas, such as nitrogen, in an airtight container of suitable size and
composition. This same storage should be used when contamination by paper or cardboard fibers is a concern.
7.2 Manufacturer’s or Foundry Sample—The preparation of the manufacturer’s or foundry sample shall be at the discretion of
the reporting laboratory.
8. Preparation of Test Portion
8.1 Preparation of the test portion for analysis varies with the particular method used and shall be the responsibility of the
reporting laboratory.
9. Resampling
9.1 In case of dissatisfaction with the sample prepared from the finished product, either party may require the material to be
resampled.
E255 − 07 (2014)
10. Keywords
10.1 copper; copper alloys; sampling
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. DEFINITIONS OF REFINERY SHAPES
X1.1 billet—cast shape used for piercing and extrusion into tubular products or for extrusion into rods, bars, and shapes; circular
in cross section, usually 3 to 16 in. (76 to 406 mm) in diameter, normally ranging in weight from 100 to 4200 lb (45 to 1905 kg).
X1.2 cake—cast shape used for rolling into plate, sheet, strip, or shape; rectangular in cross section and of various sizes, normally
ranging in weight from 140 to 62 000 lb (6
...
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