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ASTM E1351-96

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Production and Evaluation of Field Metallographic Replicas

Standard Practice for Production and Evaluation of Field Metallographic Replicas

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers recognized methods for the preparation and evaluation of cellulose acetate or plastic film replicas which have been obtained from metallographically prepared surfaces. It is designed for the evaluation of the metallographic replica to ensure that all significant features of a metallographically prepared surface have been duplicated and preserved on the replica with sufficient detail to permit both LM and SEM examination with optimum resolution and sensitivity.  
1.2 This practice may be used as a controlling document in commercial situations.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-2001
ICS
77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
Technical Committee
E04 - Metallography
Drafting Committee
E04.01 - Specimen Preparation
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E1351-96 - Standard Practice for Production and Evaluation of Field Metallographic ReplicasASTM E1351-96 - Standard Practice for Production and Evaluation of Field Metallographic Replicas
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ASTM E1351-96 - Standard Practice for Production and Evaluation of Field Metallographic Replicas
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 1351 – 96
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Practice for
1
Production and Evaluation of Field Metallographic Replicas
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1351; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Replication is a nondestructive sampling procedure which records and preserves the topography of
a metallographic specimen as a negative relief on a plastic film. The microstructural replica can be
examined using a light microscope (LM) or scanning electron microscope (SEM) for subsequent
analysis. Specimens examined in the SEM are vacuum coated with vaporized carbon or a suitable
metal to provide contrast and conductivity. The convenience of the replication process makes it
suitable for obtaining microstructures from field locations for subsequent examination and analysis in
a laboratory. The proper preparation of the test surface and of the replica itself is of paramount
importance and must receive careful attention. Because of the diversity of metallographic equipment
available and the wide range of environments in which replication is conducted, the preparation of
replicas of high quality should be viewed as a skilled process for which there exists a variety of
techniques that achieve satisfactory results.
This practice presents some guidelines on the preparation of metallic surfaces and production of
replicas and guidelines on evaluation of replica quality. It does not attempt to limit the variations in
technique developed by skilled metallographers, each of which may produce acceptable replicas.
2
1. Scope Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
3
E 3 Methods of Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
1.1 This practice covers recognized methods for the prepa-
3
E 7 Terminology Relating to Metallography
ration and evaluation of cellulose acetate or plastic film
3
E 407 Practice for Microetching Metals and Alloys
replicas which have been obtained from metallographically
prepared surfaces. It is designed for the evaluation of replicas
3. Terminology
to ensure that all significant features of a metallographically
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
prepared surface have been duplicated and preserved on the
tice, refer to Terminology E 7.
replica with sufficient detail to permit both LM and SEM
examination with optimum resolution and sensitivity.
4. Significance and Use
1.2 This practice may be used as a controlling document in
4.1 Replication is a nondestructive sampling procedure that
commercial situations.
records and preserves the topography of a metallographically
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
prepared surface as a negative relief on a plastic film (replica).
standard. Inch-pound units given in parentheses are for infor-
The replica permits the examination and analysis of the
mation only.
metallographically prepared surface on the LM or SEM.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.2 Enhancement procedures for improving replica contrast
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
for microscopic examination are utilized and sometimes nec-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
essary (see 8.1).
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—It is recommended that the purchaser of a field replication
service specify that each replicator demonstrate proficiency by providing
2. Referenced Documents
field prepared replica metallography and direct LM and SEM comparison
to laboratory prepared samples of an identical material by grade and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
service exposure.
A 335/A 335M Specification for Seamless Ferritic Alloy-
5. Evaluation Methods
1
5.1 A suitable replica should accurately reproduce all the
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-4 on Metallog-
raphy and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E04.01 on Selection and
Preparation of Samples.
2
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1996. Published December 1996. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.01.
3
published as E 1351 – 90. Last previous edition E 1351 – 90. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E 1351
microstructural features present on the surface that was repli- 6.7 To prevent possible contamination of any components,
cated. the etched area should be prepared carefully and tho
...

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1.2 This practice specifically addresses the problem of producing stereological data when the features of the constituents to be measured make attainment of statistically reliable data difficult.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of retained austenite phase in steel using integrated intensities (area under peak above background) of X-ray diffraction peaks using chromium  Kα  or molybdenum Kα  X-radiation.  
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1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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Standard Practice for Production and Evaluation of Field Metallographic Replicas

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Replication is a nondestructive sampling procedure that records and preserves the topography of a metallographically prepared surface as a negative relief on a plastic film (replica). The replica permits the examination and analysis of the metallographically prepared surface on the LM or SEM.  
4.2 Enhancement procedures for improving replica contrast for microscopic examination are utilized and sometimes necessary (see 8.1).
Note 1: It is recommended that the purchaser of a field replication service specify that each replicator demonstrate proficiency by providing field prepared replica metallography and direct LM and SEM comparison to laboratory prepared samples of an identical material by grade and service exposure.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers recognized methods for the preparation and evaluation of cellulose acetate or plastic film replicas which have been obtained from metallographically prepared surfaces. It is designed for the evaluation of replicas to ensure that all significant features of a metallographically prepared surface have been duplicated and preserved on the replica with sufficient detail to permit both LM and SEM examination with optimum resolution and sensitivity.  
1.2 This practice may be used as a controlling document in commercial situations.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E82/E82M-14(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Orientation of a Metal Crystal

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The physical properties of metals and other materials are often anisotropic (for example: Young's modulus will typically vary in different crystallographic directions). As such, it is often desirable or necessary to determine the orientation of a single crystal to ascertain the relation of any pertinent physical properties with respect to different directions in the material.  
4.2 This test method can be used commercially as a quality control test in production situations in which a desired orientation, within prescribed limits, is required.  
4.3 With the use of an adjustable, fixed holder that can later be mounted on a saw, lathe, or other machine, a single crystal material can be moved to a preferred orientation and subsequently sectioned, ground, or processed otherwise.  
4.4 If the grains in a polycrystalline material are large enough, this test method can also be used to determine their orientations and differences in orientation can be documented or mapped or both.
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1.1 This test method covers the back-reflection Laue procedure for determining the orientation of a metal crystal. The back-reflection Laue method for determining crystal orientation may be applied to macrograins and micrograins depending on the beam size within polycrystalline aggregates, as well as to single crystals of any size. This test method is described with reference to cubic crystals and other structures such as: hexagonal, tetragonal, or orthorhombic crystals.  
1.2 Most natural crystals have well developed external faces, and the orientation of such crystals can usually be determined from inspection. The orientation of a crystal having poorly developed faces or no faces at all (for example, a metal crystal prepared in the laboratory) shall be determined by more elaborate methods. The most convenient and accurate of these involves the use of X-ray diffraction. The “orientation of a metal crystal” is known when the positions in space of the crystallographic axes of the unit cell have been located with reference to the surface geometry of the crystal specimen. This relation between unit cell position and surface geometry is most conveniently expressed by stereographic or gnomonic projection.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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ASTM E2283-08(2019)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Extreme Value Analysis of Nonmetallic Inclusions in Steel and Other Microstructural Features

ABSTRACT
This practice describes a methodology to statistically characterize the distribution of the largest indigenous non-metallic inclusions in steel specimens based upon quantitative metallographic measurements. This practice enables the experimenter to estimate the extreme value distribution of inclusions in steels. The procedures in determining non-metallic inclusions in steel are presented and discussed in details.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is used to assess the indigenous inclusions or second-phase constituents in metals using extreme value statistics.  
5.2 It is well known that failures of mechanical components, such as gears and bearings, are often caused by the presence of large nonmetallic oxide inclusions. Failure of a component can often be traced to the presence of a large inclusion. Predictions related to component fatigue life are not possible with the evaluations provided by standards such as Test Methods E45, Practice E1122, or Practice E1245. The use of extreme value statistics has been related to component life and inclusion size distributions by several different investigators (3-8). The purpose of this practice is to create a standardized method of performing this analysis.  
5.3 This practice is not suitable for assessing the exogenous inclusions in steels and other metals because of the unpredictable nature of the distribution of exogenous inclusions. Other methods involving complete inspection such as ultrasonics must be used to locate their presence.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a methodology to statistically characterize the distribution of the largest indigenous nonmetallic inclusions in steel specimens based upon quantitative metallographic measurements. The practice is not suitable for assessing exogenous inclusions.  
1.2 Based upon the statistical analysis, the nonmetallic content of different lots of steels can be compared.  
1.3 This practice deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 For measurements obtained from light microscopy, linear feature parameters shall be reported as micrometers, and feature areas shall be reported as micrometers.  
1.5 The methodology can be extended to other materials and to other microstructural features.  
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