ASTM D4814-21c
(Specification)Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
Standard Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
ABSTRACT
This specification describes the various characteristics and requirements of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions in ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The spark-ignition engine fuels covered here are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers, and not fuels that contain an oxygenate as the primary component, such as fuel methanol (M85). This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the legal requirements, reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines.
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions. It provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through September 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued by the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska, Hawaii, and the U.S. Territories. Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance of each of the properties of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and ethers and where gasoline is the primary component by volume in the blend. The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification. The composition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and technical consideration, but their properties, including volatility, are defined by this specification. In many countries, regulatory authorities having jurisdiction have set laws and regulations that limit the concentration of oxygenates and certain other compounds found in spark-ignition engine fuel. In the United States, oxygenate types and concentrations are limited to those approved under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) substantially similar rule (see X3.3.1), waivers, and partial waivers including some restrictions on vehicle and equipment use (see X3.3.2). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for discussions of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, sulfur content, benzene content, deposit control additive certification, and use of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules and additional requirements.
1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics are described in Monograph 12 (MONO12) on reformulated spark-ignition engin...
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Designation:D4814 −21c
Standard Specification for
1
Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* lar rule (see X3.3.1), waivers, and partial waivers including
some restrictions on vehicle and equipment use (see X3.3.2).
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of require-
With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this speci-
ments of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped
fication can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules,
with spark-ignition engines.
regulations,andwaivers.RefertoAppendixX3fordiscussions
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of
of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous
automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating
contents, sulfur content, benzene content, deposit control
conditions.Itprovidesforavariationofthevolatilityandwater
additive certification, and use of oxygenates in blends with
tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal
unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of
climatic changes at the locality where the fuel is used. For the
the rules and additional requirements.
period May 1 through September 15, the maximum vapor
1.4 This specification does not address the emission char-
pressure limits issued by the United States (U.S.) Environmen-
acteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Refor-
tal Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographi-
mulated spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to
cal area except Alaska, Hawaii, and the U.S. Territories.
lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its character-
Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic
istics are described in Monograph 12 (MONO12) on reformu-
changes and altitude is discussed in Appendix X1. This
2
lated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to the
specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that
legal requirements found in MONO12, reformulated spark-
are satisfactory for automotive vehicles, nor necessarily ex-
ignition engine fuel should meet the performance requirements
cludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain
found in this specification.
operating conditions or in certain equipment. The significance
of each of the properties of this specification is shown in
1.5 Thisspecificationrepresentsadescriptionofautomotive
Appendix X1.
fuel as of the date of publication. The specification is under
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specifi- continuous review, which can result in revisions based on
cation are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as changes in fuel, automotive requirements, or test methods, or a
combination thereof. All users of this specification, therefore,
alcohols and ethers and where gasoline is the primary compo-
nent by volume in the blend. The concentrations and types of should refer to the latest edition.
oxygenates are not specifically limited in this specification.
NOTE 1—If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Specification
Thecompositionofbothunleadedandleadedfuelislimitedby
D4814, contact ASTM International Headquarters.
economic, legal, and technical consideration, but their
1.6 The type of fuel under consideration must first be
properties, including volatility, are defined by this specifica-
identified in order to select applicable tests. Test Method
tion. In many countries, regulatory authorities having jurisdic-
D4815 provides a procedure for determining oxygenate con-
tion have set laws and regulations that limit the concentration
centration in mass percent. Test Method D4815 also includes
of oxygenates and certain other compounds found in spark-
procedures for calculating mass oxygen content and oxygenate
ignition engine fuel. In the United States, oxygenate types and
concentration in volume percent. Appendix X4 provides a
concentrations are limited to those approved under the U.S.
procedure for calculating the mass oxygen content of a fuel
Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) substantially simi-
using measured oxygenate type, oxygenate concentration in
volumepercent,andmeasureddensityorrelativedensityofthe
fuel.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.
Current edition approve
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4814 − 21b D4814 − 21c
Standard Specification for
1
Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4814; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers the establishment of requirements of liquid automotive fuels for ground vehicles equipped with
spark-ignition engines.
1.2 This specification describes various characteristics of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions. It
provides for a variation of the volatility and water tolerance of automotive fuel in accordance with seasonal climatic changes at
the locality where the fuel is used. For the period May 1 through Sept.September 15, the maximum vapor pressure limits issued
by the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are specified for each geographical area except Alaska and
Hawaii. Alaska, Hawaii, and the U.S. Territories. Variation of the antiknock index with seasonal climatic changes and altitude is
discussed in Appendix X1. This specification neither necessarily includes all types of fuels that are satisfactory for automotive
vehicles, nor necessarily excludes fuels that can perform unsatisfactorily under certain operating conditions or in certain
equipment. The significance of each of the properties of this specification is shown in Appendix X1.
1.3 The spark-ignition engine fuels covered in this specification are gasoline and its blends with oxygenates, such as alcohols and
ethers and where gasoline is the primary component by volume in the blend. The concentrations and types of oxygenates are not
specifically limited in this specification. The composition of both unleaded and leaded fuel is limited by economic, legal, and
technical consideration, but their properties, including volatility, are defined by this specification. In many countries, regulatory
authorities having jurisdiction have set laws and regulations that limit the concentration of oxygenates and certain other compounds
found in spark-ignition engine fuel. In the United States, oxygenate types and concentrations are limited to those approved under
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) substantially similar rule (see X3.3.1), waivers, and partial waivers including
some restrictions on vehicle and equipment use (see X3.3.3X3.3.2). With regard to fuel properties, including volatility, this
specification can be more or less restrictive than the EPA rules, regulations, and waivers. Refer to Appendix X3 for discussions
of EPA rules relating to fuel volatility, lead and phosphorous contents, sulfur content, benzene content, deposit control additive
certification, and use of oxygenates in blends with unleaded gasoline. Contact the EPA for the latest versions of the rules and
additional requirements.
1.4 This specification does not address the emission characteristics of reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. Reformulated
spark-ignition engine fuel is required in some areas to lower emissions from automotive vehicles, and its characteristics are
2
described in the research reportMonograph 12 (MONO12) on reformulated spark-ignition engine fuel. However, in addition to
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2021Dec. 15, 2021. Published October 2021December 2021. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as
D4814 – 21a.D4814 – 21b. DOI: 10.1520/D4814-21B.10.1520/D4814-21C.
2
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting MONO12, U.S.MONO12, “U.S. Reformulated Spark-Ignition
Engine Fuel and the U.S. Renewable Fuels Standard.Fuel Standard” is available from ASTM International Headquarters.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4814 − 21c
A
TABLE 1 Vapor Pressure and Distillation Class Requirements
Va
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