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ASTM E1417/E1417M-20

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing

Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the liquid penetrant method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the inspector and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice. Practice E165/E165M contains information to help develop detailed requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for conducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal and nonmetal components.
Note 1: This practice replaces MIL-STD-6866.  
1.2 The penetrant examination processes described in this practice are applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance (in-service) examinations. These processes are applicable for the detection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion, corrosion, cracks, laps, cold shuts, and porosity, that are open or connected to the surface of the component under examination.  
1.3 Caution must be exercised in the usage of elevated temperature with components manufactured from thermoplastic materials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developers can have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such as plastics. Prior to examination, tests should be conducted to ensure that none of the cleaning or examination materials are harmful to the components to be examined.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
Note 2: Throughout this document, the term blacklight has been changed to UV-A to conform with the latest terminology in Terminology E1316. Blacklight can mean a broad range of ultraviolet radiation; fluorescent penetrant examination only uses the UV-A range.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2020
ICS
19.040 - Environmental testing
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.03 - Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1417/E1417M − 20
Standard Practice for
1
Liquid Penetrant Testing
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE1417/E1417M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
conducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
and nonmetal components.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—This practice replaces MIL-STD-6866.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.2 The penetrant examination processes described in this
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
practice are applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
(in-service) examinations. These processes are applicable for
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
the detection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
corrosion, cracks, laps, cold shuts, and porosity, that are open
or connected to the surface of the component under examina-
2. Referenced Documents
tion.
1.3 Caution must be exercised in the usage of elevated 2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice to
the extent specified herein:
temperature with components manufactured from thermoplas-
tic materials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developers
2
2.2 ASTM Standards:
can have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such as
D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
plastics. Prior to examination, tests should be conducted to
Bituminous Materials by Distillation
ensure that none of the cleaning or examination materials are
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
harmful to the components to be examined.
leum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch- lometric Karl Fischer Titration
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
E165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for Gen-
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva- eral Industry
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each
E203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer
system shall be used independently of the other, and values Titration
from the two systems shall not be combined.
E543 Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
Testing
1.5 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement
E1135 Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluo-
between the cognizant engineering organization and the
rescent Penetrants
supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
organization.
E2297 GuideforUseofUV-AandVisibleLightSourcesand
NOTE 2—Throughout this document, the term blacklight has been Meters used in the Liquid Penetrant and Magnetic Particle
changed to UV-A to conform with the latest terminology in Terminology
Methods
E1316. Blacklight can mean a broad range of ultraviolet radiation;
E3022 Practice for Measurement of Emission Characteris-
fluorescent penetrant examination only uses the UV-A range.
tics and Requirements for LED UV-A Lamps Used in
Fluorescent Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Testing
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid
2
Penetrant and Magnetic Particle Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2020. Published October 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as E1417/E1417M – 16. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/E1417_E1417M-20. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1417/E1417M − 20
3
2.3 ASNT Standards: 3.2.3 component, n—the part(s) or element(s) of
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1417/E1417M − 16 E1417/E1417M − 20
Standard Practice for
1
Liquid Penetrant Testing
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1417/E1417M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for conducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal,metal
and nonmetal components.
NOTE 1—This practice replaces MIL-STD-6866.
1.2 The penetrant examination processes described in this practice are applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance (in-service)
examinations. These processes are applicable for the detection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion, corrosion, cracks, laps,
cold shuts, and porosity, that are open or connected to the surface of the component under examination.
1.3 Caution must be exercised in the usage of elevated temperature with components manufactured from thermoplastic materials.
Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developers can have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such as plastics. Prior to
examination, tests should be conducted to ensure that none of the cleaning or examination materials are harmful to the components
to be examined.
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system mayare not benecessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
used independently of the other. Combiningother, and values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
standard.shall not be combined.
1.5 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or
specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.
NOTE 2—Throughout this document, the term blacklight has been changed to UV-A to conform with the latest terminology in Terminology E1316.
Blacklight can mean a broad range of ultraviolet radiation; fluorescent penetrant examination only uses the UV-A range.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.03 on Liquid Penetrant
and Magnetic Particle Methods.
Current edition approved June 15, 2016Dec. 1, 2020. Published July 2016October 2021. Originally approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20132016 as
E1417/E1417M – 13.E1417/E1417M – 16. DOI: 10.1520/E1417_E1417M-16.10.1520/E1417_E1417M-20.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1417/E1417M − 20
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice to the extent specified herein:
2
2.2 ASTM Standards:
D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and Bituminous Materials by Distillation
D2512 Test Method for Compatibility of Materials with Liquid Oxygen (Impact Sensitivity Threshold and Pass-Fail Techniques)
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petroleum Products, Lubricating Oils, and Additives by Coulometric Karl
Fischer Titration
E165E165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for General Industry
E203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer Titration
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E1135 Test Method for Comparing the Brightness of Fluorescent Penetrants
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E2297 Guide for
...

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ASTM E1417/E1417M-21e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice establishes the basic parameters for controlling the application of the liquid penetrant method. This practice is written so it can be specified on the engineering drawing, specification, or contract. It is not a detailed how-to procedure to be used by the inspector and, therefore, must be supplemented by a detailed procedure that conforms to the requirements of this practice. Practice E165/E165M contains information to help develop detailed requirements.
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1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for conducting liquid penetrant examination of nonporous metal and nonmetal components.
Note 1: This practice replaces MIL-STD-6866.  
1.2 The penetrant examination processes described in this practice are applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance (in-service) examinations. These processes are applicable for the detection of discontinuities, such as lack of fusion, corrosion, cracks, laps, cold shuts, and porosity, that are open or connected to the surface of the component under examination.  
1.3 Caution must be exercised in the usage of elevated temperature with components manufactured from thermoplastic materials. Also, some cleaners, penetrants, and developers can have a deleterious effect on nonmetallic materials such as plastics. Prior to examination, tests should be conducted to ensure that none of the cleaning or examination materials are harmful to the components to be examined.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 All areas of this practice may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization.  
Note 2: Throughout this document, the term blacklight has been changed to UV-A to conform with the latest terminology in Terminology E1316. Blacklight can mean a broad range of ultraviolet radiation; fluorescent penetrant examination only uses the UV-A range.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E1418-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Visible Penetrant Testing Using the Water-Washable Process

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods indicate the presence, location, and, to a limited extent, the nature and magnitude of the detected discontinuities. This practice is normally used for production examination of large volumes of parts or structures, where emphasis is on productivity. This practice offers a wide latitude in applicability when extensive and controlled conditions are available.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for visible liquid penetrant examination utilizing the water-washable process. It is a nondestructive practice for detecting discontinuities that are open to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, laminations, isolated porosity, through leaks or lack of fusion and is applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance examination. This practice can be effectively used in the examination of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and nonferrous, and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed or fully densified ceramics, and certain nonporous plastics, and glass.  
1.2 This practice also provides the following references:  
1.2.1 A reference by which visible penetrant examination procedures using the water-washable process can be reviewed to ascertain their applicability and completeness.  
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifications dealing with the visible, water-washable liquid penetrant examination of materials and parts. Agreement between the user and the supplier regarding specific techniques is strongly recommended.  
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities and personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant examination.  
1.3 This practice does not indicate or suggest criteria for evaluation of the indications obtained. It should be noted, however, that after indications have been produced, they must be interpreted or classified and then evaluated. For this purpose there must be a separate code, specification, or a specific agreement to define the type, size, location, and orientation of indications considered acceptable, and those considered unacceptable.  
1.3.1 The user is encouraged to use materials and processing parameters necessary to detect conditions of a type or severity which could affect the evaluation of the product.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 Basis of Application—There are areas in this practice that may require agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These areas are identified as follows:  
1.5.1 Penetrant type, method and sensitivity,  
1.5.2 Accept/reject criteria,  
1.5.3 Personnel qualification requirements,  
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1.5.7 Total processing time, and  
1.5.8 Marking of parts.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.2 The freezing point of an engine coolant may be used to determine the approximate glycol content, provided the glycol type is known.  
5.3 Freezing point as measured by Test Method D1177 or approved alternative method is a requirement in Specifications D3306 and D6210.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the freezing point of an aqueous engine coolant solution.  
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Standard Test Method for Kinetic Parameters for Thermally Unstable Materials Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and the Flynn/Wall/Ozawa Method

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5.1 The kinetic parameters combined with the general rate law and the reaction enthalpy can be used for the determination of thermal hazard using Practice E1231  (1).4
SCOPE
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Standard Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Materials Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight

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1.2 This practice covers a procedure for performing accelerated outdoor exposure testing of materials using a linear Fresnel reflector, accelerated outdoor weathering, test machine. The apparatus (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) and guidelines are described herein to minimize the variables encountered during outdoor accelerated exposure testing.    
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1.4 The linear Fresnel reflector accelerated outdoor exposure test apparatus described may be suitable for the determination of the relative durability of materials when these materials are exposed to concentrated sunlight, heat, and moisture.  
1.5 This practice establishes uniform sample mounting and in-test maintenance procedures. Also included in the practice are standard provisions for maintenance of the machine and linear Fresnel reflector mirrors to ensure cleanliness and durability.  
1.6 This practice shall apply to specimens whose size meets the dimensions of the target board as described in 8.2.  
1.7 For test machines currently in use, this practice is not recommended for specimens exceeding 13 mm (1/2 in.) in thickness because of specimen cooling.  
1.8 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate...

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1.4 Review the current Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid procedures, handling, and safety precautions.  
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4.1 The purpose of this guide is to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for use in selecting materials for oxygen service in order to minimize the probability of ignition and the risk of explosion or fire. It is not intended as a specification for approving materials for oxygen service.
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.
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ASTM G128/G128M-15(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Control of Hazards and Risks in Oxygen Enriched Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to introduce the hazards and risks associated with oxygen-enriched systems. This guide explains common hazards that often are overlooked. It provides an overview of the standards and documents produced by ASTM Committee G04 and other knowledgable sources as well as their uses. It does not highlight standard test methods that support the use of these practices. Table 1 provides a graphic representation of the relationship of ASTM G04 standards. Table 2 provides a list of standards published by ASTM and other organizations.  
4.2 The standards discussed here focus on reducing the hazards associated with the use of oxygen. In general, they are not directly applicable to process reactors in which the deliberate reaction of materials with oxygen is sought, as in burners, bleachers, or bubblers. Other ASTM Committees and products (such as the CHETAH program5) and other outside groups are more pertinent for these.  
4.3 This guide is not intended as a specification to establish practices for the safe use of oxygen. The documents discussed here do not purport to contain all the information needed to design and operate an oxygen-enriched system safely. The control of oxygen hazards has not been reduced to handbook procedures, and the tactics for using oxygen are not simple. Rather, they require the application of sound technical judgment and experience. Oxygen users should obtain assistance from qualified technical personnel to design systems and operating practices for the safe use of oxygen in their specific applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an overview of the work of ASTM Committee G04 on Compatibility and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres. It is a starting point for those asking the question: “What are the risks associated with my use of oxygen?” This guide is an introduction to the unique concerns that must be addressed in the handling of oxygen. The principal hazard is the prospect of ignition with resultant fire, explosion, or both. All fluid systems require design considerations, such as adequate strength, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and pressure safety relief. In addition to these design considerations, one must also consider the ignition mechanisms that are specific to an oxygen-enriched system. This guide outlines these ignition mechanisms and the approach to reducing the risks.  
1.2 This guide also lists several of the recognized causes of oxygen system fires and describes the methods available to prevent them. Sources of information about the oxygen hazard and its control are listed and summarized. The principal focus is on Guides G63, G88, Practice G93, and Guide G94. Useful documentation from other resources and literature is also cited.  
Note 1: This guide is an outgrowth of an earlier (1988) Committee G04 videotape adjunct entitled Oxygen Safety and a related paper by Koch2 that focused on the recognized ignition source of adiabatic compression as one of the more significant but often overlooked causes of oxygen fires. This guide recapitulates and updates material in the videotape and paper.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Sections 8 and 11.  
Note 2: ASTM takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any ite...

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ASTM
ASTM G154-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes consistent with the end use conditions, including the effects of the UV portion of sunlight, moisture, and heat. Typically, these exposures would include moisture in the form of condensing humidity. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight through window glass. (Warning—Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.)  
5.2 This practice provides general procedures for operating fluorescent UV lamp weathering devices that allow for a wide range of exposure conditions. Therefore, no reference shall be made to results from the use of this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the specific operating conditions in conformance with Section 10.  
5.2.1 It is recommended that a similar material of known performance (a control) be exposed simultaneously with the test specimen to provide a standard for comparative purposes. Generally, two controls are recommended: one known to have poor durability and one known to have good durability. It is recommended that at least three replicates of each material evaluated be exposed in each test to allow for statistical evaluation of results.  
5.2.2 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed in the same model of apparatus should not be made unless reproducibility has been established among devices for the material to be tested.  
5.2.3 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed in different models of apparatus should not be made unless correlation has been established among devices for the material to be tested (see Guide D6631 for guidance).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is limited to the basic principles for operating a fluorescent UV lamp and water apparatus; on its own, it does not deliver a specific result.  
1.2 It is intended to be used in conjunction with a practice or method that defines specific exposure conditions for an application along with a means to evaluate changes in material properties. This practice is intended to reproduce the weathering effects that occur when materials are exposed to sunlight (either direct or through window glass) and moisture as rain or dew in actual usage. This practice is limited to the procedures for obtaining, measuring, and controlling conditions of exposure.
Note 1: Practice G151 describes general procedures to be used when exposing nonmetallic materials in accelerated test devices that use laboratory light sources.
Note 2: A number of exposure procedures are listed in an appendix; however, this practice does not specify the exposure conditions best suited for the material to be tested.  
1.3 Test specimens are exposed to fluorescent UV light under controlled environmental conditions. Different types of fluorescent UV lamp sources are described.
Note 3: In this standard, the terms UV light and UV radiation are used interchangeably.  
1.4 Specimen preparation and evaluation of the results are covered in ASTM methods or specifications for specific materials. General guidance is given in Practice G151 and ISO 4892-1.
Note 4: General information about methods for determining the change in properties after exposure and reporting these results is described in ISO 4582 and Practice D5870.  
1.5 This practice is not intended for corrosion testing of bare metals.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard is technically similar to ISO 4892-3 and ISO 16474-3.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and...

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ASTM
ASTM D6677-18(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Adhesion by Knife

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Coatings, to perform satisfactorily, must adhere to the substrates on which they are applied. This test method has been found useful as a simple means of assessing the adhesion of coatings. Although this method is a qualitative (subjective) test it has been used in industry for many years and can provide valuable information.  
4.2 Other adhesion test methods may be useful in obtaining quantitative results. See Test Methods D2197, D3359, D4541, and D7234.  
4.3 The Performance Evaluation Scale (see Table 1) is based on both the degree of difficulty to remove the coating from the substrate and the size of removed coating chip.  
4.4 This test method does not have a known correlation to other adhesion test methods (pull-off, tape, etc.).  
4.5 A coating that has a high degree of cohesive strength may appear to have worse adhesion than one that is brittle and hence fractures easily when probed.  
4.6 This method is not to be used on overly thick coatings, that is, those which cannot be cut to the substrate with a utility knife in one stroke.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for assessing the adhesion of coating films to substrate by using a knife.  
1.2 This test method is used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate or to another coating (in multi-coat systems) is at a generally adequate level.
Note 1: The term “substrate” relates to the basic surface on which a coating adheres (may be steel, concrete, etc. or other coating).  
1.3 This method can be used in the laboratory and field.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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