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ASTM C1130-17

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Calibration of Thin Heat Flux Transducers

Standard Practice for Calibration of Thin Heat Flux Transducers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The application of HFTs and temperature sensors to building envelopes provide in-situ data for evaluating the thermal performance of an opaque building component under actual environmental conditions, as described in Practices C1046 and C1155. These applications require calibration of the HFTs at levels of heat flux and temperature consistent with end-use conditions.  
5.2 This practice provides calibration procedures for the determination of the heat flux transducer sensitivity, S, that relates the HFT voltage output, E, to a known input value of heat flux, q.  
5.2.1 The applied heat flux, q, shall be obtained from steady-state tests conducted in accordance with either Test Method C177, C518, C1363, or C1114.  
5.2.2 The resulting voltage output, E, of the heat flux transducer is measured directly using (auxiliary) readout instrumentation connected to the electrical output leads of the sensor.
Note 1: A heat flux transducer (see also Terminology C168) is a thin stable substrate having a low mass in which a temperature difference across the thickness of the device is measured with thermocouples connected electrically in series (that is, a thermopile). Commercial HFTs typically have a central sensing region, a surrounding guard, and an integral temperature sensor that are contained in a thin durable enclosure. Practice C1046, Appendix X2 includes detailed descriptions of the internal constructions of two types of HFTs.  
5.3 The HFT sensitivity depends on several factors including, but not limited to, size, thickness, construction, temperature, applied heat flux, and application conditions including adjacent material characteristics and environmental effects.  
5.4 The subsequent conversion of the HFT voltage output to heat flux under application conditions requires (1) a standardized technique for determining the HFT sensitivity for the application of interest; and, (2) a comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting its output as described in Pra...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice, in conjunction with either Test Method C177, C518, C1114, or C1363, establishes procedures for the calibration of heat flux transducers that are dimensionally thin in comparison to their planar dimensions.  
1.1.1 The thickness of the heat flux transducer shall be less than 30 % of the narrowest planar dimension of the heat flux transducer.  
1.2 This practice describes techniques for determining the sensitivity, S, of a heat flux transducer when subjected to one dimensional heat flow normal to the planar surface or when installed in a building application.  
1.3 This practice shall be used in conjunction with Practice C1046 and Practice C1155 when performing in-situ measurements of heat flux on opaque building components. This practice is comparable, but not identical, to the calibration techniques described in ISO 9869-1.  
1.4 This practice is not intended to determine the sensitivity of heat flux transducers used as components of heat flow meter apparatus, as in Test Method C518, or used for in-situ industrial applications, as covered in Practice C1041.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2017
ICS
17.200.10 - Heat. Calorimetry
Technical Committee
C16 - Thermal Insulation
Drafting Committee
C16.30 - Thermal Measurement
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1130 − 17
Standard Practice for
1
Calibration of Thin Heat Flux Transducers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1130; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This practice, in conjunction with either Test Method
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
C177, C518, C1114,or C1363, establishes procedures for the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
calibration of heat flux transducers that are dimensionally thin
in comparison to their planar dimensions.
2. Referenced Documents
1.1.1 The thickness of the heat flux transducer shall be less
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
than 30 % of the narrowest planar dimension of the heat flux
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
transducer.
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
1.2 This practice describes techniques for determining the
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
sensitivity, S, of a heat flux transducer when subjected to one
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
dimensional heat flow normal to the planar surface or when
C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
installed in a building application.
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
1.3 This practice shall be used in conjunction with Practice
C1041 Practice for In-Situ Measurements of Heat Flux in
C1046 and Practice C1155 when performing in-situ measure-
Industrial Thermal Insulation Using Heat Flux Transduc-
ments of heat flux on opaque building components. This
ers
practice is comparable, but not identical, to the calibration
C1044 Practice for Using a Guarded-Hot-PlateApparatus or
techniques described in ISO 9869-1.
Thin-Heater Apparatus in the Single-Sided Mode
C1046 Practice for In-Situ Measurement of Heat Flux and
1.4 This practice is not intended to determine the sensitivity
Temperature on Building Envelope Components
of heat flux transducers used as components of heat flow meter
C1114 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
apparatus, as in Test Method C518, or used for in-situ
Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus
industrial applications, as covered in Practice C1041.
C1155 Practice for Determining Thermal Resistance of
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
Building Envelope Components from the In-Situ Data
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
C1363 Test Method for Thermal Performance of Building
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
Materials and Envelope Assemblies by Means of a Hot
as requirements of the standard.
Box Apparatus
3
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
2.2 ISO Standards:
as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
ISO9869-1 Thermalinsulation–Buildingelements–In-situ
information only and are not considered standard.
measurement of thermal resistance and thermal transmit-
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the tance – Part 1: Heat flow meter method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to thermal
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
insulating materials, see Terminology C168.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Measurement. the ASTM website.
3
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originally Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as C1130 – 07 (2012). Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
DOI: 10.1520/C1130-17. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ---------------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1130 − 07 (Reapproved 2012) C1130 − 17
Standard Practice for
1
Calibrating Calibration of Thin Heat Flux Transducers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1130; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice, in conjunction with either Test Method C177, C518, C1114, or C1363, establishes an experimental procedure
for determining the sensitivityprocedures for the calibration of heat flux transducers that are relatively thin.dimensionally thin in
comparison to their planar dimensions.
1.1.1 For the purpose of this standard, the The thickness of the heat flux transducer shall be less than 30 % of the narrowest
planar dimension of the heat flux transducer.
1.2 This practice discusses a method describes techniques for determining the sensitivity, S, of a heat flux transducer to
one-dimensional when subjected to one dimensional heat flow normal to the surface and for determining the sensitivity of a heat
flux transducer for an installed planar surface or when installed in a building application.
1.3 This practice shouldshall be used in conjunction with Practice C1046 and Practice C1155 when performing in-situ
measurements of heat flux on opaque building components. This practice is comparable, but not identical, to the calibration
techniques described in ISO 9869-1.
1.4 This practice is not intended to determine the sensitivity of heat flux transducers that areused as components of heat flow
meter apparatus, as in Test Method C518, or used for in-situ industrial applications, as covered in Practice C1041.
1.5 This practice is not intended to determine the sensitivity of heat flux transducers used for in-situ industrial applications that
are covered in PracticeThe text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes
and footnotes (excluding those in tables C1041.and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
information only and are not considered standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the
Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
C1041 Practice for In-Situ Measurements of Heat Flux in Industrial Thermal Insulation Using Heat Flux Transducers
C1044 Practice for Using a Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus or Thin-Heater Apparatus in the Single-Sided Mode
C1046 Practice for In-Situ Measurement of Heat Flux and Temperature on Building Envelope Components
C1114 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Thin-Heater Apparatus
C1155 Practice for Determining Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope Components from the In-Situ Data
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on Thermal Measurement.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012Sept. 1, 2017. Published November 2012October 2017. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 20072012
as C1130 – 07.C1130 – 07 (2012). DOI: 10.1520/C1130-07R12.10.1520/C1130-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM Internation
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Factors that may influence the thermal-transmission properties of a specimen of material are described in Practice C1045 and the Precision and Bias section of Test Method C177.  
5.2 Because of the required test conditions prescribed by this test method, it shall be recognized that the thermal properties obtained will not necessarily apply without modification to all conditions of service. As an example, this test method normally provides that the thermal properties shall be obtained on specimens that do not contain moisture, although in service such conditions may not be realized. Even more basic is the dependence of the thermal properties on variables such as mean temperature and temperature difference.  
5.3 When a new or modified design of apparatus is evolved, tests shall be made on at least two sets of differing material of known long-term thermal stability. Tests shall be made for each material at a minimum of two different mean temperatures within the operating range of each. Any differences in results should be carefully studied to determine the cause and then be removed by appropriate action. Only after a successful verification study on materials having known thermal properties traceable to a recognized national standards laboratory shall test results obtained with this apparatus be considered to conform with this test method. Periodic checks of apparatus performance are recommended.  
5.4 The thermal transmission properties of many materials depend upon the prior thermal history. Care must be exercised when testing such specimens at a number of conditions so that tests are performed in a sequence that limits such effects on the results.  
5.5 Typical uses for the thin-heater apparatus include the following:  
5.5.1 Product development and quality control applications.  
5.5.2 Measurement of thermal conductivity at desired mean temperatures.  
5.5.3 Thermal properties of specimens that are moist or close to melting point or other critical tempe...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the steady-state thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens of thermal insulation using a thin heater of uniform power density having low lateral heat flow. A thin heater with low lateral thermal conductance can reduce unwanted lateral heat flow and avoid the need for active-edge guarding.  
1.2 This primary test method of thermal-transmission measurement describes a principle, rather than a particular apparatus. The principle involves determination of the thermal flux across a specimen of known thickness and the temperatures of the hot and cold faces of the specimen.  
1.3 Considerable latitude is given to the designer of the apparatus in this test method; since a variety of designs is possible, a procedure for qualifying an apparatus is given in 5.3.  
1.4 The specimens must meet the following conditions if thermal resistance or thermal conductance of the specimen is to be determined by this test method2:  
1.4.1 The portion of the specimen over the isothermal area of the heater must accurately represent the whole specimen.  
1.4.2 The remainder of the specimen should not distort the heat flow in that part of the specimen defined in 1.4.1.  
1.4.3 The specimen shall be thermally homogeneous such that the thermal conductivity is not a function of the position within the sample, but rather may be a function of direction, time, and temperature. The specimen shall be free of holes, of high-density volumes, and of thermal bridges between the test surfaces or the specimen edges.  
1.4.4 Test Method C177 describes tests that can help ascertain whether conditions of 1.4 are satisfied. For the purposes of this test method, differences in the measurements of less than 2 % may be considered insignificant, and the requirements fulfilled.  
1.5 The specimens shall meet one of the following requirements, in addition to those of 1.4.  
1.5.1 If homogeneous material...

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ASTM C1043-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Guarded-Hot-Plate Design Using Circular Line-Heat Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes the design of a guarded hot plate with circular line-heat sources and provides guidance in determining the mean temperature of the meter plate. It provides information and calculation procedures for: (1) control of edge heat loss or gain (Annex A1); (2) location and installation of line-heat sources (Annex A2); (3) design of the gap between the meter and guard plates (Appendix X1); and (4) location of heater leads for the meter plate (Appendix X2).  
4.2 A circular guarded hot plate with one or more line-heat sources is amenable to mathematical analysis so that the mean surface temperature is calculated from the measured power input and the measured temperature(s) at one or more known locations. Further, a circular plate geometry simplifies the mathematical analysis of errors resulting from heat gains or losses at the edges of the specimens (see Refs (10, 11)).  
4.3 The line-heat source(s) is (are) placed in the meter plate at a prescribed radius such that the temperature at the outer edge of the meter plate is equal to the mean surface temperature over the meter area. Thus, the determination of the mean temperature of the meter plate is accomplished with a small number of temperature sensors placed near the gap.  
4.4 A guarded hot plate with one or more line-heat sources will have a radial temperature variation, with the maximum temperature differences being quite small compared to the average temperature drop across the specimens. Provided guarding is adequate, only the mean surface temperature of the meter plate enters into calculations of thermal transmission properties.  
4.5 Care shall be taken to design a circular line-heat-source guarded hot plate so that the electric-current leads to each heater either do not significantly alter the temperature distributions in the meter and guard plates or else affect these temperature distributions in a known way so that appropriate corrections are applied.  
4.6 The use of one or a few ...
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1.1 This practice covers the design of a circular line-heat-source guarded hot plate for use in accordance with Test Method C177.  
Note 1: Test Method C177 describes the guarded-hot-plate apparatus and the application of such equipment for determining thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens. In principle, the test method includes apparatus designed with guarded hot plates having either distributed- or line-heat sources.  
1.2 The guarded hot plate with circular line-heat sources is a design in which the meter and guard plates are circular plates having a relatively small number of heaters, each embedded along a circular path at a fixed radius. In operation, the heat from each line-heat source flows radially into the plate and is transmitted axially through the test specimens.  
1.3 The meter and guard plates are fabricated from a continuous piece of thermally conductive material. The plates are made sufficiently thick that, for typical specimen thermal conductances, the radial and axial temperature variations in the guarded hot plate are quite small. By proper location of the line-heat source(s), the temperature at the edge of the meter plate is made equal to the mean temperature of the meter plate, thus facilitating temperature measurements and thermal guarding.  
1.4 The line-heat-source guarded hot plate has been used successfully over a mean temperature range from − 10 to + 65°C, with circular metal plates and a single line-heat source in the meter plate. The chronological development of the design of circular line-heat-source guarded hot plates is given in Refs (1-9).2
Note 2: Detailed drawings and descriptions for the construction of two line-heat-source guarded-hot-plate apparatuses are available in the adjunct.3  
1.5 This practice does not preclude (1) lower or higher temperatures; (2) plate geometries other than circular; (3) line-heat-source geometries other than circular; (4) the use of...

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ASTM C177-19e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers the measurement of heat flux and associated test conditions for flat specimens. The guarded-hot-plate apparatus is generally used to measure steady-state heat flux through materials having a “low” thermal conductivity and commonly denoted as “thermal insulators.” Acceptable measurement accuracy requires a specimen geometry with a large ratio of area to thickness.  
5.2 Two specimens are selected with their thickness, areas, and densities as identical as possible, and one specimen is placed on each side of the guarded-hot-plate. The faces of the specimens opposite the guarded-hot-plate and primary guard are placed in contact with the surfaces of the cold surface assemblies.  
5.3 Steady-state heat transmission through thermal insulators is not easily measured, even at room temperature. This is due to the fact heat transmission through a specimen occurs by any or all of three separate modes of heat transfer (radiation, conduction, and convection). It is possible that any inhomogeneity or anisotropy in the specimen will require special experimental precautions to measure that flow of heat. In some cases it is possible that hours or even days will be required to achieve the thermal steady-state. No guarding system can be constructed to force the metered heat to pass only through the test area of insulation specimen being measured. It is possible that moisture content within the material will cause transient behavior. It is also possible that and physical or chemical change in the material with time or environmental condition will permanently alter the specimen.  
5.4 Application of this test method on different test insulations requires that the designer make choices in the design selection of materials of construction and measurement and control systems. Thus it is possible that there will be different designs for the guarded-hot-plate apparatus when used at ambient versus cryogenic or high temperatures. Test thickness, temperature range,...
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1.1 This test method establishes the criteria for the laboratory measurement of the steady-state heat flux through flat, homogeneous specimen(s) when their surfaces are in contact with solid, parallel boundaries held at constant temperatures using the guarded-hot-plate apparatus.  
1.2 The test apparatus designed for this purpose is known as a guarded-hot-plate apparatus and is a primary (or absolute) method. This test method is comparable, but not identical, to ISO 8302.  
1.3 This test method sets forth the general design requirements necessary to construct and operate a satisfactory guarded-hot-plate apparatus. It covers a wide variety of apparatus constructions, test conditions, and operating conditions. Detailed designs conforming to this test method are not given but must be developed within the constraints of the general requirements. Examples of analysis tools, concepts and procedures used in the design, construction, calibration and operation of a guarded-hot-plate apparatus are given in Refs (1-41).2  
1.4 This test method encompasses both the single-sided and the double-sided modes of measurement. Both distributed and line source guarded heating plate designs are permitted. The user should consult the standard practices on the single-sided mode of operation, Practice C1044, and on the line source apparatus, Practice C1043, for further details on these heater designs.  
1.5 The guarded-hot-plate apparatus can be operated with either vertical or horizontal heat flow. The user is cautioned however, since the test results from the two orientations may be different if convective heat flow occurs within the specimens.  
1.6 Although no definitive upper limit can be given for the magnitude of specimen conductance that is measurable on a guarded-hot-plate, for practical reasons the specimen conductance should be less than 16 W/(m2K).  
1.7 This test method is applicable to the measurement of a wide variety of sp...

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ASTM E473-23b(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of terms used in ASTM documents relating to thermal analysis and rheology. This terminology includes only those terms for which ASTM either has standards or is contemplating some action. It is not intended to be an all-inclusive listing of terms related to thermal analysis and rheology.  
1.2 This terminology specifically supports the single-word form for terms using thermo as a prefix, such as thermoanalytical or thermomagnetometry, while recognizing that for some terms a two-word form can be used, such as thermal analysis. This terminology does not support, nor does it recommend, use of the grammatically incorrect, single-word form using thermal as a prefix, such as, thermalanalytical or thermalmagnetometry.  
1.3 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion area. It is reviewed every five years.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1142-23b(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties

SCOPE
1.1 This is a compilation of only those terms and corresponding definitions included in or being considered for inclusion in ASTM documents relating to thermophysical properties. It is not intended as an all-inclusive listing of thermophysical property terms. Terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion.  
1.3 Definitions of terms specific to a particular field (such as dynamic mechanical measurements) are identified with an italicized introductory phrase.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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