ASTM D2255/D2255M-09
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Grading Spun Yarns for Appearance
Standard Test Method for Grading Spun Yarns for Appearance
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This method is considered satisfactory for acceptance grading of commercial shipments because it has been used extensively in the trade for this purpose.
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
The appearance of a woven or knitted fabric depends to a large extent on the smoothness, cleanliness, and general appearance of the yarns from which the fabric is manufactured. Instruments are available for the measurement of unevenness and for counting neps and other imperfections in yarn, but the values obtained from such tests are not easily integrated into an over-all expression for actual fabric appearance. Yarn appearance grading affords additional information which the manufacturer of woven or knitted goods may, through experience, correlate with the appearance to be expected in fabrics made from the yarns.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the grading of singles spun yarns for appearance.
1.2 This test method does not apply to plied yarns.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system must be used independently of the other.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: D2255/D2255M − 09
StandardTest Method for
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Grading Spun Yarns for Appearance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2255/D2255M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Cotton yarn appearance standards were first adopted in 1938 and revised in 1964, with Series III
being revised again in 1975. The 1964 boards had different yarn sizes for the four-grade exhibits on
each board. The 1975 Series III board used the same yarn number for each grade.
The appearance grade of yarn is based on the composite evaluation of several factors, such as
unevenness,fuzziness,andneppiness.Thedifferencesintheyarnnumbersinthe1964standardsalong
with the differences in other factors distort the comparison between grades and makes grading more
difficult.
To overcome this shortcoming, in 1975 the Series III board was revised using the same size yarn
for all four grades.After evaluating the improvements, it was decided to revise all of the series using
a mid-range yarn number for each grade in the series, and narrow the range in the most active series.
This was accomplished by adding a new board, SeriesVI.Anear mid-range yarn number was selected
to represent equal steps between adjacent grades for all the factors considered in yarn appearance
grading.These yarns were produced with current commercial manufacturing equipment and practices.
Finally, to obtain better yarn definition and better reproducibility from set to set, it was decided to
use offset photo printing.
Shortly after these new boards were published in 1979, it became apparent that in the Series II-79
Board the A and B grades were not clearly defined and appeared to be switched. This was corrected
in the 1987 Series II Board.
In 1987 a world wide survey was conducted on how theYarnAppearance Boards were being used.
From responses it became apparent that the boards are being used for grading yarns other than 100 %
cotton combed or carded yarns. Respondents were using the boards to grade yarn blends, ring spun
yarns, open-end spun yarns and other spinning systems. The boards are used both for process quality
control and customer acceptance.
In view of the above findings, it was decided to revise the method to include grading of all single
spun yarns.
1. Scope 1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety
concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the
1.1 This test method covers the grading of singles spun
user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
yarns for appearance.
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
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1.2 This test method does not apply to plied yarns.
tions prior to use.
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to
2. Referenced Documents
be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in
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each system are not exact equivalents, therefore, each system
2.1 ASTM Standards:
must be used independently of the other. Combining values D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
standard.
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The requirements for the appearance of cotton yarns are covered in Tolerances
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This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles D2645, Roller-Drafted Yarns.
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and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
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approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2007as D2255 – 02 (2007). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D2255_D2255M-09. the ASTM website.
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D2255/D2255M − 09
TABLE 1 Requirements for Preparations of Specimens
D2645 Tolerances for Yarns Spun on the Cotton or Worsted
B
Systems Range of Yarn Numbers Wraps
A
Series Count
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems Single Cot-
Tex per in. per cm
ton Count
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
1 1 to 12 590 to 50 8 20 8
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
2 12 to24 50to25 18 22 9
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2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
3 24 to36 25to16 30 26 10
4 36 to50 16to12 42 32 13
Spun Yarn Appearance Standards (6 Boards with Photos)
5 50 to 75 12 to 8 60 38 15
6 75 to 135 8 to 4 100 48 1
...
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