iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM D6026-06

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data

Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The guidelines presented in this practice for retaining significant digits and rounding numbers may be adopted by the using agency or user. Generally, their adoption should be used for calculating and recording data when specified requirements are not included in a standard.
The guidelines presented herein should not be interpreted as absolute rules but as guides to calculate and report observed or test data without exaggerating or degrading the accuracy of the values.
4.2.1 The guidelines presented emphasize recording data to enough significant digits or number of decimal places to allow sensitivity and variability analyses to be performed, see 3.2.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to promote uniformity in recording significant digits for measured and calculated values involving geotechnical data. The guidelines presented are industry standard, and are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The guidelines do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this practice to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design..
1.1.1 Using significant digits in geotechnical data involves the processes of collecting, calculating, and recording either measured values or calculated values (results), or both.
1.2 This practice accepts a variation of the traditional rounding method that recognizes the algorithm common to most hand-held calculators, see . The traditional rounding method (see ) is in accordance with Practice E 29 or IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
1.3 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2006
ICS
07.020 - Mathematics
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.91 - Standards Development and Review
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6026-01e1 - Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6475-17 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Erosion Control Blankets
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D1557-12(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft<sup>3</sup> (2,700 kN-m/m<sup>3</sup>))
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D4254-16 - Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6024/D6024M-16 - Standard Test Method for Ball Drop on Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) to Determine Suitability for Load Application
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7830/D7830M-14(2021)e1 - Standard Test Method for In-Place Density (Unit Weight) and Water Content of Soil Using an Electromagnetic Soil Density Gauge
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D5876/D5876M-17 - Standard Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6773-22 - Standard Test Method for Bulk Solids Using Schulze Ring Shear Tester
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D8263/D8263M-23 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Change in Mass of Rolled Erosion Control Products When Submerged in Water
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D4623-16 - Standard Test Method for Determination of In Situ Stress in Rock Mass by Overcoring Method&#x2014;Three Component Borehole Deformation Gauge
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7382-20 - Standard Test Methods for Determination of Maximum Dry Unit Weight of Granular Soils Using a Vibrating Hammer
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D2978-23 - Standard Test Method for Volume of Peat and Peat-Based Growing Media
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6519-15 - Standard Practice for Sampling of Soil Using the Hydraulically Operated Stationary Piston Sampler
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7608-18e1 - Standard Test Method for Torsional Ring Shear Test to Measure Drained Fully Softened Shear Strength and Stress Dependent Strength Envelope of Fine-Grained Soils
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Referred By
ASTM D1632-17e1 - Standard Practice for Making and Curing Soil-Cement Compression and Flexure Test Specimens in the Laboratory
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006

Buy Standard

ASTM D6026-06 - Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical DataASTM D6026-06 - Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM D6026-06 - Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
English language
5 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D6026 −06
StandardPractice for
1
Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6026; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This practice is intended to promote uniformity in 2.1 ASTM Standards:
recording significant digits for measured and calculated values D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
involving geotechnical data. The guidelines presented are Fluids
industry standard, and are representative of the significant D2905Practice for Statements on Number of Specimens for
3
digits that should generally be retained. The guidelines do not Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, D4356Practice for Establishing Consistent Test Method
3
special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s Tolerances (Withdrawn 2007)
objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce D6913Test Methods for Particle-Size Distribution (Grada-
significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with tion) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis
these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this practice to E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engi- Determine Conformance with Specifications
neering design. E344Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
1.1.1 Using significant digits in geotechnical data involves etry
the processes of collecting, calculating, and recording either E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
measured values or calculated values (results), or both. E833Terminology of Building Economics
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International
1.2 This practice accepts a variation of the traditional
System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
rounding method that recognizes the algorithm common to
most hand-held calculators, see 5.2.3.The traditional rounding
3. Terminology
method (see 5.2) is in accordance with Practice E29 or
IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For common definitions of soil and rock terms in this
1.3 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
standard, refer to Terminology D653.
one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
3.1.2 accuracy, n—thedegreeofagreementofanindividual
education or experience and should be used in conjunction
measurement or average of measurements with an accepted
with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may
reference value, or level. See Terminology E344-97
be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not
intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which 3.1.3 calculated value, n—theresultingvaluedeterminedby
the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, processing measured value(s) using an equation. See Practice
nor should this document be applied without consideration of D4356-84(Reapproved 1996).
a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the 3.1.3.1 Discussion—Inmanycasesthecalculatedvalue(s)is
title of this document means only that the document has been considered a determination value(s).
approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.91 on Standards contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Development and Review. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originally the ASTM website.
e1 3
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D6026–01 . DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D6026-06. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6026−06
3.1.4 determination value, n—the numerical quantity calcu- 3.2.2.1 Discussion—A variability analysis might include
lated by means of the test method equation from the measure- how a given property varies with depth.
ment values obtained as directed in a test method. See Practice
4. Significance and Use
D4356-84(Reapproved 1996).
4.1 The guidelines presented in this practice for retaining
3.1.5 measurement value, n—theresultingvaluedetermine
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM D6026-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Records in Geotechnical Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The guidelines presented in this practice for retaining significant digits and rounding numbers may be adopted by the using agency or user. Their adoption should generally be used to calculate and record data when specified requirements are not included in a standard.  
5.2 While this practice originated when most geotechnical data were manually collected and recorded on data forms, tables, or into computers, the use of digital acquisition, calculations, and reporting of data has become more common. When calculators and computers are used for data collection, the significant digits may not meet the requirements specified in this standard. Nevertheless, their use shall not be regarded as nonconforming with this practice.  
5.3 The guidelines presented herein should not be interpreted as absolute rules but as guides to calculate and report observed or test data without exaggerating or degrading the precision of the values.  
5.3.1 The guidelines presented emphasize recording data to enough significant digits or the number of decimal places to allow sensitivity and variability analyses to be performed.
SCOPE
1.1 Using significant digits in geotechnical data involves the processes of collecting, calculating, and recording either measured values or calculated values (results) or both. This practice is intended to promote uniformity in recording significant digits for measured and calculated values involving geotechnical data.  
1.2 The guidelines presented are industry standard and are representative of the significant digits that should be retained in general. The guidelines do not consider material variation, the purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives, and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.  
1.3 It is beyond the scope of this practice to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This practice accepts a variation of the traditional rounding method that recognizes the algorithm common to most hand-held calculators and computers, see 6.2.3. The traditional rounding method (see 6.2) is in accordance with Practice E29, ASTM Manual 7, or IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
Note 1: Calculators and computers often present and use many digits in their output and calculations, which may not all be significant. It is the responsibility of the programmer and user to make sure that the measured and calculated values are handled, interpreted and reported properly using these guidelines.  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1488-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Statistical Procedures to Use in Developing and Applying Test Methods

ABSTRACT
This guide identifies statistical procedures for use in developing new test methods or revising or evaluating existing test methods, or both. It also cites statistical procedures especially useful in the application of test methods. This standard recommends what approaches may be taken and indicates which standards may be used to perform such assessments.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The creation of a standardized test method generally follows a series of steps from inception to approval and ongoing use. In all such stages there are questions of how well the test method performs.  
4.1.1 Assessments of a new or existing test method generally involve statistical planning and analysis. This standard recommends what approaches may be taken and indicates which standards may be used to perform such assessments.  
4.2 This standard introduces a series of phases which are recommended to be considered during the life cycle of a test method as depicted in Fig. 1. These begin with a design phase where the standard is initially prepared. A development phase involves a variety of experiments that allow further refinement and understanding of how the test method performs within a laboratory. In an evaluation phase the test method is then examined by way of interlaboratory studies resulting in precision and bias statistics which are published in the standard. Finally, the test method is subject to a monitoring phase.
FIG. 1 Sequence of Steps  
4.3 All ASTM test methods are required to include statements on precision and bias.3  
4.4 Since ASTM began to require all test methods to have precision and bias statements that are based on interlaboratory studies, there has been increased concern regarding what statistical experiments and procedures to use during the development of the test methods. Although there exists a wide range of statistical procedures, there is a small group of generally accepted techniques that are beneficial to follow. This guide is designed to provide a brief overview of these procedures and to suggest an appropriate sequence of conducting these procedures.  
4.5 Statistical procedures often result in interpretations that are not absolutes. Sometimes the information obtained may be inadequate or incomplete, which may lead to additional questions and the need for further experimentation. Information outside the data is also impo...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide identifies statistical procedures for use in developing new test methods or revising or evaluating existing test methods, or both.  
1.2 This guide also cites statistical procedures especially useful in the application of test methods.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2234-09(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Attributes Indexed by AQL

ABSTRACT
This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using MIL-STD-105E as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL). It provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-105E in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others and recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105E in industries supported by ASTM. This practice also establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose—This publication establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes. This publication shall not be interpreted to supersede or conflict with any contractual requirements. The words “accept,” “acceptance,” “acceptable,” etc, refer only to the contractor’s use of the sampling plans contained in this standard and do not imply an agreement by the customer (formerly “Government” in original text) to accept any product. Determination of acceptability by the customer shall be as described in contractual documents. The sampling plans described in this standard are applicable to AQL’s of 0.01 % or higher and are therefore not suitable for applications where quality levels in the range of parts per million levels can be realized.  
4.2 Application—Sampling plans designated in this publication are applicable, but not limited, to inspection of the following: (1) end items, (2) components and raw materials, (3) operations or services, (4) materials in process, (5) supplies in storage, (6) maintenance operations, (7) data or records, (8) administrative procedures. These plans are intended primarily to be used for a continuing series of lots or batches. The plans may also be used for the inspection of isolated lots or batches, but, in this latter case, the user is cautioned to consult the operating characteristic curves to find a plan which will yield the desired protection (see 6.11).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by attributes using MIL-STD-105E as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by acceptance quality limit (AQL).  
1.2 This practice provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-105E in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others. It recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-105E in industries supported by ASTM. Most of the original text in MIL-STD-105E is preserved in Sections 4 – 6 of this practice.  
1.3 No system of units is specified in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    62 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E456-13a(2022)(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics

ABSTRACT
This standard is the general terminology standard for terms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics. A term in this standard which lists an attribution to an E11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normative for that term. Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will be noted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considered normative for any E11 terms.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard is the general terminology standard for terms defined in the standards of Committee E11 on Quality and Statistics.  
1.2 A term in this standard which lists an attribution to an E11 technical standard indicates that the standard is normative for that term. Any changes in the term definition in the normative standard will be editorially changed in this standard. Any terms added to an E11 standard will be editorially added to this standard with an attribution to that standard.  
1.3 Term definitions that are similar to ISO 3534 will be noted in this standard, but ISO 3534 will not be considered normative for any E11 terms.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    11 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6026-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Records in Geotechnical Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The guidelines presented in this practice for retaining significant digits and rounding numbers may be adopted by the using agency or user. Their adoption should generally be used to calculate and record data when specified requirements are not included in a standard.  
5.2 While this practice originated when most geotechnical data were manually collected and recorded on data forms, tables, or into computers, the use of digital acquisition, calculations, and reporting of data has become more common. When calculators and computers are used for data collection, the significant digits may not meet the requirements specified in this standard. Nevertheless, their use shall not be regarded as nonconforming with this practice.  
5.3 The guidelines presented herein should not be interpreted as absolute rules but as guides to calculate and report observed or test data without exaggerating or degrading the precision of the values.  
5.3.1 The guidelines presented emphasize recording data to enough significant digits or the number of decimal places to allow sensitivity and variability analyses to be performed.
SCOPE
1.1 Using significant digits in geotechnical data involves the processes of collecting, calculating, and recording either measured values or calculated values (results) or both. This practice is intended to promote uniformity in recording significant digits for measured and calculated values involving geotechnical data.  
1.2 The guidelines presented are industry standard and are representative of the significant digits that should be retained in general. The guidelines do not consider material variation, the purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives, and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.  
1.3 It is beyond the scope of this practice to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This practice accepts a variation of the traditional rounding method that recognizes the algorithm common to most hand-held calculators and computers, see 6.2.3. The traditional rounding method (see 6.2) is in accordance with Practice E29, ASTM Manual 7, or IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
Note 1: Calculators and computers often present and use many digits in their output and calculations, which may not all be significant. It is the responsibility of the programmer and user to make sure that the measured and calculated values are handled, interpreted and reported properly using these guidelines.  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2232-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Mathematical Methods for Calculating Absorbed Dose in Radiation Processing Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Use as an Analytical Tool—Mathematical methods provide an analytical tool to be employed for many applications related to absorbed dose determinations in radiation processing. Mathematical calculations may not be used as a substitute for routine dosimetry in some applications (for example, medical device sterilization, food irradiation).  
4.2 Dose Calculation—Absorbed-dose calculations may be performed for a variety of photon/electron environments and irradiator geometries.  
4.3 Evaluate Process Effectiveness—Mathematical models may be used to evaluate the impact of changes in product composition, loading configuration, and irradiator design on dose distribution.  
4.4 Complement or Supplement to Dosimetry—Dose calculations may be used to establish a detailed understanding of dose distribution, providing a spatial resolution not obtainable through measurement. Calculations may be used to reduce the number of dosimeters required to characterize a procedure or process (for example, dose mapping).  
4.5 Alternative to Dosimetry—Dose calculations may be used when dosimetry is impractical (for example, granular materials, materials with complex geometries, material contained in a package where dosimetry is not practical or possible).  
4.6 Facility Design—Dose calculations are often used in the design of a new irradiator and can be used to help optimize dose distribution in an existing facility or radiation process. The use of modeling in irradiator design can be found in Refs (2-7).  
4.7 Validation—The validation of the model should be done through comparison with reliable and traceable dosimetric measurements. The purpose of validation is to demonstrate that the mathematical method makes reliable predictions of dose and other transport quantities. Validation compares predictions or theory to the results of an appropriate experiment. The degree of validation is commensurate with the application. Guidance is given in the documents referenced in Annex A2.  
...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes different mathematical methods that may be used to calculate absorbed dose and criteria for their selection. Absorbed-dose calculations can determine the effectiveness of the radiation process, estimate the absorbed-dose distribution in product, or supplement or complement, or both, the measurement of absorbed dose.  
1.2 Radiation processing is an evolving field and annotated examples are provided in Annex A6 to illustrate the applications where mathematical methods have been successfully applied. While not limited by the applications cited in these examples, applications specific to neutron transport, radiation therapy and shielding design are not addressed in this document.  
1.3 This guide covers the calculation of radiation transport of electrons and photons with energies up to 25 MeV.  
1.4 The mathematical methods described include Monte Carlo, point kernel, discrete ordinate, semi-empirical and empirical methods.  
1.5 This guide is limited to the use of general purpose software packages for the calculation of the transport of charged or uncharged particles and photons, or both, from various types of sources of ionizing radiation. This standard is limited to the use of these software packages or other mathematical methods for the determination of spatial dose distributions for photons emitted following the decay of 137Cs or 60Co, for energetic electrons from particle accelerators, or for X-rays generated by electron accelerators.  
1.6 This guide assists the user in determining if mathematical methods are a useful tool. This guide may assist the user in selecting an appropriate method for calculating absorbed dose. The user must determine whether any of these mathematical methods are appropriate for the solution to their specific application and what, if any, software to apply.
Note 1: The user is urged to apply these predictive techniques while being aware of the need for experien...

  • Guide
    19 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    19 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2555-21e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Factors and Procedures for Applying the MIL-STD-105 Plans in Life and Reliability Inspection

ABSTRACT
This practice presents a procedure and related tables of factors for adapting Practice E2234 (equivalent to MIL-STD105) sampling plans to acceptance sampling inspection when the item quality of interest is life length or reliability. Factors are provided for three alternative criteria for lot evaluation: mean life, hazard rate, and reliable life. Inspection of the sample is by attributes with testing truncated at the end of some prearranged period of time. The Weibull distribution, together with the exponential distribution as a special case, is used as the underlying statistical model. The procedure and tables presented in this practice are based on the use of the Weibull distribution in acceptance sampling inspection.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedure and tables presented in this practice are based on the use of the Weibull distribution in acceptance sampling inspection. Details of this work, together with tables of sampling plans of other forms, have been published previously. See Refs (1-3).4 Since the basic computations required have already been made, it has been quite easy to provide these new factors. No changes in method or details of application have been made over those described in the publications referenced above. For this reason, the text portion of this report has been briefly written. Readers interested in further details are referred to these previous publications. Other sources of material on the underlying theory and approach are also available (4-7).  
4.2 The procedure to be used is essentially the same as the one normally used for attribute sampling inspection. The only difference is that sample items are tested for life or survival instead of for some other property. For single sampling, the following are the required steps:  
4.2.1 Using the tables of factors provided in Annex A1, select a suitable sampling inspection plan from those tabulated in Practice E2234.  
4.2.2 Draw at random a sample of items of the size specified by the selected Practice E2234 plan.  
4.2.3 Place the sample of items on life test for the specified period of time, t.  
4.2.4 Determine the number of sample items that failed during the test period.  
4.2.5 Compare the number of items that failed with the number allowed under the selected Practice E2234 plan.  
4.2.6 If the number that failed is equal to or less than the acceptable number, accept the lot; if the number failing exceeds the acceptable number, reject the lot.  
4.3 Both the sample sizes and the acceptance numbers used are those specified by Practice E2234 plans. It will be assumed in the section on examples that single sampling plans will be used. However, the matching double sampling and multiple sampling plans provided in MIL-...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice presents a procedure and related tables of factors for adapting Practice E2234 (equivalent to MIL-STD-105) sampling plans to acceptance sampling inspection when the item quality of interest is life length or reliability. Factors are provided for three alternative criteria for lot evaluation: mean life, hazard rate, and reliable life. Inspection of the sample is by attributes with testing truncated at the end of some prearranged period of time. The Weibull distribution, together with the exponential distribution as a special case, is used as the underlying statistical model.  
1.2 A system of units is not specified by this practice.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issue...

  • Standard
    24 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E2762-10(2020)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling a Stream of Product by Variables Indexed by AQL

ABSTRACT
This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by variables using MIL-STD-414 as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by AQL. This practice was prepared to meet a growing need for the use of standard sampling plans for inspection by variables in customer procurement, supply and storage, and maintenance inspection operations. The variables sampling plans apply to a single quality characteristic which can be measured on a continuous scale, and for which quality is expressed in terms of percent defective. The theory underlying the development of the variables sampling plans, including the operating characteristic curves, assumes that measurements of the quality characteristic are independent, identically distributed normal random variables.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice was prepared to meet a growing need for the use of standard sampling plans for inspection by variables in customer procurement, supply and storage, and maintenance inspection operations. The variables sampling plans apply to a single quality characteristic which can be measured on a continuous scale, and for which quality is expressed in terms of percent defective. The theory underlying the development of the variables sampling plans, including the operating characteristic curves, assumes that measurements of the quality characteristic are independent, identically distributed normal random variables.  
5.2 In comparison with attributes sampling plans, variables sampling plans have the advantage of usually resulting in considerable savings in sample size for comparable assurance as to the correctness of decisions in judging a single quality characteristic, or for the same sample size, greater assurance is obtained using variables plans. Attributes sampling plans have the advantage of greater simplicity, of being applicable to either single or multiple quality characteristics, and of requiring no knowledge about the distribution of the continuous measurements of any of the quality characteristics.  
5.3 It is important to note that variables sampling plans are not to be used indiscriminately, simply because it is possible to obtain variables measurement data. In considering applications where the normality or independence assumptions may be questioned, the user is advised to consult his technical agency to determine the feasibility of application.  
5.4 Application—Sampling plans designated in this publication are applicable, but not limited, to inspection of the following: (1) end items, (2) components and raw materials, (3) operations or services, (4) materials in process, (5) supplies in storage, (6) maintenance operations, (7) data or records, and (8) administrative procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—This practice establishes lot or batch sampling plans and procedures for inspection by variables using MIL-STD-414 as a basis for sampling a steady stream of lots indexed by AQL.  
1.2 This practice provides the sampling plans of MIL-STD-414 in ASTM format for use by ASTM committees and others. It recognizes the continuing usage of MIL-STD-414 in industries supported by ASTM. Most of the original text in MIL-STD-414 is preserved in Sections 6 – 9 of this practice.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Tech...

  • Standard
    99 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D5157-19(Guide)
Standard Guide for Statistical Evaluation of Indoor Air Quality Models

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Using the tools described in this guide, an individual seeking to apply an IAQ model should be able to (1) assess the performance of the model for a specific situation or (2) recognize or assess its advantages and limitations.  
4.2 This guide can also be used for identifying specific areas of model deficiency that require further development or refinement.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides quantitative and qualitative tools for evaluation of indoor air quality (IAQ) models. These tools include methods for assessing overall model performance as well as identifying specific areas of deficiency. Guidance is also provided in choosing data sets for model evaluation and in applying and interpreting the evaluation tools. The focus of the guide is on end results (that is, the accuracy of indoor concentrations predicted by a model), rather than operational details such as the ease of model implementation or the time required for model calculations to be performed.  
1.2 Although IAQ models have been used for some time, there is little guidance in the technical literature on the evaluation of such models. Evaluation principles and tools in this guide are drawn from past efforts related to outdoor air quality or meteorological models, which have objectives similar to those for IAQ models and a history of evaluation literature (1).2 Some limited experience exists in the use of these tools for evaluation of IAQ models.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Guide
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM G16-13(2019)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Applying Statistics to Analysis of Corrosion Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Corrosion test results often show more scatter than many other types of tests because of a variety of factors, including the fact that minor impurities often play a decisive role in controlling corrosion rates. Statistical analysis can be very helpful in allowing investigators to interpret such results, especially in determining when test results differ from one another significantly. This can be a difficult task when a variety of materials are under test, but statistical methods provide a rational approach to this problem.  
3.2 Modern data reduction programs in combination with computers have allowed sophisticated statistical analyses on data sets with relative ease. This capability permits investigators to determine if associations exist between many variables and, if so, to develop quantitative expressions relating the variables.  
3.3 Statistical evaluation is a necessary step in the analysis of results from any procedure which provides quantitative information. This analysis allows confidence intervals to be estimated from the measured results.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers and presents briefly some generally accepted methods of statistical analyses which are useful in the interpretation of corrosion test results.  
1.2 This guide does not cover detailed calculations and methods, but rather covers a range of approaches which have found application in corrosion testing.  
1.3 Only those statistical methods that have found wide acceptance in corrosion testing have been considered in this guide.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    14 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off