ASTM D909-07(2012)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation Gasoline
Standard Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation Gasoline
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Supercharge method ratings can provide an indication of the rich-mixture antiknock performance of aviation gasoline in aviation piston engines.
5.2 Supercharge method ratings are used by petroleum refiners and marketers and in commerce as a primary specification measurement to insure proper matching of fuel antiknock quality and engine requirement.
5.3 Supercharge method ratings may be used by aviation engine and aircraft manufacturers as a specification measurement related to matching of fuels and engines.
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of supercharge ratings of spark-ignition aviation gasoline. The sample fuel is tested using a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, indirect injected, liquid cooled, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions.
1.2 The supercharge rating is calculated by linear interpolation of the knock limited power of the sample compared to the knock limited power of bracketing reference fuel blends.
1.3 The rating scale covers the range from 85 octane number to Isooctane + 6.0 mL TEL/U.S. gal.
1.4 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR engine measurements and reference fuel concentrations continue to be in historical units.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Annex A1.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: D909 − 07(Reapproved 2012) Method 6012.6—Federal Test
Method Standard No. 791b
Designation: 119/96
Standard Test Method for
Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation Gasoline
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D909; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—Editorial changes were made to subsections 8.3 and 8.5 in August 2013.
1. Scope D2268 Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptane
and Isooctane by Capillary Gas Chromatography
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative
D3237 TestMethodforLeadinGasolinebyAtomicAbsorp-
determination of supercharge ratings of spark-ignition aviation
tion Spectroscopy
gasoline. The sample fuel is tested using a standardized single
D3341 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline—Iodine Mono-
cylinder, four-stroke cycle, indirect injected, liquid cooled,
chloride Method
CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
conditions.
Petroleum Products
1.2 The supercharge rating is calculated by linear interpo-
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
lation of the knock limited power of the sample compared to
Products, and Lubricants
the knock limited power of bracketing reference fuel blends.
D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-
troscopy
1.3 The rating scale covers the range from 85 octane
number to Isooctane + 6.0 mL TEL/U.S. gal. E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
etry
1.4 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the
2.2 CFR Engine Manuals:
historical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR engine
CFR F-4 Form 846 Supercharge Method Aviation Gasoline
measurements and reference fuel concentrations continue to be
Rating Unit Installation Manual
in historical units.
CFR F-4 Form 893 Supercharge Method Aviation Gasoline
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Rating Unit Operation & Maintenance
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2.3 Energy Institute Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
IP 224/02 Determination of Low Lead Content of Light
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Petroleum Distillates by Dithizone Extraction and Colo-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
rimetric Method
tionary statements are given in Annex A1.
2.4 ASTM Adjuncts:
Rating Data Sheet
2. Referenced Documents
Reference Fuel Framework Graphs
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.01 on Combustion Characteristics. Available from Waukesha Engine, Dresser Inc., 1101 West St. Paul Ave.,
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012. Published October 2012. Originally Waukesha, WI 53188.
approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D909–07. DOI: Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
10.1520/D0909-07R12E01. U.K.
2 5
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM ADJD090901. Original adjunct produced in 1953.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
the ASTM website. ADJD090902. Original adjunct produced in 1953.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
D909 − 07 (2012)
3.1.1 accepted reference value, n—a value that serves as an per U.S. gallon under standard conditions at a constant intake
agreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derived manifold pressure of 40 in. of Hg (134.3 kPa) absolute.
as: (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientific
3.1.12 knock-limited power curve, n—for supercharge
principles, or (2) an assigned or certified value, based on
method knock rating, the non-linear standard knock intensity
experimental work of some national or international
characteristic of a primary reference fuel blend or a sample
organization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based on
fuel, expressed as indicated mean effective pressures, over the
collaborative experimental work under the auspices of a
range of fuel-air ratios from approximately 0.08 to approxi-
scientific or engineering group. E456
mately 0.12.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—In the context of this test method,
3.1.13 reference fuel framework, n—for supercharge
accepted reference value is understood to apply to the Super-
method knock rating, the graphic representation of the knock-
charge and octane number ratings of specific reference mate-
limited power curves for the specified primary reference fuel
rials determined empirically under reproducibility conditions
blendsof isooctane+ n-heptaneand isooctane+TEL(mL/U.S.
by the National Exchange Group or another recognized ex-
gal) that defines the expected indicated mean effective pressure
change testing organization.
versus fuel-air ratio characteristics for supercharge test engines
3.1.2 check fuel, n—for quality control testing, a spark-
operating properly under standardized conditions.
ignition aviation gasoline having supercharge rating ARV
3.1.14 mean effective pressure, n—for internal-combustion
determined by the National Exchange Group.
engines,thesteadystatepressurewhich,ifappliedtothepiston
during the expansion stroke is a function of the measured
3.1.3 firing, n—for the CFR engine, operation of the CFR
engine with fuel and ignition. power.
3.1.15 indicated mean effective pressure, n— for spark-
3.1.4 fuel-air ratio, n—mass ratio of fuel to air in the
ignition engines,themeasureofenginepowerdevelopedinthe
mixture delivered to the combustion chamber.
engine cylinder or combustion chamber.
3.1.5 intake manifold pressure, n—for supercharged
3.1.16 brake mean effective pressure, n— for spark-ignition
engines, the positive pressure in the intake manifold.
engines, the measure of engine power at the output shaft as
3.1.6 octane number, n—for spark-ignition engine fuel, any
typically measured by an absorption dynamometer or brake.
one of several numerical indicators of resistance to knock
3.1.17 friction mean effective pressure, n— for spark-
obtained by comparison with reference fuels in standardized
ignition engines, the measure of the difference between IMEP
engine or vehicle tests. D4175
and BMEP or power absorbed in mechanical friction and any
3.1.7 supercharge rating, n—the numerical rating of the
auxiliaries.
knock resistance of a fuel obtained by comparison of its
3.1.18 repeatability conditions, n—conditions where inde-
knock-limitedpowerwiththatofprimaryreferencefuelblends
pendent test results are obtained with the same method on
when both are tested in a standard CFR engine operating under
identical test items in the same laboratory by the same operator
the conditions specified in this test method.
using the same equipment within short intervals of time. E456
3.1.8 supercharge performance number, n— a numerical
3.1.18.1 Discussion—In the context of this method, a short
value arbitrarily assigned to the supercharge ratings above 100
time interval is understood to be the time for two back-to-back
ON.
ratings because of the length of time required for each rating.
3.1.9 primary reference fuels, n—for knock testing, volu- 3.1.19 reproducibility conditions, n—conditions where test
metrically proportioned mixtures of isooctane with n-heptane,
results are obtained with the same method on identical test
or blends of tetraethyllead in isooctane which define the
items in different laboratories with different operators using
supercharge rating scale.
different equipment. E456
3.1.10 standard knock intensity, n—for supercharge method 3.2 Abbreviations:
knock testing, trace or light knock as determined by ear.
3.2.1 ARV—accepted reference value
3.1.10.1 Discussion—Light knock intensity is a level defi-
3.2.2 ABDC—after bottom dead center
nitelyabovethecommonlydefinedleastaudible“traceknock”;
3.2.3 ATDC—after top dead center
it is the softest knock that the operator can definitely and
3.2.4 BBDC—before bottom dead center
repeatedly recognize by ear although it may not be audible on
every combustion cycle (intermittent knock). The variations in 3.2.5 BMEP—break mean effective pressure
knock intensity can occasionally include loud knocks and very
3.2.6 BTDC—before top dead center
light knocks. These variations can also change with mixture
3.2.7 C.R.—compression ratio
ratio; the steadiest knock typically occurring in the vicinity of
3.2.8 FMEP—friction mean effective pressure
0.09 fuel-air ratio.
3.2.9 IAT—intake air temperature
3.1.11 power curve, n—for supercharge method knock
3.2.10 IMEP—indicated mean effective pressure
rating, the characteristic power output, expressed as indicated
mean effective pressure, over a range of fuel-air ratios from
approximately0.08toapproximately0.12,whenasupercharge
See The Internal-Combustion Engine by Taylor and Taylor, International
test engine is operated on isooctane plus 6 ml of tetraethyllead Textbook Company, Scranton, PA.
´1
D909 − 07 (2012)
3.2.11 NEG—National Exchange Group 7. Apparatus
9,10
7.1 Engine Equipment —This test method uses a single
3.2.12 O.N.—octane number
cylinder, CFR engine that consists of standard components as
3.2.13 PN—performance number
follows: crankcase, a cylinder/clamping sleeve, a thermal
3.2.14 PRF—primary reference fuel siphonrecirculatingjacketcoolantsystem,anintakeairsystem
with controlled temperature and pressure equipment, electrical
3.2.15 RTD—resistance thermometer device (Terminology
controls, and a suitable exhaust pipe. The engine flywheel is
E344) platinum type
connected to a special electric dynamometer utilized to both
3.2.16 TDC—top dead center
start the engine and as a means to absorb power at constant
speed when combustion is occurring (engine firing). See Fig. 1
3.2.17 TEL—tetraethyllead
and Table 1.
3.2.18 UV—ultra violet
7.1.1 The single cylinder test engine for the determination
of Supercharge rating is manufactured as a complete unit by
4. Summary of Test Method
Waukesha Engine, Dresser, Inc. The Waukesha Engine desig-
nation for the apparatus required for this test method is Model
4.1 The supercharge method rating of a fuel is determined
CFR F-4 Supercharge Method Octane Rating Unit. All the
by comparing the knock-limited power of the sample to those
required unit information can be found in the Supercharge
for bracketing blends of reference fuels under standard oper-
Method Aviation Gasoline Rating Unit Installation Manual,
ating conditions. Testing is performed at fixed compression
CFR F-4 Form 846 and the Supercharge Method Aviation
ratio by varying the intake manifold pressure and fuel flow
GasolineRatingUnitOperation&MaintenanceCFRF-4Form
rate, and measuring IMEPat a minimum of six points to define
893.
the mixture response curves, IMEPversus fuel-air ratio, for the
7.2 Auxiliary Equipment—A number of components and
sample and reference fuels. The knock-limited power for the
sample is bracketed between those for two adjacent reference devices have been developed to integrate the basic engine
equipment into complete laboratory measurement system.
fuels, and the rating for the sample is calculated by interpola-
tionoftheIMEPatthefuel-airratiowhichproducesmaximum
8. Reference Materials
power (IMEP) for the lower bracketing reference fuel.
8.1 Cylinder Jacket Coolant—EthyleneGlycolshallbeused
in the cylinder jacket with the required amount of water to
5. Significance and Use
obtain a boiling temperature of 191 6 3°C (375 6 5°F).
5.1 Superchargemethodratingscanprovideanindicationof
(Warning—Ethylene glycol based antifreeze is poisonous and
the rich-mixture antiknock performance of aviation gasoline in
may be harmful or fatal if inhaled or swallowed. See Annex
aviation piston engines.
A1.)
8.1.1 Water shall be understood to mean reagent water
5.2 Supercharge method ratings are used by petroleum
conforming to Type IV of Specification D1193.
refiners and marketers and in commerce as a primary specifi-
cation measurement to insure proper matching of fuel anti-
8.2 Engine Crankcase Lubricating Oil—An SAE 50 viscos-
knock quality and engine requirement.
ity grade oil meeting the current API service classification for
spark-ignitionenginesshallbeused.Itshallcontainadetergent
5.3 Supercharge method ratings may be used by aviation
additiveandhaveakinematicviscosityof16.77–25.0mm per
engine and aircraft manufacturers as a specification measure-
s (cSt) at 100°C (212°F) and a viscosity index of not less than
ment related to matching of fuels and engines.
85.Oilscontainingviscosityindeximproversshallnotbeused.
Multigraded oils shall not be used. (Warning—Lubricating oil
6. Interferences
is combustible and its vapor is harmful. See Annex A1.)
6.1 Precaution—Avoid exposure of sample fuels to sunlight
10,11
8.3 PRF, isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) and
or fluorescent lamp UV emissions to minimize induced chemi-
n-heptane meeting the specifications in Table 2.(Warning—
cal reactions that can affect octane number ratings.
Primaryreferencefuelisflammableanditsvaporsareharmful.
6.1.1 Exposure of these fuels to UV wavelengths shorter
Vapors may cause flash fire. See Annex A1.)
than 550 nm for a short period of time can significantly affect
8.4 Tetraethyllead concentrated antiknock mixture (aviation
octane number ratings.
mix) containing not less than 61.0 weight % of tetraethyllead
6.2 Electrical power subject to transient voltage or fre-
and sufficient ethylene dibromide to provide two bromine
quency surges or distortion can alter CFR engine operating
conditions or knock measuring instrumentation performance
The sole source of supply of the engine equipment and instrumentation known
and thus affect the supercharge rating obtained for sample
to the committee at this time is Waukesha Engine, Dresser Inc., 1101 West St. Paul
fuels.
Ave., Waukesha, WI 53188.
If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provi
...
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