ASTM E473-23b
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of terms used in ASTM documents relating to thermal analysis and rheology. This terminology includes only those terms for which ASTM either has standards or is contemplating some action. It is not intended to be an all-inclusive listing of terms related to thermal analysis and rheology.
1.2 This terminology specifically supports the single-word form for terms using thermo as a prefix, such as thermoanalytical or thermomagnetometry, while recognizing that for some terms a two-word form can be used, such as thermal analysis. This terminology does not support, nor does it recommend, use of the grammatically incorrect, single-word form using thermal as a prefix, such as, thermalanalytical or thermalmagnetometry.
1.3 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion area. It is reviewed every five years.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E473 − 23b
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Thermal Analysis and Rheology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ture Measurement Validation of Thermogravimetric Ana-
lyzers
1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of terms
E2918 Test Method for Performance Validation of Thermo-
used in ASTM documents relating to thermal analysis and
mechanical Analyzers
rheology. This terminology includes only those terms for which
ASTM either has standards or is contemplating some action. It
3. Terminology
is not intended to be an all-inclusive listing of terms related to
adiabatic, adj—no heat exchange with the surroundings.
thermal analysis and rheology.
bifilar, adj—involving a thread or wire doubled back upon
1.2 This terminology specifically supports the single-word
itself.
form for terms using thermo as a prefix, such as thermoana-
lytical or thermomagnetometry, while recognizing that for
calorimeter, n—apparatus for measuring quantities of ab-
some terms a two-word form can be used, such as thermal
sorbed or evolved heat.
analysis. This terminology does not support, nor does it
combined, adj—the application of two or more techniques to
recommend, use of the grammatically incorrect, single-word
different samples at the same time.
form using thermal as a prefix, such as, thermalanalytical or
thermalmagnetometry.
controlled-rate thermal analysis (CRTA), n—a family of
1.3 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor- techniques that monitors the temperature versus time profile
mation included in a Discussion area. It is reviewed every five needed to maintain a chosen, fixed rate of change of a
years. property of a substance.
DISCUSSION—Compared to controlled-temperature experiments,
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
where the reaction rate tends to increase exponentially and the rate can
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
become limited by heat or mass transfer, CRTA experiments are more
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
likely to involve the chemical reaction as the limiting step. This
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
technique can also improve the resolution of multiple reactions. For
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical example, in controlled rate experiments, power to the furnace is
controlled to ensure a fixed rate of mass loss (or gain).
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
controlled-temperature program, n—the temperature history
2. Referenced Documents
experienced by a sample during the course of a thermal
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
analysis experiment.
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties DISCUSSION—In contrast to controlled-rate experiments, power to the
furnace is controlled to ensure a fixed rate of temperature change for
E2161 Terminology Relating to Performance Validation in
controlled-temperature experiments. The program may include heating
Thermal Analysis and Rheology
or cooling segments in which the temperature is changed at a fixed rate,
E2253 Test Method for Temperature and Enthalpy Measure-
isothermal segments in which time becomes the explicit independent
ment Validation of Differential Scanning Calorimeters
variable, or any sequence of these individual segments. If the atmo-
E2402 Test Method for Mass Loss, Residue, and Tempera-
sphere (or vacuum) around the sample is changed by some external
action (depending on the independent variable only—temperature or
time) during the course of the experiment, that too becomes part of the
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 on
controlled-temperature program.
Thermal Measurements and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.03 on
Nomenclature and Definitions. curve, thermal, n—the plot or display of a dependent param-
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2023. Published October 2023. Originally
eter against an independent parameter such as temperature or
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as E473 – 23a. DOI:
time.
10.1520/E0473-23B.
DISCUSSION—In thermal analysis, the term thermogram is inappro-
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
priately used as a synonym for thermal curve. Its use is deprecated to
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of AS
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E473 − 23a E473 − 23b
Standard Terminology Relating to
1
Thermal Analysis and Rheology
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of terms used in ASTM documents relating to thermal analysis and rheology.
This terminology includes only those terms for which ASTM either has standards or is contemplating some action. It is not
intended to be an all-inclusive listing of terms related to thermal analysis and rheology.
1.2 This terminology specifically supports the single-word form for terms using thermo as a prefix, such as thermoanalytical or
thermomagnetometry, while recognizing that for some terms a two-word form can be used, such as thermal analysis. This
terminology does not support, nor does it recommend, use of the grammatically incorrect, single-word form using thermal as a
prefix, such as, thermalanalytical or thermalmagnetometry.
1.3 A definition is a single sentence with additional information included in a Discussion area. It is reviewed every five years.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
E2161 Terminology Relating to Performance Validation in Thermal Analysis and Rheology
E2253 Test Method for Temperature and Enthalpy Measurement Validation of Differential Scanning Calorimeters
E2402 Test Method for Mass Loss, Residue, and Temperature Measurement Validation of Thermogravimetric Analyzers
E2918 Test Method for Performance Validation of Thermomechanical Analyzers
3. Terminology
adiabatic, adj—no heat exchange with the surroundings.
bifilar, adj—involving a thread or wire doubled back upon itself.
calorimeter, n—apparatus for measuring quantities of absorbed or evolved heat.
1
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 on Thermal Measurements and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.03 on
Nomenclature and Definitions.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2023Oct. 1, 2023. Published August 2023October 2023. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as
E473 – 23.E473 – 23a. DOI: 10.1520/E0473-23a.10.1520/E0473-23B.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E473 − 23b
combined, adj—the application of two or more techniques to different samples at the same time.
controlled-rate thermal analysis (CRTA), n—a family of techniques that monitors the temperature versus time profile needed
to maintain a chosen, fixed rate of change of a property of a substance.
DISCUSSION—
Compared to controlled-temperature experiments, where the reaction rate tends to increase exponentially and the rate can become limited by heat or
mass transfer, CRTA experiments are more likely to involve the chemical reaction as the limiting step. This technique can also improve the resolution
of multiple reactions. For example, in controlled rate experiments, power to the furnace is controlled to ensure a fixed rate of mass loss (or gain).
controlled-temperature program, n—the temperature history experienced by a sample during the course of a thermal analysis
experiment.
DISCUSSION—
In contrast to controlled-rate experiments, power to the furnace is controlled to ensure a fixed rate of temperature change for controlled-temperature
experiments. The program may include heating or cooling segments in which the temperature is changed at a fixed rate, isothermal segments in which
time becomes the explicit independent variable, or any sequence of these individual segments. If the atmosphere (or vacuum) around the sample is
change
...
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