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ASTM B223-97

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Modulus of Elasticity of Thermostat Metals (Cantilever Beam Method)

Standard Test Method for Modulus of Elasticity of Thermostat Metals (Cantilever Beam Method)

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the modulus of elasticity of thermostat metals at any temperature between -300 and +1000°F (-185 and 540°C) by mounting the specimen as a cantilever beam and measuring the deflection when subjected to a mechanical load.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-1997
ICS
77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
Technical Committee
B02 - Nonferrous Metals and Alloys
Drafting Committee
B02.10 - Thermostat Metals and Electrical Resistance Heating Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM B223-03 - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Elasticity of Thermostat Metals (Cantilever Beam Method)
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM B388-06(2018) - Standard Specification for Thermostat Metal Sheet and Strip
Effective Date
10-Dec-1997

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ASTM B223-97 - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Elasticity of Thermostat Metals (Cantilever Beam Method)ASTM B223-97 - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Elasticity of Thermostat Metals (Cantilever Beam Method)
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ASTM B223-97 - Standard Test Method for Modulus of Elasticity of Thermostat Metals (Cantilever Beam Method)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: B 223 – 97
Standard Test Method for
Modulus of Elasticity of Thermostat Metals (Cantilever
Beam Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
l = gage length, in. or mm,
d = specimen deflection, in. or mm,
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the modu-
b = specimen width, in. or mm, and
lus of elasticity of thermostat metals at any temperature
t = specimen thickness, in. or mm.
between − 300 and + 1000°F (−185 and 540°C) by mounting
the specimen as a cantilever beam and measuring the deflection
4. Apparatus (Figs. 1-3)
when subjected to a mechanical load.
4.1 Specimen Holder for securely clamping the test speci-
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
men in a horizontal position as a cantilever beam when
as the standard.
immersed in a bath at the desired temperature. It shall carry a
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
micrometer depth gage for reading the deflection of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
specimen and a loading rod for loading the specimen. Both of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
these shall extend sufficiently above the liquid level of the bath
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
to permit the operator to perform the test at the higher test
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
temperatures.
2. Referenced Documents 4.1.1 Specimen holder to be made sufficiently rigid to allow
normal handling without distortion.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2 Loading Rod, ⁄8 in. (3.2 mm) or less in diameter, for
B 388 Specification for Thermostat Metal Sheet and Strip
carrying the load and transmitting its weight vertically to the
3. Terminology
free end of the cantilever specimen. It shall be made of material
the same as that of the tube which supports the specimen
3.1 Definitions:
mounting clamps in order to prevent a difference in expansion
3.1.1 thermostat metal—a composite material, usually in
rates from affecting the deflection readings. The bottom end
the form of sheet or strip, comprising two or more materials of
shall be conically shaped and shall rest in the conical punch
any appropriate nature, metallic or otherwise, which, by virtue
mark at the free end of the specimen. Any supports shall permit
of the differing expansivities of the components, tends to alter
free movement with specimen deflection and shall provide
its curvature when its temperature is changed.
electrical insulation from the micrometer depth gage. Near the
3.1.2 modulus of elasticity—the ratio, within the elastic
top shall be a holder for supporting the load. The weight of the
limit of a material, of stress to corresponding strain. In this test
loading rod and holder shall be no greater than 1 oz (28 g).
method the modulus of elasticity is calculated from the
4.3 Micrometer Depth Gage, for measuring the deflection of
expression for the deflection of a cantilever beam under
the specimen to the nearest 0.0001 in. (0.002 mm). It shall be
mechanical load which is transposed to read as follows:
mounted directly over the loading rod. The micrometer shaft
3 3
E 5 4Pl /dbt
shall be in the same vertical line as the loading rod, so that
readings can be taken of the top of the loading rod for no-load
where:
and full-load positions. The gage shall be insulated electrically
E = modulus of elasticity, psi or MPa,
from the specimen holder and the loading rod.
P = load, lbf or N,
4.4 Load, constructed so that when placed in the holder, its
center of gravity will coincide with the center of the loading
1 rod. It shall be readily detachable for the operator’s conve-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B-2 on
nience in taking no-load and full-load readings and shall not be
Nonferrous Metals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
B02.10 on Thermostat Metals.
of sufficient weight to deflect the specimen more than 0.30 in.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1997. Published August 1998. Originally
(7.6 mm).
published as B 223 – 48 T. Last previous edition B 223 – 85 (1991).
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 02.04.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
B223–97
FIG. 1 Testing Machine for Determining Modulus of Elasticity of Thermostat Metal
that loading rod positions can be determined with a precision of
60.0001 in. (0.002 mm).
4.7 All metallic components of apparatus, excluding mi-
crometer and loads, should be made of very low coefficient of
thermal expansion materials. The recommended material is
invar.
5. Precautions
5.1 Load and no-load readings of the various trials will not
approximately duplicate each other in the event the load is
sufficiently great to overstress the specimen beyond its elastic
limit. In this case a new specimen shall be substituted and a
lighter load used which will not overstress the material.
5.2 Modulus of elasticity measurements to be within the
maximum recommended temperatures as stated in Specifica-
tion B 338.
6. Test Specimen
FIG. 2 Specimen Mounting Clamp Assembly
6.1 The test specimen shall be the form of a strip approxi-
mately 1 ⁄4 in. (31.8 mm) longer than the gage length. The
4.5 Bath—A stirred liquid so that the temperature shall be
thickness may be any value between 0.015 and 0.055 in. (0.38
substantially constant during the test.
and 1.40 mm); however, corresponding width values shall
4.6 Electronic Indicator, sensitive, low-current, to give a
conform with those in Fig. 4. Width and thickness dimensions
signal when the micrometer depth gage shaft completes the
electrical circuit across the indicator terminals by touching the shall be determined with a precision of 60.0001 in. (0.002
top of the loading rod. The indicator sensitivity shall be such mm).
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
B223–97
FIG. 3 Specimen Mounting Clamp Details
FIG. 4 Width of Test Specimen
7. Preparation of Specimen mounting clamps, will maintain the gage length with a toler-
ance of 60.003 in. (0.08 mm). Table 1 gives the gage lengths
7.1 Gage Length—The gage length shall be the distance on
for
...

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Bend  
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Hardness  
16  
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17  
Rockwell  
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Portable  
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Keywords  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of creep crack initiation (CCI) and creep crack growth (CCG) in metals at elevated temperatures using pre-cracked specimens subjected to static or quasi-static loading conditions. The solutions presented in this test method are validated for base material (that is, homogenous properties) and mixed base/weld material with inhomogeneous microstructures and creep properties. The CCI time, t0.2, which is the time required to reach an initial crack extension of δai = 0.2 mm to occur from the onset of first applied force, and CCG rate, a˙  or da/dt are expressed in terms of the magnitude of creep crack growth correlated by fracture mechanics parameters, C* or K, with C* defined as the steady state determination of the crack tip stresses derived in principal from C*(t) and Ct   (1-17).2 The crack growth derived in this manner is identified as a material property which can be used in modeling and life assessment methods (17-28).  
1.1.1 The choice of the crack growth correlating parameter C*, C*(t), Ct, or K depends on the material creep properties, geometry and size of the specimen. Two types of material behavior are generally observed during creep crack growth tests; creep-ductile (1-17) and creep-brittle (29-44). In creep ductile materials, where creep strains dominate and creep crack growth is accompanied by substantial time-dependent creep strains at the crack tip, the crack growth rate is correlated by the steady state definitions of Ct or C*(t) , defined as C* (see 1.1.4). In creep-brittle materials, creep crack growth occurs at low creep ductility. Consequently, the time-dependent creep strains are comparable to or dominated by accompanying elastic strains local to the crack tip. Under such steady state creep-brittle conditions, Ct or K could be chosen as the correlating parameter (8-14).  
1.1.2 In any one test, two regions of crack growth behavior may be present (12, 13)....

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ASTM
ASTM E740/E740M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Fracture Testing with Surface-Crack Tension Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The surface-crack tension (SCT) test is used to estimate the load-carrying capacity of simple sheet- or plate-like structural components having a type of flaw likely to occur in service. The test is also used for research purposes to investigate failure mechanisms of cracks under service conditions.  
4.2 The residual strength of an SCT specimen is a function of the crack depth and length and the specimen thickness as well as the characteristics of the material. This relationship is extremely complex and cannot be completely described or characterized at present.  
4.2.1 The results of the SCT test are suitable for direct application to design only when the service conditions exactly parallel the test conditions. Some methods for further analysis are suggested in Appendix X1.  
4.3 In order that SCT test data can be comparable and reproducible and can be correlated among laboratories, it is essential that uniform SCT testing practices be established.  
4.4 The specimen configuration, preparation, and instrumentation described in this practice are generally suitable for cyclic- or sustained-force testing as well. However, certain constraints are peculiar to each of these tests. These are beyond the scope of this practice but are discussed in Ref. (1).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design, preparation, and testing of surface-crack tension (SCT) specimens. It relates specifically to testing under continuously increasing force and excludes cyclic and sustained loadings. The quantity determined is the residual strength of a specimen having a semielliptical or circular-segment fatigue crack in one surface. This value depends on the crack dimensions and the specimen thickness as well as the characteristics of the material.  
1.2 Metallic materials that can be tested are not limited by strength, thickness, or toughness. However, tests of thick specimens of tough materials may require a tension test machine of extremely high capacity. The applicability of this practice to nonmetallic materials has not been determined.  
1.3 This practice is limited to specimens having a uniform rectangular cross section in the test section. The test section width and length must be large with respect to the crack length. Crack depth and length should be chosen to suit the ultimate purpose of the test.  
1.4 Residual strength may depend strongly upon temperature within a certain range depending upon the characteristics of the material. This practice is suitable for tests at any appropriate temperature.  
1.5 Residual strength is believed to be relatively insensitive to loading rate within the range normally used in conventional tension tests. When very low or very high rates of loading are expected in service, the effect of loading rate should be investigated using special procedures that are beyond the scope of this practice.  
Note 1: Further information on background and need for this type of test is given in the report of ASTM Task Group E24.01.05 on Part-Through-Crack Testing (1).2  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to T...

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ASTM E647-23b(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Fatigue Crack Growth Rates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fatigue crack growth rate expressed as a function of crack-tip stress-intensity factor range, da/dN versus ΔK, characterizes a material's resistance to stable crack extension under cyclic loading. Background information on the ration-ale for employing linear elastic fracture mechanics to analyze fatigue crack growth rate data is given in Refs (3) and (4).  
5.1.1 In innocuous (inert) environments fatigue crack growth rates are primarily a function of ΔK and force ratio, R, or Kmax and R (Note 1). Temperature and aggressive environments can significantly affect da/dN versus ΔK, and in many cases accentuate R-effects and introduce effects of other loading variables such as cycle frequency and waveform. Attention needs to be given to the proper selection and control of these variables in research studies and in the generation of design data.
Note 1: ΔK, Kmax, and R are not independent of each other. Specification of any two of these variables is sufficient to define the loading condition. It is customary to specify one of the stress-intensity parameters (ΔK or Kmax) along with the force ratio, R.  
5.1.2 Expressing da/dN as a function of ΔK provides results that are independent of planar geometry, thus enabling exchange and comparison of data obtained from a variety of specimen configurations and loading conditions. Moreover, this feature enables da/dN versus ΔK data to be utilized in the design and evaluation of engineering structures. The concept of similitude is assumed, which implies that cracks of differing lengths subjected to the same nominal ΔK will advance by equal increments of crack extension per cycle.  
5.1.3 Fatigue crack growth rate data are not always geometry-independent in the strict sense since thickness effects sometimes occur. However, data on the influence of thickness on fatigue crack growth rate are mixed. Fatigue crack growth rates over a wide range of ΔK have been reported to either increase, decrease, or remain unaffected as specimen...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 covers the determination of fatigue crack growth rates from near-threshold (see region I in Fig. 1) to Kmax  controlled instability (see region III in Fig. 1.) Results are expressed in terms of the crack-tip stress-intensity factor range (ΔK), defined by the theory of linear elasticity.  
1.9 Special requirements for the various specimen configurations appear in the following order:
The Compact Specimen  
Annex A1  
The Middle Tension Specimen  
Annex A2  
The Eccentrically-Loaded Single Edge Crack Tension Specimen  
Annex A3  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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