ASTM C359-07
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Mortar Method)
Standard Test Method for Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Mortar Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this test method is to determine the degree to which a cement mortar develops early stiffening. It is intended for use by those interested in methods for determining the potential early stiffening of hydraulic cement.
When used for estimating the relative tendency of a cement to manifest early stiffening, a judgment may be made by comparing the behavior in the penetration series (see 10.4.1 and 10.4.2) and the remix procedure (see 10.4.3) to differentiate a relatively less serious and less persistent tendency to early stiffening (false set) from one that is more persistent and, consequently, more serious (flash set).
Severe false setting in a cement may cause difficulty from a placing and handling standpoint, but it is not likely to cause difficulties where concrete is mixed for a longer time than usual, as usually occurs in transit mixing, or where it is remixed prior to placing or transporting, in concrete pumping operations. It is most likely noticed where concrete is mixed for a short period of time in stationary mixers and transported to the forms in non-agitating equipment, as on some paving jobs, and when concrete is made in an on-site batch plant.
Cements with severe false setting usually require slightly more mixing water to produce the same consistency, which may result in slightly lower strengths and increased drying shrinkage.
Early stiffening resulting from false set is not likely to cause a cement to fail the applicable time of setting requirement.
Early stiffening resulting from flash set, depending on severity, can cause a cement to fail the applicable time of setting requirement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of early stiffening in hydraulic-cement mortar.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning - Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure. The use of gloves, protective clothing, and eye protection is recommended. Wash contact area with copious amounts of water after contact. Wash eyes for a minimum of 15 min. Avoid exposure of the body to clothing saturated with the liquid phase of the unhardened material. Remove contaminated clothing immediately after exposure.)
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation:C359–07
Standard Test Method for
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Early Stiffening of Hydraulic Cement (Mortar Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* C 305 PracticeforMechanicalMixingofHydraulicCement
Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
1.1 This test method covers the determination of early
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
stiffening in hydraulic-cement mortar.
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
1.2 ThevaluesstatedinSIunitsarethestandard.Thevalues
C 778 Specification for Standard Sand
in parentheses are for information only.
C 1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices for
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Determining Mass and Volume for Use in the Physical
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Testing of Hydraulic Cements
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E 2251 Specification for Liquid-in-GlassASTM Thermom-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause
chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.
3. Terminology
The use of gloves, protective clothing, and eye protection is
3.1 Definitions:
recommended. Wash contact area with copious amounts of
3.1.1 early stiffening, n—the early development of stiffness
wateraftercontact.Washeyesforaminimumof15min.Avoid
in the working characteristics of a hydraulic-cement paste,
exposureofthebodytoclothingsaturatedwiththeliquidphase
mortar, or concrete; varieties include false set and flash set.
of the unhardened material. Remove contaminated clothing
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3.1.2 false set, n—the early development of stiffness in the
immediately after exposure. )
working characteristics of a hydraulic-cement paste, mortar, or
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes
concrete without the evolution of much heat, which stiffness
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
can be dispelled and plasticity regained by further mixing
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
without addition of water; also known as “grab set,” “
as requirements of the standard.
premature stiffening,” “hesitation set,” and “rubber set.”
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.3 flash set, n—the early development of stiffness in the
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working characteristics of a hydraulic-cement paste, mortar, or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
concrete, usually with the evolution of considerable heat,
C 183 Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing of
which stiffness cannot be dispelled nor can the plasticity be
Hydraulic Cement
regained by further mixing without addition of water; also
C 185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement
known as “quick set.”
Mortar
C 187 Test Method for Normal Consistency of Hydraulic
4. Summary of Test Method
Cement
4.1 Amortar is prepared with the cement to be tested, using
specifiedquantitiesofcement,standardsand,andanamountof
water that will produce a mortar with an initial penetration of
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This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C01 on Cement 46 63mm,usingthemodifiedVicatapparatus.Measurements
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.30 on Time of Set.
of penetration are made at stipulated intervals after the begin-
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2007.PublishedJuly2007.Originallyapproved
ning of the mixing procedure. Upon completion of the first
in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C 359 – 06.
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series of penetration measurements, the mortar is returned to
Section on Safety, Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of ASTM
Standards, Vol 04.01.
the mixer to be remixed. Following the remix procedure, an
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
additional penetration, termed the remix penetration, is deter-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mined. The report is a tabulation of the penetration measure-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. ments and the amount of mixing water used.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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C359–07
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The purpose of thi
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